Nutrition Chapter 4 Human Digestion and absorption

5 sections of large intestines in order of passage

1. Cecum 2. ascending colon 3. transverse colon 4. descending colon 5. sigmoid colon

Large intestine absorbs _____ percent of the water

10-30

Pyloric Sphincter

Control flow of the stomach contents into the small intestine

Sphincter of Oddi

Control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine

Parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

What is needed to facilitate active absorption

Energy ATP a carrier protein

Nutrients absorbed through passive diffusion

Fats Water

dietary components absorbed by cells lining the stomach

Fatty acids alcohol water

Nutrients absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption

Glucose amino acids

Three organs important to the digestive system even though they don't come in direct contact with food matter in the GI

Pancreas Gallbladder Liver

Anal sphincter

Prevent defecation until person desires to do so

Ileoccecal valve

Prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

A self contained living entity is

a cell

How much digestive fluid is secreted into the GI tract over a day

about 29 cups

Function of epithelial cells

absorb nutrients secrete important substances excrete wastes protect underlying issues

Phagocytosis occurs when...

absorptive cells in small intestine surround and engulf a solid compound

Chyme is liquid in the stomach, made up of

acid, enzymes, partially digested food

Gutamate

amino acid present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation

healthy bacteria in large intestine

bifidobacteria lactobacilli

Gallstones are composed of

bile pigments and cholesterol

Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to these circulatory systems...

cardiovascular system lymphatic system

Lymph is a ____liquid until carrying fats, causing a ___ look

clear, milky

Tendons and cartilage are made of ______ tissue

connective

Submucosa

contains blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract

One function of bile is to ______ fats, or disperse fat into many tiny droplets

emulsify

Main functions of the large intestine

form and expel feces house bacterial flora absorb water and electrolytes

Gastrin

hormone released by stomach and duodenum and triggers stomach to release HCI and pepsinogen

parietal cells of stomach secrete

hydrochloric acid

Villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by

increasing the surface area

two components of saliva

lingual lipase salivary amylase

Pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ____ for digestion

lipids

In pinocytosis, absorptive cells enfulf

liquids or compounds

Probiotics

live microorganisms that when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize in the large intestine and provide health benefits ex. lactobacilli found in yogurt

Gallstones may develop during rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting due to the

liver secreting more cholesterol into the bile liver underproducing bile

Digestive enzymes are...

made of protein catalyze chemical reactions

Nutrients absorbed by the lymphatic system

most fats fat soluble vitamins

NSAID reduce _____ secreted by stomach

mucous

Lower esophageal sphincter

prevents backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into esophagus

Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include

protein-calorie malnutrition nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and osteoporosis

Hydrolysis

reaction where water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules

Nutrients absorbed in the cardiovascular system

short and medium chain fatty acids water soluble nutrients proteins, carbs, B vitamins, vitamin C

Chyme is formed in the _____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions

stomach

Sodium Bicarbonate

substance in pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach

Digestion is

the process of breaking down foods into a form the body can use

there is limited nutrient absorption in

the stomach

intrinsic factor

the substance necessary for the body to absorb B-12 vitamin

Absorption is

the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph

Collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function

tissue

for lymph, villi contain lacteals to

transport nutrients to larger lymph vessles

Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function type of chemical reaction they catalyze pH in the environment in which they function

peristalsis

waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract