Nutrition chapter 9
thyroid gland
what gland uses iodine?
goiter
when the thyroid gland enlarges to absorb more iodide, this enlargement is termed a ___
systolic
when you have your blood pressure determined, the first of the two readings is called the ___ pressure
iodine
which of the following is a trace mineral
sodium
with roles in fluid balance and nerve impulse transmission, potassium performs many of the same functions as the mineral ____
Selectively permeable membrane
Barrier that allows the passage of certain substances and prevents the movement of other substances
Deydration
Body water depletion
Osteoblasts
Bone cells that add bone to where the tissue is needed
Osteoclasts
Bone cells that tear down bone tissue
Osteoporosis
Chronic disease characterized by loss of bone mass and reduced bone structure
Hypercalcemia
Condition characterized by higher-than-normal concentration of calcium in blood
Water intoxication
Condition that occurs when too much water is consumed in a short time period or the kidneys have difficulty filtering water from blood
Osmosis
Diffusion of a solvent, such as water, through a selectively permeable membrane
Major minerals
Essential mineral elements required in amounts of 100 mg or more per day
Trace minerals
Essential mineral elements required in amounts that are less than 100 mg per day
Testosterone
Hormone needed for normal bone development and maintenance
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Hormone secreted by parathyroid glands when blood calcium levels are too low
Calcitonin
Hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium levels are too high
Aldosterone
Hormone that participates in sodium and water conservation
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Hormone that participates in water conservation
Estrogen
Hormone that plays a role in normal bone development and maintenance
Cofactor
Ion or molecule that activates certain chemical reactions
Hyperthermia
Very high body temperature
Total water intake
Water in beverages and foods
Hydration
Water status
Intracellular water
Water that is inside cells
Extracellular water
Water that surrounds cell or is in liquid portion of blood
Metabolic water
Water water formed by cells as a metabolic by-product
osteoclasts
When blood calcium levels fall, PTH signals special bone cells that tear down bone tissue called _____
dehydration
children with fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and increased perspiration are at increased risk for ____
goltrogens
compounds that inhibit iodide metabolism by the thyroid gland
cretinism
condition attaching infants of women who were iodine deficient during pregnancy
iron deficiency
condition characterized by low body stores of iron
enzymes
manganese is a component and activator of many ____
hereditary hemochromatosis
most common type of iron overload disease
bone pain
skeletal fluorosis which results from excessive fluoride consumption causes
antidiuretic
the body increases fluid conservation by producing hormones. the ____ hormone forces the kidneys to conserve water. the kidneys respond by reducing urine flow
ferritin
the body stores iron in the liver bound to the protein ___
osteoblasts
the cells that respond to calcitonin by removing calcium from the blood and building bone are called ____
hypercalcemia
the condition characterized by elevated blood calcium levels is called _______
sodium
the consumption of a diet high in which mineral is associated with an increased risk of hypertension
fluorosis
the consumption of excess fluoride over a long time period can result in ____
fluorosis
the consumption of excess fluoride over a long time period can result in _____
heme iron
the form of iron present in hemoglobin and myoglobin is called ______
kidney stone
the heavy ion content of concentrated urine increases the risk of _____ ____ formation in susceptible people (generally men)
sulfur
the mineral that is a component of the amino acids cysteine and methionine is ___
iron
the mineral that is a component of the oxygen transporting proteins hemoglobin and myoglobin is ___
chloride
the production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach requires the mineral ______
fluid
a key role of potassium is maintaining proper ____ balance
Simple diffusion
Movement of substances from a region of higher to lower concentration
Diuretic
Substance that increases urine production
heme iron
form of iron in hemoglobin and myoglobin
nonheme iron
form of iron that is primarily in vegetables, grains, meats, and supplements
cytochromes
group of proteins involved in the release of energy from macronutrients
thyroid hormone
hormone that regulates the body's metabolic rate
myoglobin
iron-containing protein in muscle cells that controls oxygen uptake from red blood cells
hemoglobin
iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen to tissues and some carbon dioxide away from tissues
garlic, herbs, citrus juice, spices
one can use the following to replace salt as a seasoning
prehypertension
persistent systolic blood pressure readings of 120 mm Hg to 139 mm Hg and diastolic readings of 80 mm to 89 mm Hg
diastolic pressure
pressure in an artery that occurs when the ventricles relax between contractions
maintain acid base balance, nerve transmission, maintaining fluid balance
roles for chloride in the body include....
thyroid hormone synthesis
select the primary function of iodine