Nutrition Chapter 4 (1/6/2022)
The stomach empties in about ____ hours depending on the contents and size of the meal.
1-4
How much digestive fluid (including water, mucus, acid, digestive enzymes, bile, and hormones) is secreted into the GI tract over the course of a day?
29 cups.
The metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yields
ATP
When a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called
Active
HCl destroys most harmful ____ and viruses in foods.
Bacteria
In healthy individuals, what lives throughout the GI tract?
Bacteria
Which of the following yield energy?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats.
The ______ system is an example of an organ system.
Cardiovascular
The smallest functional unit of the body is called a ____
Cell
This GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to fat and stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes and bile.
Cholecystokinin
Cartilage is made of ______ tissue.
Connective
Pyloric sphincter
Controls passage of food from stomach to small intestine
Hepatopancreatic sphincter
Controls the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine
Which of the following are examples of organ systems (system of the body)?
Digestive & Endocrine systems.
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in the order they appear in the GI tract.
Dudo, Jej, Lleum,
Which of the following is absorbed via passive diffusion?
Fats
Identify the nutrients that are absorbed via passive diffusion.
Fats & Water.
Which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?
Fructose
Meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestines. Which of the following types of meals would move most SLOWLY out of the stomach?
High fat meal
Which of the following are components of saliva? Select all that apply.
Lipase, Mucus, Amylase.
Pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ___________ for digestion.
Lipids
Identify three organs that are important parts of the digestive system, that do not come in direct contact with food matter in the gastrointestinal tract.
Liver, Pancres, Gallbladder
The resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut
Microbiota
Put the following digestive organs in the order they come in contact with food.
Mouth, Esophagus, Stomache, Small intesty, big intesty <3
List the organs of digestive tract in order, from start to finish.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients?
Mucosa
Fluids involved in the processes of digestion and absorption may contain ____. (Check all that apply.)
Mucus, Acid, Horomones, Water.
What is Pepsin.
Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach.
Anal sphincter
Prevents defecation until person desires to do so
Ileocecal valve
Prevents the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
The most frequent peristalsis takes place in this organ of the GI tract.
Small intestine
What is the substance in the pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach?
Sodium bicarbonate
The primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the ____ into the small intestine
Stomach
The thickest and strongest muscles of the GI tract are found in this organ, allowing for more complete mixing of foods with gastric juices.
Stomach
The pyloric sphincter is a ringlike muscle located between which of the following two organs of the GI tract?
Stomach and small intestine
This layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract.
Submucosa
The contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a ______ at a time.
Teaspoon.
What is a collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function?
Tissue
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are part of the digestive system but are considered _____ structures.
accessory
Nutritional status has _____ effect on organ function.
an
The pancreatic juices are very ___________ to neutralize the acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.
basic
In the small intestine, the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to
be completely mixed with digestive juices. come into close contact with the villi.
Identify the structures made up of connective tissue. (Check all that apply.)
blood, bones, tendons.
The ______ system is an example of an organ system.
cardiovascular
Digestive enzymes
catalyze chemical reactions & are made of protein.
The liquid contents of the stomach are a mixture of gastric secretions and partially digested food known as ____.
chyme
Peristalsis is a coordinated wave of relaxation and contraction of _____ muscles. (Check all that apply.)
circular longitudinal
The roles of HCl produced by the stomach include
destroys harmful bacteria and viruses. dissolves dietary minerals. inactivates biological activity of consumed proteins.
In developing countries, each year more children die from
diarrhea.
Molecules produced in the salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, and intestine that speed up digestion by catalyzing chemical reactions are called ____.
digestive enzymes
The first part of the small intestine is the ________________.
duodenum
One function of bile in digestion is to ________ fats, to disperse fat into many tiny droplets.
emulsify
What is needed to facilitate active absorption? (Check all that apply.)
energy and a carrier protein.
The gallbladder secretes bile into the duodenum and reabsorbs it in the ileum. This recycling of bile by the liver is part of the ____________ circulation.
enterohepatic
When swallowing a bite of food, the ______ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus.
epiglottis
Swallowing moves food from the mouth to the ________.
esophagus.
Chief cells of the stomach secrete
gastric lipase
Which GI regulatory hormone is released by the stomach and duodenum and triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen?
gastrin
The stomach hormone that increases food intake is called ____.
ghrelin
The stomach is responsible for the production of ____. (Check all that apply.)
ghrelin, intrinsic factor
The amino acid that is present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation is _______________.
glutamate
How well a person's individual organs work is determined by
his/her overall nutritional state.
The parietal cells of the stomach secrete ____.
hydrochloric acid
In a __________ reaction water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules.
hydrolysis
Ghrelin's role is to
increase appetite & food intake.
The villi facilitate the absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by ____.
increasing the surface area
The substance necessary for the body to absorb Vitamin B-12 is
intrinsic factor.
Hydrolysis reactions
involve water molecules that are used to break down large molecules. yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall. are catalyzed by digestive enzymes.
The large intestine is described as large compared to the small intestine because it is ______.
larger in diameter than the small intestine
In pinocytosis, absorptive cells engulf ___________.
liquids or compounds
The sense of taste is enhanced by 6 million _____ cells in the nose.
olfactory
Each enzyme acts on ______ type(s) of chemical process.
only one
Secretions from the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are delivered into the small intestine via the
pancreatic duct. bile duct.
Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called
peristalsis
Lower esophageal sphincter
prevent backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into the esophagus
The main function of the lower esophageal sphincter is to
prevent the backflow of GI tract contents.
Three functions of epithelial tissues are to
secrete substances,
Pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down ____________ for digestion.
starch
Only a small amount of nutrient absorption occurs in the
stomach.
Phagocytosis occurs when the absorptive cells in the small intestine
surround and engulf a solid compound.
When one has nasal congestion, foods often ____.
taste less
Digestion is ______.
the process of breaking down foods into smaller components.
Absorption is ______.
the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph
Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the
type of chemical reaction they catalyze. vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function. pH of the environment in which they function.
The functions of the epithelial cells are to absorb nutrients, secrete important substances, excrete _____, protect underlying tissue.
waste.