Nutrition - Chapter 9 - Water & Minerals

Milk, cheese, yogurt

Excellent sources of calcium.

Mottling (a white or brown staining in teeth)

Excess fluoride can cause _______.

1500

According to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines, salt should be reduced for the majority of adults to ______ mg per day.

Zinc

A co-factor for more than 100 enzymes, utilization of Vitamin A, taste perception, thyroid function, wound healing, making bone, and a healthy immune system.

Iodine

A component of two thyroid hormones which help regulate growth, development, and the basal metabolic rate (BMR).

300

A cup of milk provides ______ mg of calcium.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A hormone released by the pituitary gland in response to high salt concentration in the blood that stimulate the kidneys to reabsorb water.

Flouride

A trace element needed for the formation of bone and helps make teeth resistant to decay.

Selenium

A trace element that is also an antioxidant in the very same way as Vitamin E.

Chromium

A trace mineral associated with insulin and required for the release of energy from glucose.

Salt (NaCl)

Almost all dietary chloride comes from ______.

Oysters

By far the best source of Zinc in the diet.

Dehydration

Fatigue, headache, and dry skin are its initial symptoms.

Hemochromatosis

Iron overload caused by a genetic disorder that enhances iron absorption and storage.

Diuretics

Medications that promote excretion of water through the kidneys.

60%/50%

Percentage of the average male/female adult body weight in water.

Kidneys

Play the primary role in maintaining acid base balance.

Goiter

The condition that occurs when iron concentrations in the blood are low and the cells of the thyroid gland enlarge in an attempt to trap as many particles of iodine as possible.

Dehydration

The loss of water from the body that occurs when water outputs exceeds water input.

"Heme" iron

The most absorbable iron which is found in meats, poultry, and fish.

Phosphorous

The second most abundant mineral in the body and similar to calcium in that it helps make strong bones and teeth.

Hypertension

Too much sodium in the diet may aggravate _____.

Bone

When blood phosphorous levels are too low, the body compensates by drawing calcium out of ______.

Kidneys

When fluids are higher than necessary, excess is sent to these organs to be excreted in the form of urine.

Iron deficiency anemia

In this condition, RBCs are smaller and lighter red than normal and these depleted cells cannot carry enough oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.

Tooth

Magnesium helps prevent _______ decay.

Dark green leafy

Magnesium rich foods include ______ vegetables, nuts, legumes, whole-grain bread and cereals, seafood, chocolate, and cocoa.

Trace minerals

Minerals needed in tiny amounts in the body.

2300

One teaspoon of table salt contains ______ mg of sodium.

Energy, fatty, buffer

Phosphorous plays a vital role in ______ transfer, ______ acid transport, and in ______ systems.

Diarrhea, cramping

Symptoms of toxicity of magnesium include ______ and abdominal ______.

Animal protein

The best source of phosphorous.

Menstruation

The blood losses due to ______ can deplete the body of a woman of iron.

500 ml

The body's amount of urine excreted each day and enough to carry the waste products generated by a day's metabolic activities.

Vomiting and Diarrhea

The deficiency of Chloride, Potassium, and Sodium will most likely be due to prolonged ______ and ______.

"Non-heme" iron

The iron found in vegetables such as spinach, almonds, raisins, legumes, grains, eggs, prune juice, etc.

Calcium

The most abundant mineral in the body and the principal mineral of bones and teeth, muscle contraction, nerve functioning.

Iodized salt and seafood

The most common sources of iodone in the American diet.

Water

The most essential nutrient in the human body: serves as a carrier of materials in solutions, medium for chemical reactions, serves as a lubricant, controls body temperature, a building material for growth, and helps maintain homeostasis.

Chloride, Potassium, & Sodium

The most important electrolytes and major players of the body's fluid balance.

Sulfate

The oxidized form of sulfur in food and water required for the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds and in helping shape strands of proteins.

Hypothalamus

The part of the brain that helps regulate many body balances and RBC concentration in the blood.

Ages 12-30

The peak age period for minerals like calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium to lay down bone structure to avoid osteoporosis later in life.

DNA & RNA

These genetic structures are found in every cell and include the trace mineral phosphorous.

Diabetic

These type of patients may benefit from chromium supplements.

Sodium (Na)

This electrolyte is the main fluid balancer outside the cell and also critical to nerve impulse transmission.

Vitamin D

This hormone-like vitamin works closely with calcium by helping ensure calcium's absorption from foods and supplements. It also helps keep calcium stored in bone.

Potassium (K)

This is the main electrolyte which protects fluid balance inside the cell. This electrolyte is found in many many fruits, vegetables, grains, and milk products.

Chloride (Cl)

This mineral accompanies sodium in the fluids outside the cells, is also found inside cells with potassium, and is part of Hydrochloric acid (HCL) in the stomach.

Iron

This trace element is found in the body as a component of the proteins hemoglobin in RBCs and myoglobin in muscle cells.

Heart failure

Deficiency or toxicity of potassium can both lead to ______ and death.

Electrolytes

Dictate the amount of fluids in intracellular and extracellular spaces, as well as acid-base balance in the blood.

Magnesium

Fifty percent of the ______ in the body is stored in bone and teeth, and is an important constituent of proteins.

Seafood

Foods rich in selenium include ______, organ meats, grains, and vegetables.