Nutrition Chapter 4 Human Digestion and absorption
5 sections of large intestines in order of passage
1. Cecum 2. ascending colon 3. transverse colon 4. descending colon 5. sigmoid colon
Large intestine absorbs _____ percent of the water
10-30
Pyloric Sphincter
Control flow of the stomach contents into the small intestine
Sphincter of Oddi
Control the flow of bile from common bile duct into the small intestine
Parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
What is needed to facilitate active absorption
Energy ATP a carrier protein
Nutrients absorbed through passive diffusion
Fats Water
dietary components absorbed by cells lining the stomach
Fatty acids alcohol water
Nutrients absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption
Glucose amino acids
Three organs important to the digestive system even though they don't come in direct contact with food matter in the GI
Pancreas Gallbladder Liver
Anal sphincter
Prevent defecation until person desires to do so
Ileoccecal valve
Prevent the contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine
A self contained living entity is
a cell
How much digestive fluid is secreted into the GI tract over a day
about 29 cups
Function of epithelial cells
absorb nutrients secrete important substances excrete wastes protect underlying issues
Phagocytosis occurs when...
absorptive cells in small intestine surround and engulf a solid compound
Chyme is liquid in the stomach, made up of
acid, enzymes, partially digested food
Gutamate
amino acid present in many foods that stimulate the umami taste sensation
healthy bacteria in large intestine
bifidobacteria lactobacilli
Gallstones are composed of
bile pigments and cholesterol
Nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to these circulatory systems...
cardiovascular system lymphatic system
Lymph is a ____liquid until carrying fats, causing a ___ look
clear, milky
Tendons and cartilage are made of ______ tissue
connective
Submucosa
contains blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract
One function of bile is to ______ fats, or disperse fat into many tiny droplets
emulsify
Main functions of the large intestine
form and expel feces house bacterial flora absorb water and electrolytes
Gastrin
hormone released by stomach and duodenum and triggers stomach to release HCI and pepsinogen
parietal cells of stomach secrete
hydrochloric acid
Villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by
increasing the surface area
two components of saliva
lingual lipase salivary amylase
Pancreatic lipase is responsible for breaking down ____ for digestion
lipids
In pinocytosis, absorptive cells enfulf
liquids or compounds
Probiotics
live microorganisms that when consumed in sufficient amounts, colonize in the large intestine and provide health benefits ex. lactobacilli found in yogurt
Gallstones may develop during rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting due to the
liver secreting more cholesterol into the bile liver underproducing bile
Digestive enzymes are...
made of protein catalyze chemical reactions
Nutrients absorbed by the lymphatic system
most fats fat soluble vitamins
NSAID reduce _____ secreted by stomach
mucous
Lower esophageal sphincter
prevents backflow (reflux) of stomach contents into esophagus
Complications of inflammatory bowel disease include
protein-calorie malnutrition nutritional deficiencies such as anemia and osteoporosis
Hydrolysis
reaction where water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules
Nutrients absorbed in the cardiovascular system
short and medium chain fatty acids water soluble nutrients proteins, carbs, B vitamins, vitamin C
Chyme is formed in the _____ as food is mixed with digestive secretions
stomach
Sodium Bicarbonate
substance in pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestine from the stomach
Digestion is
the process of breaking down foods into a form the body can use
there is limited nutrient absorption in
the stomach
intrinsic factor
the substance necessary for the body to absorb B-12 vitamin
Absorption is
the uptake of nutrients from the GI tract into either the blood or the lymph
Collection of cells adapted to perform a specific function
tissue
for lymph, villi contain lacteals to
transport nutrients to larger lymph vessles
Digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the
vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function type of chemical reaction they catalyze pH in the environment in which they function
peristalsis
waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract