nutrition (exam 2)
what is the leading risk factor for death of under-5 children globally
childhood underweight
many low- and middle-income countries are facing a "________ burden" of disease
double
t/f: there is not enough food in the world to meet the nutritional needs of all
false, there is
lack of iron is associated with iron deficiency anemia, associated with ______ & ______
fatigue, weakness
_____ _____: the state of being without RELIABLE ACCESS to a SUFFICIENT QUANTITY of AFFORDABLE NUTRITIOUS FOOD
food insecurity
what 2 factors are important to consider when studying being overweight/obese
genetic & cultural factors
iodine deficiency is associated with a growth on the thyroid called a ______ and the failure to develop full ______ potential
goiter, intellectual
vitamin A is important to ______ and proper functioning of ______ system (ex: severity of illness and chance of survival of pneumonia, diarrhea, and measles)
growth, immune
the most immediate cause of being overweight/obese is an ______ in total energy intake coupled with a ______ in energy expenditure
increase, decrease
"double burden" of disease: 1. problems of ______ diseases and under-nutrition 2. rapid increase in risk factors of ______ such as obesity and overweight, particularly in urban settings
infectious, NCDs
which vitamin is found in some types of seafood and in plants that are grown in soil that naturally contains iodine
iodine
which vitamin is found most easily in fish, meat, poultry; also in fruits, grains, vegetables, nuts, and dried beans
iron
the effects of stunting are ______
irreversible
the rising global rate of obesity is being driven by global financial and trade ______, increased ______ and socioeconomic status, and _____
liberalization, income, urbanization
50% of children worldwide ages 6 months to 5 years suffer from one or more _____ _____ and globally more than 2 billion people are affected.
micronutrient deficiency
iodine deficiency often occurs in people who live in _______ regions where less seafood is consumed and the soil is deficient in iodine
mountainous
About 45% of all deaths (3 million) in children under five years are associated with _____ ______, undernutrition (this is 8,000/day)
nutritional deficits
63% of all mortality (36 of the 57 million deaths annually) is due to non-communicable disease; of these, 29 million are directly related to ________
over-nutrition
what are the 2 forms of malnutrition
overnutrition & undernutrition
iron-deficient pregnant women have an increased risk of giving birth to a _______ or low birthweight baby, or _______ and dying in child birth
premature, hemorrhaging
in LMIC's, under-nutrition and obesity exist ______-_____-______ within the same country, the same community, even within same household
side-by-side
________:low height for age
stunting
food security exists when all people at all times have access to _______, ________, _______ food to maintain a healthy and active life
sufficient, safe, nutritious
_________ is an important risk factor for death from other causes including diarrhea, pneumonia, measles, and other communicable diseases
undernutrition
Low-cost, highly effective interventions are available to improve nutrition status among those suffering from ________. However, prevention of _______/ ______ is complex.
underweight, overweight/obesity
about 100 million children globally suffer from moderate or severe _______, about 165 million are stunted, and more than 50 million are ______
underweight, wasted
which vitamin is found mostly in green leafy vegetables, yellow and orange fruits that are not citrus, and carrots
vitamin A
______:low weight for height
wasting
what 2 regions have the highest rate of wasting
1. Africa 2. South Asia
name 3 ways that the nutritional interventions can be achieved
1. Community-based growth monitoring and promotion 2. Supplementation with vitamin A and iron 3. Zinc to manage diarrhea 4. Implement food supplementation through programs like WIC and SNAP 5. Fortify locally appropriate food 6. Increase & improve the education of women 7. Use technologies to improve the nutritional content of food
what are 3 effects of stunting
1. Delayed motor development 2. Impaired cognitive function 3. Poor school performance
name 3 nutritional interventions
1. Focus on SOUTH ASIA and SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 2. Ensure pregnant women are well-nourished (calories and micronutrients) 3. Promote exclusive breastfeeding for all infants under 6 months 4. Provide appropriate foods for infants starting at 6 months 5. Support supplementation and fortification 6. Fight infection and illness through hygiene, water and sanitation
what are the 3 forms of undernutrition
1. Stunting 2. Wasting 3. Micronutrient deficiencies
what 2 things causes wasting
1. acute significant food shortage 2. disease
what 3 regions have the highest prevalence of stunting in children under 5
1. africa 2. south-east asia 3. eastern mediterranean
what four things are required to have food security
1. availability 2. access 3. stability 4. health
what 2 things causes stunting
1. long-term insufficient nutrient intake 2. frequent infections
the "double burden" of disease is caused by: 1. Inadequate pre-natal, infant and child ________ 2. Followed by exposure to high-fat, _____-dense, micronutrient-poor foods and a lack of _______ activity
1. nutrition 2. energy, physical
what are the 2 forms of overnutrition
1. overweight 2. obesity
what are the tope 3 vitamins that are prevalent in micronutrient deficiency
1. vitamin A 2. iodine 3. iron
the rate of underweight in children younger than 5 years of age in low- and middle-income countries fell from about 28% in 1990 to about _____% in 2011
17
stunting generally occurs before age _____
2
there are ______ developing countries with wasting rates of 10% or more
24
about ___ million under-5 child deaths a year can be attributed to nutrition-related causes
3
nearly 1/3 of children under ____ in the developing world are stunted
5
vitamin A deficiency is associated with xeropthalmia, which eventually can lead to permanent ______
blindness
