Nutrition Final
examples of foods that are energy dense and source of empty calories and fat
-beer -sugar sweetened drinks -cheese pizza with sausage
why is it necessary to have some body fat?
-body fat stores energy -fat cells secrete numerous proteins some of which have roles in regulating food intake, glucose metabolism and immune system
the federal governments "check your steps" program has four simple rules for food safety.
-clean -chill -separate -cook
in the first trimester of pregnancy, women often experience nausea. what practices are recommended to alleviate nausea associated with pregnancy?
-eating crackers and drinking some water -eating smaller but more frequent meals and nutritious snacks.
ATP can be produced as a byproduct of the metabolism of glucose and several other substances. which substances are possible sources of ATP?
-glucose -triglycerides (fat) -amino acids -alcohol
Carbohydrates are an important macronutrient for fueling muscles. During exercise, where can the body obtain carbohydrate?
-glycogen stored in the muscles -glycogen stored in the liver cells -glucose that is available in the bloodstream
unintentional food additives are:
-inspects parts -herbicide residue -metal fragment from meat grinder
some conditions or dietary practices that are major nutrition related concerns of American adolescents
-obesity -eating disorder -inadequate calcium intake
stage 1 hypertension
130/139
adults under 65 years of age should engage in _______ of moderate-intensity physical activity per week
150 minutes (30 minutes per day, 5 days a week)
underweight BMI
18.5 lower
Healthy weight BMI
18.5-24.9
under what conditions would having a 'thrifty genes' benefit a person
during periods of food deprivation such as famine
capacity to perform work
energy
energy output (energy expenditure)
energy cells use to carry out their activities
If you plan or structure this activity on order to increase cardiovascular function or muscle mass, it is called
exercise
body mass index is a method of comparing _____________.
height and weight
Dana is on vacation at a resort that features a variety of outdoor activities. Because she is pregnant, Dana is cautious about the types of exercise she performs. which is not appropriate?
horseback riding
cross contamination is often responsible for outbreaks of foodborne illnesses, examples are:
- Deborah cuts up a raw chicken and wipes the knife with a paper towel before using it to dice tomatoes for a vegetables salad. - After transferring raw hamburger patties from a plate to a hot grill, jewel leaves the plate nearby so she does not have to find a clean dish when the patties are done cooking.
which source of the following foods is a source of phytochemicals?
-hamburger -raspberries -eggs -chicken raspberries
which of the following organ is an accessory organ of the digestive system?
-heart -tongue -bladder -spleen tongue
List three roles for subcutaneous fat and visceral fat.
-helps insulate body against cold temperatures, -protects muscles and bones from bumps and bruises -body contours
foods that may cause choking include
-hotdogs cut into coin shapes -candy -whole nuts -grapes -raw carrots -popcorn -peanut butter -coarsely cut meats
factors that increase and decrease basal metabolism
-muscle mass (Increase) -body surface (increase) -gender male(increases) female (increases) -body temp (increases) -thyroid hormone level -stress(increases) -stimulants (increase) -recent exercise (increase) -restricted calorie intake (increases) -aging after 30 (decreases)
Marconutrients
-nutrients required in grams per day -lipid (fat) -carbohydrates -energy yielding nutrients
ways to preserve food
-pasteurization, refrigeration, freezing, canning, irradiation, additives and aseptic processing. -sealed boxes of sterile foods and beverages, such as milk or juices - fermentation -salting
in the US, the primary cause of preventable cancer death is
-physical activity -tobacco use -high fat diet -excessive alcohol intake tobacco use
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)
a federal program that provides vouchers to the poor to help them buy food- aka food stamp program
a testimonial is
a personal endorsement of a product
irritable bowel syndrome
abdominal cramps, loose mucus in stools
a salt forms when an ________ combines with a ______.
acid ; base
traditional beilef
anecdote
nutritional standards, such as the RDAs are not ____.
basis for developing AIs
factors that influence metabolic rate
body composition, thyroid level, sex, body surface area, age, calorie intake, fever, stimulants, pregnancy, milk production after childbirth and recovery after exercise
negative energy balance occurs when
body needs more calories than the diet supplies
during glycolysis, the body __________
breaks down 1 glucose molecule to form 2 pyruvate molcules
large amount of visceral fat that spreads beyond buttocks and thighs
central body obesity
there are over 100 types of atoms, each one is an _________ a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by ordinary chemical or physical means.
element
TEF (thermic effect of food)
energy used to digest foods and beverages as well as process macronutrients which is around 10-15%
conventional wisdom
facts observed over the course of an experiment
Amy is studying quietly. Under these conditions, her muscles are using primarily ______ for energy.
fat
the primary nutrient that bile helps digest is
fat
Cholesterol is
found in only animal foods
a healthy snack that is not a rich source added sugars is _______, peanuts, or plain yogurt.
fresh fruit
which of the following foods would be classified as a source of empty calories by myplate?
grape jelly
the exchange system
has exchange lists based on macronutrient contents
which of the following factors is associated with increased risk of obesity during childhood?
having a family history of obesity
overweight
having extra body weight that is contributed by bode, muscle, body fat/ or body water.
human cells release much of the energy stored in carbohydrates, fats and amino acids as
heat
examples of physiological processes or health condition that increases or decreases as human age
increases : -heartburn and constipation -hardening of arteries decreases : -saliva production -brain weight -cardiac output -activity of bone forming cells -thyroid hormone production -kidney cell function
carbohydrates loading_____
involves manipulating dietary patterns and physical activities prior to an endurance event.
Aerobic activities
involves sustained, rhythmic contractions of certain larger skeletal muscles
tissue
is a group of similar cells that perform similar functions
Glucose
is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells
Caffiene
is a stimulant, is the most widely used ergogenic aid in the world
An essential nutrient
is one that must be provided by the diet.
pasteurization (drinks)
is the common heating process that destroys harmful bacteria in milk and fruit juices
Deamination
is the process of removing nitrogen from an amino acids
experience
knowledge or skill that comes from having done certain things.
which of the following substances is an intestinal enzyme that breaks down lactose?
lactase
red lentils are a type of _______
legume
is a hormone that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body
leptin
a lacteal is
lymph vessel within each villus
the first step of the scientific method usually involves ___________
making observations
why do fad diets and dietary supplements promoted for weight loss appeal to overfat people
many overweight/obese people are attracted because they believe promoters claims that the diets or products are "magic bullets" for shedding unwanted weight quickly and effortlessly
megadoses of vitamins
may be toxic
phytochemicals
may have healthful benefits
major source of vitamin B12 include _________
meat and milk products
which of the following substances would be classified as a dietary supplement according to the dietary supplement health and education act of 1994
melatonin
body's rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating
metabolism
refers to all the chemical processes that occur in living cells.
metabolism
basal metabolism
minimal amount of calories expended in a fasting state to keep a resting, awake body alive in a warm, quiet environment
2 or more atoms that are held together by a chemical reaction bond form a
molecule
body's fat content is genetically predetermined. Set point acts like a home thermostat, except that it regulates body weight instead of temperature.
set point theory
people who follow jewish dietary rules will not consume..
shellfish
failure to consume adequate amounts of nutrients can lead to noticeable and measurable physical changes that are __________ of deficiency disease
signs
which of the following websites is most likely to provide biased and unreliable information?
site that promotes or sells dietary supplements (.com)
the primary site of triglyceride digestion and absorption is the ___________.
small intestine
which of the following practices increases the risks of peptic ulcer?
smoking cigarettes
the churning movements of the_________ help mix food with gastric juice
stomach
What is the best way to store eggs to reduce the potential for food borne illnesses?
store eggs in their original carton in the refrigerator.
