nutrition chapter protein
kg
when calculating protein needs, convert to ____ first
loss of muscle; decreased metabolic rate
when losing weight, protein helps reduce ________, which would lead to ______
complementary protein
combining incomplete protein sources in order to get all the essential amino acids is called...
legumes
good source of protein, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals
purines
gout is caused by
denatures
heat/acid ______ protein
CVD (because lots of saturated fats and irons-oxidized LDL)
high-animal protein diets increase
add slowly to diet and prepare correctly
how can you reduce intestinal gas with beans?
eat more
how should an athlete increase protein need?
tyrosine
in a person with normal health, the essential amino acid phenylalanine is converted to _____ (a nonessential amino acid)
lower-quality protein
incomplete protein is also known as what?
gout
inflammatory arthritis- big toes
collagen, actin, and myosin
key structural proteins
anergy
lack of protein affects immune cells by causing _______ (lack of immune response to pathogens)
saturated fat; cholesterol
legumes are low in _______ and have no ________
soluble fiber, blood cholesterol, and glucose
legumes contain what three things?
cachexia
name for muscle wasting- caused by starvation, when CHO intake is inadequate and protein cant make glucose
genistein and diadzein
names of soy isoflavones
fat (omega 3,6,9)
nuts are high in ______
cholesterol
nuts have no ______
argenine
nuts have this- used by body to make nitric oxide- allows vessels to expand, decreasing BP
17%
percent body weight of protein
legumes
plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds
Marasmus
protein and energy deficit
marassias
protein and energy deficit
CCK and GLP-1; ghrelin
protein contributes to satiety by releasing ____ and _____ and decreasing _______
Kwashiarkor
protein deficit only
stomach
protein digestion begins in the _______
energy; metabolically effecient
protein is a major source of ______ but is not _______
pepsin and hydrochloric
protein is partially digested by the enzyme _____ and ______
glucose
protein is used to make ______
1.2-1.4
protein needs for athletes = _____ g/kg of healthy body weight
animals
protein sources in US
buffers; acid-base (pH) balance
proteins act as a _______ to help maintain the _______ within a narrow range
antibodies
proteins function as ____ in immune cells
oxygen, lipids, and nutrients
proteins function in transporting.....
hormones and enzymes; neurotransmitters
proteins include all ______ and many _______
PKU (phenylketonuria)
screening for this in all newborns
animal foods (except gelatin), soy beans, quinoa
sources of complete protein
small dense; large light
soy changes LDL from ____ to _____
blood cholesterol; liver cells
soy decreases _____ by enhancing the binding of LDL in ______
cholesterol; gut
soy decreases the resorption of ____ in the _____
complete protein
soy is a ______, containing all essential amino acids
treatment for PKU
special formula for babies and protein diet and protein and vitamin/mineral supplements (children and adults)
edema
the buildup of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces (due to malfunction of protein in maintaining fluid balance)
matrix for muscle, connective tissue, and bone
three areas that protein functions by producing vital body structures
lower LDLC, prevents LDL oxidation, and lowers BP
three benefits of nuts
tyrosine
through its inability to be converted, this becomes an essential amino acid
4 kcal
1 gram of protein
2.2
1 kg= ___ lbs
cells
BP is generated by the pumping action of the heart- this forces blood into the interstitial spaces between
by combining certain foods (complimentary proteins)
How do vegetarians get all the essential amino acids?
aspartame
If a person has PKU they should not consume what food
.8
Protein needs of normal person= ____g/ kg body weight
1 oz nuts; 30-50%
______ five times/week reduces CHD mortality/morbidity by ______
severe mental retardation
a consequence of phenylketonuria
C;4
amino acid is composed of a central ____ and bonded to 4 groups of elements
peptide bonds; proteins
amino acids are linked by ______ to make _____
amino acid pool
amino acids from cell breakdown and protein consumed
H ions
amino acids in aqueous solutions act as acids or bases by releasing and accepting the _______
100 g/d
average protein intake in america of men
65 g/d
average protein intake in america of women
enhance the cholesterol lowering effect and decrease CHD risk
benefits of soy isoflavones
amino acids
building blocks of protein
high-quality protein
complete protein is also known as what?
not getting vitamins and phytochemicals
con of high- animal protein diet vs. plant
25 g/d; 5%
consuming _____ of soy protein if have high cholesterol will decrease levels by _____
negative protein balance
consuming less protein than energy expending
positive protein balance
consuming more protein than expending energy
protein equilibrium
consuming the same amount of protein as expending energy
decrease in the size of skeletal muscles and organs
deficiency of protein causes a....
decreases CVD disease
eating a handful of nuts each day....
C, H, O, and N
elements that make up amino acids
glucose and fat
excessive protein is converted to ________ in the body
albumin and globulin
fluid is drawn into the bloodstream by what proteins (example of proteins functioning to maintain fluid balance)
all plant foods other than soybeans and quinoa
food sources of lower-quality protein
peas, beans, lentils, peanuts
foods that are legumes
1 egg white, 1 oz meat, fish, poultry, 1/2 cup beans
foods that equal 7 grams of protein
grains (rice), vegetables, nuts, legumes
four examples of foods to combine/needed to form complete proteins
phenylketonuria
genetic disorder in which conversion of phenylalanine (an essential amino acid) cannot be converted to tyrosine (a nonessential amino acid)