nutrition chapter protein

kg

when calculating protein needs, convert to ____ first

loss of muscle; decreased metabolic rate

when losing weight, protein helps reduce ________, which would lead to ______

complementary protein

combining incomplete protein sources in order to get all the essential amino acids is called...

legumes

good source of protein, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals

purines

gout is caused by

denatures

heat/acid ______ protein

CVD (because lots of saturated fats and irons-oxidized LDL)

high-animal protein diets increase

add slowly to diet and prepare correctly

how can you reduce intestinal gas with beans?

eat more

how should an athlete increase protein need?

tyrosine

in a person with normal health, the essential amino acid phenylalanine is converted to _____ (a nonessential amino acid)

lower-quality protein

incomplete protein is also known as what?

gout

inflammatory arthritis- big toes

collagen, actin, and myosin

key structural proteins

anergy

lack of protein affects immune cells by causing _______ (lack of immune response to pathogens)

saturated fat; cholesterol

legumes are low in _______ and have no ________

soluble fiber, blood cholesterol, and glucose

legumes contain what three things?

cachexia

name for muscle wasting- caused by starvation, when CHO intake is inadequate and protein cant make glucose

genistein and diadzein

names of soy isoflavones

fat (omega 3,6,9)

nuts are high in ______

cholesterol

nuts have no ______

argenine

nuts have this- used by body to make nitric oxide- allows vessels to expand, decreasing BP

17%

percent body weight of protein

legumes

plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds

Marasmus

protein and energy deficit

marassias

protein and energy deficit

CCK and GLP-1; ghrelin

protein contributes to satiety by releasing ____ and _____ and decreasing _______

Kwashiarkor

protein deficit only

stomach

protein digestion begins in the _______

energy; metabolically effecient

protein is a major source of ______ but is not _______

pepsin and hydrochloric

protein is partially digested by the enzyme _____ and ______

glucose

protein is used to make ______

1.2-1.4

protein needs for athletes = _____ g/kg of healthy body weight

animals

protein sources in US

buffers; acid-base (pH) balance

proteins act as a _______ to help maintain the _______ within a narrow range

antibodies

proteins function as ____ in immune cells

oxygen, lipids, and nutrients

proteins function in transporting.....

hormones and enzymes; neurotransmitters

proteins include all ______ and many _______

PKU (phenylketonuria)

screening for this in all newborns

animal foods (except gelatin), soy beans, quinoa

sources of complete protein

small dense; large light

soy changes LDL from ____ to _____

blood cholesterol; liver cells

soy decreases _____ by enhancing the binding of LDL in ______

cholesterol; gut

soy decreases the resorption of ____ in the _____

complete protein

soy is a ______, containing all essential amino acids

treatment for PKU

special formula for babies and protein diet and protein and vitamin/mineral supplements (children and adults)

edema

the buildup of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces (due to malfunction of protein in maintaining fluid balance)

matrix for muscle, connective tissue, and bone

three areas that protein functions by producing vital body structures

lower LDLC, prevents LDL oxidation, and lowers BP

three benefits of nuts

tyrosine

through its inability to be converted, this becomes an essential amino acid

4 kcal

1 gram of protein

2.2

1 kg= ___ lbs

cells

BP is generated by the pumping action of the heart- this forces blood into the interstitial spaces between

by combining certain foods (complimentary proteins)

How do vegetarians get all the essential amino acids?

aspartame

If a person has PKU they should not consume what food

.8

Protein needs of normal person= ____g/ kg body weight

1 oz nuts; 30-50%

______ five times/week reduces CHD mortality/morbidity by ______

severe mental retardation

a consequence of phenylketonuria

C;4

amino acid is composed of a central ____ and bonded to 4 groups of elements

peptide bonds; proteins

amino acids are linked by ______ to make _____

amino acid pool

amino acids from cell breakdown and protein consumed

H ions

amino acids in aqueous solutions act as acids or bases by releasing and accepting the _______

100 g/d

average protein intake in america of men

65 g/d

average protein intake in america of women

enhance the cholesterol lowering effect and decrease CHD risk

benefits of soy isoflavones

amino acids

building blocks of protein

high-quality protein

complete protein is also known as what?

not getting vitamins and phytochemicals

con of high- animal protein diet vs. plant

25 g/d; 5%

consuming _____ of soy protein if have high cholesterol will decrease levels by _____

negative protein balance

consuming less protein than energy expending

positive protein balance

consuming more protein than expending energy

protein equilibrium

consuming the same amount of protein as expending energy

decrease in the size of skeletal muscles and organs

deficiency of protein causes a....

decreases CVD disease

eating a handful of nuts each day....

C, H, O, and N

elements that make up amino acids

glucose and fat

excessive protein is converted to ________ in the body

albumin and globulin

fluid is drawn into the bloodstream by what proteins (example of proteins functioning to maintain fluid balance)

all plant foods other than soybeans and quinoa

food sources of lower-quality protein

peas, beans, lentils, peanuts

foods that are legumes

1 egg white, 1 oz meat, fish, poultry, 1/2 cup beans

foods that equal 7 grams of protein

grains (rice), vegetables, nuts, legumes

four examples of foods to combine/needed to form complete proteins

phenylketonuria

genetic disorder in which conversion of phenylalanine (an essential amino acid) cannot be converted to tyrosine (a nonessential amino acid)