the main environmental factors that affect microorganism growth include chemical inhibitors, oxygen, pH, nutrients, moisture and ______
temperature
a personal endorsement of a product
testimonial
the usual pattern of foods that you choose to eat is referred to as your
the foods that you eat contain nutrients, chemicals that are necessary for proper body functioning
federal trade commision
the governments agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the FTC
Metabolism
the making of proteins, generation of energy, and disposal of waste are all chemical processes that in total are referred to as your _____
What is denaturation?
the removal of the nitrogen containing group from an amino acid
miranda is physically fit. she has....
the strength, endurance, and flexibility to meet the demands of daily living.
enriched grain products have specific amounts of _______ added during processing.
thiamin
a healthy infant who weighs 8.2 pounds at birth can be expected to weight _________ pounds by her first birthday
to figure this out multiply by 3 which is 24.6
food pathogen danger zone
to grow and reproduce, microbes require nutrients, water, and warmth. MOst pathogens grow best in danger zone range of 40-140*F
which of the following foods is high carbohydrate and low fat?
toast spread with strawberry jam
the ______ is involved in the taste of food and facilitates swallowing.
tongue
which of the following conditions is associated with eating certain dietary carbohydrates, especially sticky sugars?
tooth decay
Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA)
uses multiple low energy x rays to scan entire body.
diet is _____.
usual pattern of food choices
a __________ physical activity general requires high degree of exertion
vigorous
tiny, fingerlike projections of the small intestine that absorb nutrients
villi
another potential source of foodborne illnesses are __________, which are pieces of genetic material coated with protein
viruses
___________ fat deposits are in the omentum, which is under the abdominal muscles
visceral
during pregnancy, excess _______ intake is known to be teratogenic
vitamin A
people who are unable to absorb fat are likely to develop a _______ deficiency
vitamin A
guavas are an excellent source of
vitamin C
___________ is a type of resistance training that strengthens major muscle groups in the upper and lower body
weight lifting
community dietitian
works in public health care settings or private practice settings
the most common microorganisms causing food spoilage are bacteria, ____________
yeasts, and molds
during the first trimester, a pregnant woman's daily energy requirement is _________ her daily energy needs before she became pregnant
about the same as
in 2014, the typical diet of americans who were 2 years of age and older EXCEEDED recommendations amounts
added sugar, solid fat, meat and sodium.
___________ cells are specialized to store fat
adipose cells
participating in exercise that involves sustained, rhythmic contractions of large muscle groups is called ______
aerobic exercise
assesses volume of a person's body which can be used to calculate body composition
air displacement
Insulin
allows cell to take in glucose
what is the chemical units that makes up a protein
amino acid
retrospective cohort study
an analytical epidemiology study where the cohort represents historical a historical cohort assembled using available data sources
Above 100* C (212*F) most bacteria are _________
are destroyed
Phospolipids
are partially water soluble
a diet is likely to be safe and nutritionally adequate if _________.
average daily intakes for nutrients meet RDA or AI values
people with celiac disease should _____.
avoid foods that contains gluten
when you travel to countries outside of US, you can reduce your risk of traveler's diarrhea by ________
avoiding water that has not been bottled and sealed
salmonella and E. coli are types of ....
bacteria
unpasteurized or raw milk should not be fed to children as it may be contaminated with ________
bacteria and viruses
body mass index (BMI) is
based on a relationship between weight and risk of chronic disease.
basal metabolism includes energy needs for _________
breathing and circulating blood
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
burning pain in the upper chest area
kimchi is a korean food that is often made with _____, cucumbers, or radishes
cabbages
generally, epidemiology studies _____
cannot determine cause and effect relationships
know the metrics for nutrition
carbohydrates = 4 kcal/gram protein= 4 kcal/gram fat= 9 kcal/gram alcohol= 7 kcal/ gram
comparing individuals with type 2 diabetes to individuals who have very similar characteristics but are healthy would be an example of _________ study.
case-control
Jeniffer is not aware that she has type 2 diabetes. her blood sugar levels remain high after a meal because her _________.
