nutrition exam 2

7. Approximately how many kcalories are in a pound of adipose?

3500Kcal

2. What are ADP and ATP?

- ATP (adenosine triphosphate): a nucleotide that is the primary source of energy in all living cells because of its function in donating a phosphate group during biochemical activities; composed of adenosine, ribose, and three phosphate groups and formed by enzymatic reaction from adenosine diphosphate and an orthophosphate. - ADP (adenosine diphosphate): a nucleotide that functions in the transfer of energy during the catabolism of glucose, formed by the removal of a phosphate from adenosine triphosphate and composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups.

14. Name the primary function of fat and protein.

- Fat is a concentrated energy source. - Protein is building materials for growth & maintenance.

1. Define metabolism, catabolism, anabolism. Give examples of catabolism/anabolism in the body.

- Metabolism is the sum total of all the chemical reactions that go on in living cells. - Catabolism are reactions in which large molecules are broken down to smaller ones and release energy. Earlier chapters describe how hydrolysis reactions break down glycogen to glucose, triglycerides to fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins to amino acids. When the body needs energy, it breaks down any or all of these molecules further. - Anabolism are reactions in which small molecules are put together to build larger ones and require energy. Glucose molecules may be joined together to make glycogen chains. Glycerol and fatty acids may be as-sembled into triglycerides. Amino acids may be linked together to make proteins. Each of these reactions starts with small, simple compounds and uses them as building blocks to form larger, more complex structures.

3. What are the unique chemical structures of triglycerides & proteins?

- Triglycerides are the chief form of fat in the diet and the major storage form of fat in the body composed of a molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached. - A protein molecule is made from a long chain of amino acids that are linked though a peptide bond.

8. What is the optimal rate of weight loss? Calculate a weekly weight loss or weight gain.

1-2 lbs/ week.

9. What end products of digestion, when metabolized, yield glucose?

?

29. What happens to amino acids when protein intake is in excess of your body's needs?

Amino acids may be converted to fat when energy and protein intakes exceed needs and carbohydrate intake is adequate.

22. How can you change your BMR?

BMR is basal metabolic rate. It can be altered by increasing lean body mass, growing, and caffeine. 239

23. The thermic effect of food is one of the components that determine how many kcalories you need each day. Name the other two components.

Basal metabolism and physical activity. 238

21. What does BMI measure? What is considered a "healthy" BMI range?

Body Mass Index (BMI) measure's a person's weight relative to height; A "healthy" BMI is 18.5-24.9

32. Compare the characteristics of bulimia vs. anorexia?

Bulimia: an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise. Anorexia: an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a distortion in perception of body shape and weight.

10. Define complete and incomplete proteins. Give examples.

Complete Protein: a protein that contains all the essential amino acids in appropriate amounts to allow normal growth and tissue maintenance when adequate energy is provided in the diet. Ex. Most animal foods and few grains: soy, amaranth, quinoa. Incomplete Protein: a food that is inadequate in one or more of the nine amino acids essential for normal growth and maintenance of tissue when used as the sole source of protein and adequate energy is available. Ex. Plants foods, gelatin.

18. What is the benefit of EPA, DHA and ALA in the diet? Where is each found?

EPA and DHA: found in the eyes and brain and essential for normal growth, visual acuity, and cognitive development. They may also play an important role in the prevention and treatment of heart disease. ALA?

6. How is excess energy stored in the body?

Excess energy is stored as fat, and stored fat is used for energy between meals.

4. What form of energy is used in early (first 24 hrs) vs. late fasting?

Glycogen

hydrogenated fats

Hydrogenated fats are unnatural fats.

13. What is the Dietary Guideline recommendation for alcohol consumption?

If alcohol is consumed, it should be consumed in moderation. The recommendation is 1 drink for women and 2 drinks for men in 1 day.

