Nutrition chapter 9

thyroid gland

what gland uses iodine?

goiter

when the thyroid gland enlarges to absorb more iodide, this enlargement is termed a ___

systolic

when you have your blood pressure determined, the first of the two readings is called the ___ pressure

iodine

which of the following is a trace mineral

sodium

with roles in fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission, potassium performs many of the same functions as the mineral ____

Selectively permeable membrane

Barrier that allows the passage of certain substances and prevents the movement of other substances

Deydration

Body water depletion

Osteoblasts

Bone cells that add bone to where the tissue is needed

Osteoclasts

Bone cells that tear down bone tissue

Osteoporosis

Chronic disease characterized by loss of bone mass and reduced bone structure

Hypercalcemia

Condition characterized by higher-than-normal concentration of calcium in blood

Water intoxication

Condition that occurs when too much water is consumed in a short time period or the kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood

Osmosis

Diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane

Major minerals

Essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day

Trace minerals

Essential mineral elements required in amounts that are less than 100 mg per day

Testosterone

Hormone needed for normal bone development and maintenance

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hormone secreted by parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels are too low

Calcitonin

Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high

Aldosterone

Hormone that participates in sodium and water conservation

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone that participates in water conservation

Estrogen

Hormone that plays a role in normal bone development and maintenance

Cofactor

Ion or molecule that activates certain chemical reactions

Hyperthermia

Very high body temperature

Total water intake

Water in beverages and foods

Hydration

Water status

Intracellular water

Water that is inside cells

Extracellular water

Water that surrounds cell or is in liquid portion of blood

Metabolic water

Water water formed by cells as a metabolic by-product

osteoclasts

When blood calcium levels fall, PTH signals special bone cells that tear down bone tissue called _____

dehydration

children with fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased perspiration are at increased risk for ____

goltrogens

compounds that inhibit iodide metabolism by the thyroid gland

cretinism

condition attaching infants of women who were iodine deficient during pregnancy

iron deficiency

condition characterized by low body stores of iron

enzymes

manganese is a component and activator of many ____

hereditary hemochromatosis

most common type of iron overload disease

bone pain

skeletal fluorosis which results from excessive fluoride consumption causes

antidiuretic

the body increases fluid conservation by producing hormones. the ____ hormone forces the kidneys to conserve water. the kidneys respond by reducing urine flow

ferritin

the body stores iron in the liver bound to the protein ___

osteoblasts

the cells that respond to calcitonin by removing calcium from the blood and building bone are called ____

hypercalcemia

the condition characterized by elevated blood calcium levels is called _______

sodium

the consumption of a diet high in which mineral is associated with an increased risk of hypertension

fluorosis

the consumption of excess fluoride over a long time period can result in ____

fluorosis

the consumption of excess fluoride over a long time period can result in _____

heme iron

the form of iron present in hemoglobin and myoglobin is called ______

kidney stone

the heavy ion content of concentrated urine increases the risk of _____ ____ formation in susceptible people (generally men)

sulfur

the mineral that is a component of the amino acids cysteine and methionine is ___

iron

the mineral that is a component of the oxygen transporting proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin is ___

chloride

the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach requires the mineral ______

fluid

a key role of potassium is maintaining proper ____ balance

Simple diffusion

Movement of substances from a region of higher to lower concentration

Diuretic

Substance that increases urine production

heme iron

form of iron in hemoglobin and myoglobin

nonheme iron

form of iron that is primarily in vegetables, grains, meats, and supplements

cytochromes

group of proteins involved in the release of energy from macronutrients

thyroid hormone

hormone that regulates the body's metabolic rate

myoglobin

iron-containing protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from red blood cells

hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to tissues and some carbon dioxide away from tissues

garlic, herbs, citrus juice, spices

one can use the following to replace salt as a seasoning

prehypertension

persistent systolic blood pressure readings of 120 mm Hg to 139 mm Hg and diastolic readings of 80 mm to 89 mm Hg

diastolic pressure

pressure in an artery that occurs when the ventricles relax between contractions

maintain acid base balance, nerve transmission, maintaining fluid balance

roles for chloride in the body include....

thyroid hormone synthesis

select the primary function of iodine