cells do not respond to insulin (type 2 diabetes)
studying nutrition means you must also have an understanding of _______, the study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that occur to matter
chemistry
regular physical activity improves health in several ways:
decreases : stress, colon cancer risk, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, blood pressure, risk of type 2 diabetes, and premature death. Increases : self-image, muscle mass, strength, flexibility, balance, bone strength, and cardiovascular function
peptic ulcers
deep, dull upper abdominal pain
which of the following actions has been proposed to help solve environmental problems created by conventional agriculture methods?
developing ways to use irrigation systems more effectively
Daily Values are
dietary standards developed for food-labeling purposes
skipping breakfast regularly is a sign of ___________ eating NOT _________
disordered ; eating disorder
high pressure inside the large intestine during bowel movements can cause small pouches called_________ to protrude through the intestinal wall.
diverticula
When these pouches are painfully inflames, the condition is known as _____
diverticulitis
members of the national weight control registry tend to _____________
eat meals regularly including breakfast
the energy value of a food in relation to its total weight defines how _____ a food is
energy- dense
Goiter
enlarged thyroid gland
an aspect of ______ involves studying causes of health problems in a population
epidemiology
thermic effect
estimate of the energy needed to digest food, and absorb and further process the nutrients recently consumed
researchers design an __________ to test whether taking high dose of thiamine repel mosquitoes.
experiment
which of the following substances is insoluble in water
fat
a servings of food supplies 12g carbohydrate, 5g protein, 7g fat and 50g water. which of the following statements is true about a serving of food?
fat provides almost 50% of total calories.
lentils are an excellent source of __________.
fiber
the embryo/fetus develops most of its organs during the _______
first trimester
the __________ is primary government agency that oversees the safety of most foods in the U.S
food and drug administration (FDA)
directs food systems services in hospitals, schools, etc.
food systems management dietitian
in 2014, the typical diet of americans who were 2 years of age and older did not provide recommended amounts
fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy foods.
foodborne illnesses can also be caused by simple life forms that live on dead or decaying organic matter; these are called
fungi
the monosaccharides include :
galactose, fructose, and glucose.
Bile is stored in the
gallbladder
people with BMIs of 30 or more have increased
gallbladder, pancreas, cervix, uterus, breast, colon, rectum, and kidney cancers.
the type of diabetes that may occur during pregnancy is called _______. women who have this condition are at increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes after giving birth.
gestational diabetes
stage 2 hypertension
greater than or equal to 140 /greater or equal to 90
Aflatoxins are (think molds)
harmful compounds produced by certain molds
many of the top leading causes of death in the united states are associated with certain dietary practices. what are the top two leading causes of death in the united states
heart disease and cancer
last august, damien experience heavy sweating, painful leg cramps and fatigue while exercising outdoors. based on this information, he probably had __________
heat cramps
peristalisis in the stomach
helps move food/chyme through the digestive tract
if excessive straining occurs during defecation, the anal vein can swell causing _________.
hemorrhoids
after being absorbed, many nutrients enter the ______ and travel to the ________.
hepatic portal vein ; liver
which of the following signs is associated with metabolic syndrome ?
high fasting blood pressure.
a food or beverage that contributes excessive amounts of unhealthy solid fat, added sugars, and/or alcohol to the diet is
high in empty calories
chemical messengers in the body are
hormones
the stomach secretes ___________.
hydrochloric acid
preeclampsia is a form of ______ that can develop during pregnancy
hypertension
constipation
infrequent or difficult to eliminate bowel movements
_________ is the hormone that helps glucose to enter cells
insulin
the major type of diabetes is characterized by
insulin resistance
Vitamin K can be produced by
intestinal bacteria
drinking green tea to lose weight
is an alternative health care practice.
Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)
is based on the average daily energy needs of a healthy person
insoluble fiber
is in whole grain products, including brown rice
Throughout her pregnancy, Dana had been experiencing heartburn. There are a few steps she can take to prevent heartburn or alleviate its discomfort. All of the following help prevent or lessen pain associated with heartburn EXCEPT
laying down after meals.
roles of leptin and ghrelin in regulating hunger
leptin: adipose cells secrete this hormone that reduces hunger and inhibits fat storage in the body. Ghrelin: stomach secretes this which stimulates eating behavior
breastfed infants are _____ than babies who are fed infant formula
less likely to have ear infections
alcohol metabolism is not influenced by a person's
level of caffeine consumption
bile is produced in the
liver
the _______ has many functions, including the storage of several nutrients and detoxification of many harmful substances.
liver
in the united states, which type of cancer is responsible for most cancer deaths in males and females?
lung
when atoms are bonded together, the resulting structure is called an ___________
molecule
Organisms that live in or on another living thing and get their nutrients from the host are called
parasites
non-nutrient compounds that are made by plants and may influence health are called
phytochemicals
replace soft drinks, sweet tea, and sugary commercial coffees with ______.
plain water
calorie intake is greater than calorie output
positive energy balance
homocysteine is an
possible marker for cardiovascular disease
the placenta cannot ________
prevent all toxic substances from reaching the embryo/fetus.
Fruit is generally a good source of all of the following substances, except
protein
the nutrients that provide energy are ______.
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
thyroid hormone
raises a person's metabolic rate
which of the following foods is most likely to support the growth of pathogens?
raw grounded meat
experimental (intervention) study
reachers randomly divide a larger group of people into treatment and control group (those who do not get treatment)
recommended / not recommended child feeding practices
recommended : -"one-bite" rule -abstain from making children eat everything on their plate. nutritious snacking -children typically prefer bright, crisp, sweet, or mild-tasting fruits not recommended : -honey before 1 year of age because of botulism concerns -putting a child to bed with a bottle containing any carbohydrate-laden beverage to help avoid dental caries.
the amount of a nutrient that should meet the needs of almost all healthy people in a particular group is
recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
added sugars are a form of
refined carbohydrates
works in universities or clinics
research dietitian
body's rate of energy use a few hours after resting and eating
resting metabolic rate
a team of scientist conducts a survey of 1000 people who are between 60 and 75 years old to determine whether their past consumption of seafood may have influenced their current state of health. this is an example of :
retrospective
safe and unsafe sources of water during emergency
safe: -water in undamaged water heater -bottled water -water from melted ice cubes -water from tank of toilet unsafe: -water in swimming pool -toilet bowl water -water in car's radiator
solid fats generally have a high proportion of ______ fatty acids.
saturated
people who eat guavas can reduce their risk of ________.
scurvy
case-control study
study in which individuals who have a health condition are compared with individuals with similar characteristics who do not have the condition
double-blind study
study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the control or experimental group
an antioxidant is
substance that protects cell components from being damaged or destroyed
Antioxidants
substances that protect other compounds from being damaged or destroyed by certain environmental factors.
Disaccharides include
sucrose, maltose, lactose
_________ are a primary source of added sugars in american diets
sugar sweetened soft drinks
the ________ program enables eligible participants to use a special debit card to purchase food at authorized stores.
supplemental nutrition assistance.
deficiency disease can cause subjective health problems called _____, which may include headaches, dizziness , and fatigue.
symptoms
despite promises made in advertisements for weight loss products, there is no quick way to lose excess body fat and maintain a healthy reduced body weight. Reliable approaches to weight loss include all of the following except
taking dietary supplements that contain raspberry ketones and grapefruits extracts
the _________ mechanically break food into small pieces
teeth
chylomicron
transport lipids in the bloodstream
Lipoproteins
transport lipids into the bloodstream
researchers randomly divide 100 people into two groups, each of which have 50 subjects. the ______ group is given pills that contain a very high amount of thiamin. the control group is given similar tasting and appearing pills that do not contain thiamin
treatment
Fad diet
trendy diet that has widespread appeal among a population but after a period of time, people lose interest and it is no longer fashionable.
approximately 5% of diabetes cases are _______, formerly called juvenile onset diabetes
type 1 diabetes
the majority of americans with diabetes have _______, formerly called ______.
type 2 diabetes ; adult-onset diabetes
___________ relies on the principle that lean tissue is denser than water
underwater weighing
In addition to water and food intake, hydration is affected by a number of other factors. What other factors have a major influence on body water losses.