5. Explain ketosis and its impact on the body. How is it reversed?

Ketosis is an undesirably high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood and urine. The abnormal accumulation of ketones in the body as a result of excessive breakdown of fats caused by a deficiency or inadequate use of carbohydrates. Fatty acids are metabolized instead, and the end products, ketones, begin to accumulate. This condition is seen in starvation, occasionally in pregnancy if the intake of protein and carbohydrates is inadequate, and most frequently in diabetes mellitus. To prevent ketosis the body needs at least 50-100 grams of carbs a day.

17. What type fats have the worst effect on blood lipid levels and risk for heart disease?

LDL Cholesterol

19. What are the daily recommended intakes for protein, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol and trans fats? (based on a 2000 kcal diet).

Protein 0.8g, total fat 20-35%,<10% saturated fat, <300mg cholesterol, 2g of trans fats or as little as possible.

20. Define the different types of vegetarians. List advantages and disadvantages of a vegan diet.

Vegans: a person who does not eat or use animal products. Lacto-ovo-vegetarians: a person who eats vegetables, eggs, and dairy products but who does not eat meat. Pesco, pollo: ? Flexitarian: a person who has a primarily vegetarian diet but occasionally eats meat or fish. Advantages: Healthy body weights, Blood pressure is often lower, Lower incidence of heart disease, Lower incidence of cancer, and Other diseases. Disadvantages: loss of essential vitamins and minerals

24. What are the consequences of too little protein in the diet?

Without proteins to perform their critical roles, many of the body's activities come to a halt. The consequences of protein deficiency include slowed growth, impaired brain and kidney functions, poor immunity, and inadequate nutrient absorption.

phospholipid

a compound similar to a triglyceride but having a phosphate group and choline in place of one of the fatty acids. Ex. eggs, liver, soybeans, wheat germ, and peanuts.

saturated

a fatty acid carrying the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms atoms—for example, stearic acid. Ex. butter, lard, coconut oil.

polyunsaturated

a fatty acid that lacks four or more hydrogen atoms and has two or more double bonds between carbons, for example, linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Ex. safflower, sunflower, fish oil.

monounsaturated fat

a fatty acid that lacks two hydrogen atoms and has one double bond between carbons—for example, oleic acid. Ex. olive oil, canola oil.

12. What food is rated as the highest quality protein?

animal products

30. Distinguish between body weight and body composition. How is each measured?

body composition: the proportions of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up a person's total body weight. Health-care professionals commonly use BMI and waist circumference measurements. 245 body weight: is you own total body's weight. Has been identified using a common measure of weight and height—the body mass index.

Sterol

compound containing a four ring carbon structure with any of a variety of side chains attached. Ex. meat, egg, seafood, poultry, dairy.

31. Describe the "ideal" weight loss diet.

eat a healthy diet, exercise, aim for 1-2 lbs per week.

essential fatty acids, EPA, DHA and ALA.

fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize in amounts sufficient to meet physiological needs. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons and five double bonds; present in fatty fish and synthesized in limited amounts in the body from linolenic acid. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 22 carbons and six double bonds; present in fatty fish and synthesized in limited amounts in the body from linolenic acid. arachidonic acid: an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid with 20 carbons and four double bonds; present in small amounts in meat and other animal products and synthesized in the body from linoleic acid.

trans fat

fatty acids with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond. Ex. beef, milk.

25. Discuss the benefits of amino acid supplements in the diet.

if someone is not receiving adequate amounts of proteins in their diets these supplements can make up the difference.

27. How is alcohol metabolized differently from CHO, fat and protein?

it needs no digestion therefore it can reach the brain very quickly.

Cholesterol

one of the sterols containing a four ring structure with a carbon side chain.

11. What two primary criteria are used to determine protein quality (PDCAA)?

protein's digestibility and its amino acid composition.

16. What is glycolysis?

the metabolic breakdown of glucose to pyruvate. Does not require oxygen.

28. How is waist circumference used to assess health risk?

women with waist in excess of 35 in and men with greater than 40 in have a high risk of central obesity related health problems. As waist circumference increases, disease risks increase. Waist circumference is the preferred method for assessing abdominal fat.