- altitude altitude -alcohol and sodium intake -humidity
a woman's pre pregnancy BMI is used to calculate how much weight she should gain. what are the ranges?
- low pre pregnancy BMI = 28-40 pounds -healthy pre pregnancy BMI = 25-35 -overweight pre pregnancy = 15-25 -obese when they became pregnant =11-20 pounds
steps of cellular respiration
1. Glucose is degraded to form pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP. 2. Pyruvate moves from cytoplasm into mitochondria 3. under aerobic conditions, pyruvate is completely degraded, forming co2, h2o, and ATP. 4. Co2 is exhaled and h2o helps maintain body water volume.
body loses water daily. Know the water output mechanism from greatest to least contribution
1. Urine: accounts from 1500 ml output per day. 2. Insensible perspiration: accounts for 400 ml output per day. 3. Expired air: accounts for 300 ml output per day. 4. Feces: accounts for 200 ml output per day. 5. Sweat: accounts for 100 ml output per day
Overweight BMI
25-29.9
As race-day approaches, anthony wants to increase the percentage of total kilocalories in his diet from carbohydrates to increase his glycogen stores. If he consumes 2500 kcal/day are supplied by carbohydrates, how many grams of carbohydrate does he consume per day?
2500x60 = 1500/4= 375
Obese BMI
30-39.9
what percent of adult americans were obese in 2013-2014?
38%
severely obese
40
dietitians and pediatricians generally recommend that babies be breastfed exclusively for the first
6 months
freezing food is one way of preserving food. What does freezing do?
Freezing halts microbes ability to multiply
initially, which of the following types of exercise would be recommended of an obese person who is trying to lose weight safely?
Swimming
obesity
condition characterized by excessive and unhealthy amounts of body fat.
subcutaneous
contains adipose cells but is in the omen
visceral fat
contains adipose cells but is in the omentum (under the abdomen muscles and over the intestines)
of the energy systems available for use by exercising muscles, which one allows cells to produce the most ATP?
The oxygen and energy system (amount of oxygen enables cells to produce about 18 times more ATP than the amount produced by anaerobic systems.)
the level of exertion you exhibit during an activity is referred to as the _______ of exercise, whereas the time you devote to the activity is its__________.
intensity ; duration
NEAT (nonexercise activity thermogenesis)
involuntary skeletal muscle activity or activity a person does not consciously control like fidgeting or shivering.
nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
is the increase in energy output triggered by shivering, fridgeting, and maintaining muscle tone and body posture.
cellulite
lumping appearing skins on thighs and buttocks of most women.
calorie intake is lower than calorie output
negative energy balance
Byron has an 8 month old baby. He tasted some of the baby's applesauces and decided it needed to be sweeter. He insist on using honey to sweeten the sauce. Explain why using honey to sweeten infant foods is or is not recommended.
not recommended because honey can contain botulism spores that can cause botulism in infants
placing semisolid baby cereal in a baby bottle that has a nipple opening enlarged contributes to
overfeeding
when sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when...
the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.
when using a meat thermometer, where is the best area to insert it for accurate readings?
thickest part of the muscle tissue, away from bone, fat, or gristle
BMI (body mass index)
tissue holds skin in place over underlying tissues such as muscles
a person with a BMI of 16.2 would be classified as __________
underweight
which of the following is a good source of protein and contains a lot of saturated fat?
-avocado -dry peas -cheese -peanuts cheese.
which of the following conditions is NOT one of the top leading causes of death in the US.
-cancer -kidney disease -heart disease -stroke kidney disease
health conditions that are often associated with being underweight
-cancer -tuberculosis -AIDS -inflammatory bowel disease -depression -hormonal imbalances
according to the myplate plan, which of the following foods is grouped with dairy products
-cheese -eggs -butter -cream cheese
examples of food security
-everyone in our household has access to food that keeps them healthy -we have a lot of medical expenses, but never so much that we don't have enough to purchase foods that are good for our health.
which of the following food preservation process effectively destroys microbes
-freezing -sterilization -smoking -chilling answer: sterilization
which of the following substances has the lowest pH?
-gastric juice -household ammonia -tomatoes -milk gastric juice
which of the following substances in a polysaccharide?
-glucose -glycogen -galactose -glucagon glycogen
Micronutrients
-vitamins -minerals -nutrients required in milligrams/micrograms per day -non energy yielding nutrients
in the US, common sources of food-borne pathogens?
-washing hands -keeping cold food cold, hot food hot -cook foods to proper internal temperatures.
plants need _______ to make carbohydrates?
-water -sunlight -carbon dioxide
the order in which the digestive organs and organ components function for digestion and absorption.
1. stomach 2. pyloric sphincter 3. duodenum 4. jejunum 5.lieum
a popular over the counter cold remedy suggest that megadoses of vitamin C will help prevent or minimize the effects of the common cold. the label on the package states that it contains 1000 mg of vitamin C. how many grams of vitamin C is the amount?
1000mg= 1 gram of vitamin C
obese women who are pregnant with 1 fetus should gain ______ pounds during pregnancy
11-20 pounds
elevated blood pressure
120/129
normal blood pressure
120/80
to convert from pounds to kg, divide pounds by _________.
2.2
a healthy body fat percentage for women is _________
23-31%
kiera is overweight and has a condition called prediabetes. to help her lose weight, she would like reliable advice from a healthcare professional who has specific knowledge of foods, nutrition, and diet therapies.
A registered dietitian who counsels patients in a hospital clinic
the dietary guidelines for americans is
A set of general nutrition related recommendations
________ is an immediate and direct source of energy for cells
ATP
clinical dietitian
An RD or RDN who works in a healthcare setting and provides nutritional care to patients; management skills are often required as part of the job
in cells, _______controls the assembly of amino acids into proteins
DNA
which of the following journals does not have peer-reviewed articles?
Men's Journal
a megadose is generally less than a physiological dose of a nutrient
FALSE
the _____ is a federal agency that tries to ensure the safety and effectiveness of health related products
FDA (food drug administration)
Diets that lack niacin can lead to
Pellagra
Children who lack vitamin D can develop
Rickets
the small, negatively charged particles that form a cloud surrounding the atom are called
electrons
when preparing foods for infants older than 6 months, candy, whole nuts, coarsely cut meats, raw carrots , popcorn, and peanut butter should be avoided as they can cause__________
choking
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers affects the large intestine.
avoid introduction of honey until age one because raw honey may contain
clostridium botulinum spores
Most B-vitamins function as
coenzymes
underwater weighing
compares a person's weight on land to his weight submerged in a tank of water
irradiation of food is _________
considered to be safe processes by FDA
a low fiber diet can contribute to infrequent bowel movements, which is a condition called_______.
constipation
which of the the following practices has been scientifically shown to extend the life spans of certain flies and rodents?
consuming a calorie diet restricted diet
researchers analyze _____ about the number of mosquito bites people in each group receive.
data
systematic testing of a hypothesis
data
prospective cohort study
data are collected in the future from groups sharing common factors (called cohort)
chemical digestion begins in the ______.
mouth
a saturated fatty acid has ________
no double bonds within the hydrocarbon chain
the less common form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease that results in
no pancreatic insulin
fasting blood glucose levels
normal 70-100 pre diabetes 100-125 diabetic 126-higher hypoglycemia below 70
in the US,_________ is responsible for most outbreaks of foodborne illnesses
norovirus
the central part of the atom, the ________, contains the positively charged particles called _________.
nucleus , protons
a food or beverage that contains more key beneficial nutrients in relation to its total calories is called an ______ food
nutrient - dense
the foods that you eat contain _________, chemicals that are necessary for proper body functioning
nutrients
researchers make a an _____________ that people who like to camp take megadoses of thiamin to repel mosquitoes
observation
type 2 diabetes is
often associated with excess body weight
to obtain energy under aerobic conditions cell need :
oxygen
the ________ produces and secretes digestive enzymes
pancreas
bicarbonate, which is secreted by the ________, is a base that neutralizes the acidity of chyme in the _________.
pancreas ; small intestine
in people with type 1 diabetes who are not being treated for the condition, blood sugar levels remain high for several hours after eating a meal because their _______.
pancreas does not make and release insulin
any microbe that can cause diseases is a ________
pathogen
______________ are disease-causing microbes
pathogens
which of the following information is NOT provided by the nutrition facts panel?
percentage of calories from alcohol
what happens to a person's body weight when he/she is in a state of positive energy balance
person GAINS weight
which of the following substances are NOT direct food additives?
pesticide residue.
the act of making your body engage in movement that results from skeletal muscle contraction is called
physical activity
your ability to engage in moderate to vigorous- intensity activities without becoming excessively fatigues determines your level of
physical fitness
a fake treatment is an
placebo
according to the dietary supplement health and education act of 1994 (DSHEA), dietary supplements include_____
-tobacco -herbal or botanical products -vitamin or mineral pills
health problems that are more likely to affect an obese child than a child whose weight is in the healthy BMI for age range
-type 2 diabetes -hip and knee pain -delayed puberty -sleep apnea
Polysaccharides include
-starch -cellulose -glycogen
older adults often need help in obtaining well balanced, nutritious diets. some practical ways of improving intakes of older adults are _______
- to reduce the likelihood of constipation, older adults should consume adequate amounts of water, including nutritious fluids such as soups and juices. -most older adults prefer to have few distractions while they eat, so their meals should be served and eaten in quiet, isolated settings
types of eating disorders and their signs
-Anorexia nervosa (AN)= severely restricted food intake and maintenance of an unhealthy low body weight. -bulimia nervosa (BN)= bite marks, scar on knuckles that result from self induced vomiting -binge-eating disorder (BED)= consuming large amounts of food than most people would eat under similar circumstances in a brief period of time
examples of food insecurity
-im on a fixed income and sometimes I have to choose purchasing medicine over food. -we always have enough money for food at the beginning of the month but by the end of the month we don't have any for food.
which of the following characteristics is not associated with normal aging processes?
-increased risk for blood clots -increased brain weight -reduced saliva production -reduced immunity to infections and diseases increased brain weight is NOT associated with normal aging process
which of the following substances is a disaccharide?
-maltose -starch -galactose -glycogen maltose
which of the following is the most nutrient dense?
-potato chips -broccoli -butter -ice cream Broccoli is the most nutrient- dense
foods high in sodium
-processed foods -canned foods -packages deli meats, natural/processed cheeses -canned soups and vegetables -canned tomato juice
Features of fad diets
-promote rapid weight loss without calorie restriction or increased physical activity -limit food selections to be from only a few food groups and dictate specific diet rituals -require buying a book or other gimmick -use outlandish and unscientific claims to support their usefulness - rely on testimonials from people
badih is a devout follower of islam. therefore he will not consume
-red meat -beer -enriched grains -coffee Beer
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
-safeguard the health of low income women, infants, children up to age 5 who are at nutritional risk by providing nutritious foods to supplement diets, information on healthy eating and referrals to health care. -pregnant, breastfeeding ad postpartum women, infants up to 1 year of age, and children up to 5 years of age are eligible.
examples of foods that are nutrient and energy dense and source of healthy fats
-snacks of avocado and nuts -peanuts butter and banana sandwich -smoothie with yogurts and wheat germ and orange juice
intentional foods additives are:
-soy lecithin -artificial flavoring -sodium nitrate -polysorbates