Nutrition Final Chapters 7-10
Taking a vitamin A supplement has been linked to reduced risk of cardiovascular disease.
False
The Human Genome Project was established to to identify the amino acids in human protein.
False
The biological activity of gamma-tocopherol is significantly higher than that of alpha-tocopherol.
False
Vitamins A, D, E, and K from plant sources are less soluble than vitamins A, D, E, and K from animal sources.
False
Which vitamins are important as methyl donors in homocysteine metabolism?
Folate and vitamin B-12
________ is an enzyme that detoxifies alcohol in the stomach.
Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
________ is a chemical pathway that enables muscle cells and liver to store glucose as glycogen.
Glycogenesis
Which of the following foods is a good source of vitamin K?
Green leafy vegetables
Which of the following is the best source of beta-carotene?
Grilled sweet potatoes
Which of the following foods is not a good source of vitamin E?
Ground beef
Why is taking excess amounts of fat-soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity than taking excesses of water-soluble vitamins?
In general, excesses of fat-soluble vitamins cannot be excreted as easily as water-soluble vitamins.
Which of the following statements describes lactic acid?
Lactic acid is made under anaerobic conditions.
Bernard recently started following a vegan diet. What is a possible disadvantage to following such a diet?
Low intake of certain minerals, including zinc, iron, and calcium
________ are considered cancerous tumors.
Malignant tumors
Which of the following organs are primary sites for glycogen storage? Check all that apply.
Muscles Liver
________ is the study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome.
Nutrigenomics
________ is a condition associated with vitamin D deficiency in adults that is characterized by softening of the bones.
Osteomalacia
Cameron was born with a condition that requires him to limit eating foods that contain phenylalanine. Based on this information, Cameron has ________.
PKU
________ is a component of coenzyme A.
Pantothenic acid
Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion?
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following foods is a high-protein snack that can replace a snack that contains animal protein?
Peanut butter on crackers
________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
Riboflavin
To reduce the risk of stroke in patients who cannot tolerate statins, physicians may prescribe megadoses of niacin supplements to reduce the elevated LDL cholesterol level in their blood.
True
Vitamin E is involved in maintaining immune system function.
True
When a person consumes more protein than needed, the excess amino acids can be converted into glucose or fat.
True
Which of the following populations is at the greatest risk for a vitamin B-12 deficiency?
Vegans
What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions?
Vitamin B-6
Which of the following vitamins is important in protein metabolism as a component of PLP?
Vitamin B-6
________ is a component of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
Vitamin B-6
Pregnant women who have a history of inadequate ________ intakes are at risk of having babies with neural tube defects.
folate
Megaloblastic anemia may occur as a result of a deficiency in ________.
folate or vitamin B-12
Which of the following foods is NOT usually responsible for causing allergic responses?
Carrots and celery
Which of the following statements is true?
Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream.
Fred is a lactovegetarian. Which of the following foods does he eat?
Cheese
Which of the following food items is rich in biotin?
Chicken liver
Bryce is a pescavegetarian. Which of the following foods does he refuse to eat?
Chicken salad
________ is a condition characterized by the accumulation of scar tissue in the liver leading to its irreversible damage.
Cirrhosis of the liver
Which of the following practices is associated with an increased risk of cancer?
Consuming a diet high in processed meats
Which catabolic hormone is made in the adrenal glands and is often called the "stress hormone?"
Cortisol
Which of the following hormones increases gluconeogenesis in the liver?
Cortisol
Which of the following foods is often responsible for causing an allergic response in susceptible persons?
Crab
Which of the following food groups includes foods that are rich sources of riboflavin?
Dairy
Vitamin ________ protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from being damaged by free radicals.
E
Which of the following substances is a fat-soluble vitamin that has antioxidant activity?
E
Which of the following chemical pathways of glucose catabolism produces the highest amount of ATP molecules?
Electron chain transport
It is not necessary for humans to consume sources of water-soluble vitamins daily, because most of them are stored in the liver.
False
Lipogenesis uses the same enzymes and metabolic pathways as beta-oxidation.
False
The human body needs vitamin K to ________.
form active blood clotting factors
Compared to a triglyceride molecule, an amino acid molecule ________.
has nitrogen in its chemical structure
Charcoal-broiled meats may be a source of ________.
heterocyclic amines
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is a/an ________ process.
irreversible
Darrell suffers from frequent diarrhea as a result of IBS. Because of the frequent diarrhea, the bioavailability of vitamins in his diet ________.
is reduced
Routine vitamin C supplementation ________.
may reduce the duration of cold symptoms by a day or so
Felipe wants to lower his risk of cancer. According to scientific studies, consuming ________ may increase his risk of this chronic disease.
processed meats
The ________ is the most commonly used tool to measure protein quality. Protein quality is determined based on both the amino acid composition score and the digestibility of the protein in the food source.
protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)
Which of the following statements are true? Check all that apply.
1 ATP is a high-energy phosphate compound 2 ATP can be broken down to ADP to release energy for cells to use ATP can be broken down to ADP to release energy for cells to use Correct 3 ATP can be formed from ADP through phosphorylation
Ketoacidosis is a condition that occurs when the blood's pH drops due to ________. Check all that apply.
1 excess of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate excess of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate 2 uncontrolled blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus 3 excessive fat catabolism ALL
Lily is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise ________% of her total energy intake.
10 to 35
Katrina is 20 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, what is her range of protein intake?
180 to 630 kcal/day
What is the net gain of ATP molecules produced during glycolysis?
2
Paulette takes a supplement containing 10 μg of vitamin D. This is equivalent to ________ IU of vitamin D.
400
ATP is converted into ________ when the last high-energy bond on the ATP molecule is cleaved.
ADP
Which of the following are signs or symptoms of cystic fibrosis?
Abdominal pain, bloating, and gassiness Foul-smelling feces that contain mucus Chronic cough with significant mucus accumulation All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following compounds enters the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl CoA
Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body?
Alanine
Which of the following is an example of a potential carcinogen?
Alcohol
Which of the following forms of metabolism releases the lower amount of energy in the cell?
Anaerobic metabolism
________ prevent or limit the ability of free radicals to damage polyunsaturated fatty acids and DNA in cells
Antioxidants
Santiago has an inherited metabolic defect in which his cells have difficulty processing homocysteine to methionine. His physician may recommend vitamin ________ supplements to help Santiago's body metabolize homocysteine.
B-6
Dallas, a healthy, active teenager, was diagnosed with PKU when he was only a few days old. In addition to foods that are manufactured to be low in phenylalanine, which of the following foods can he eat to meet his protein needs safely?
Baked potatoes
Which of the following cooking methods can result in major losses of water-soluble vitamins?
Boiling in a saucepan of water
Which of the following menu items does not contain complementary protein?
Salad made with apples, pears, and grapes
Karen has type 1 diabetes, and she often forgets to administer insulin to herself. Why does her breath usually have a fruity odor?
She has hyperglycemia, which results in ketosis as her body catabolizes an excessive amount of fatty acids.
Which of the following statements is true?
Skin can form prohormone vitamin D after being exposed to sunlight.
________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.
Thiamin
An unpleasant physical reaction following consumption of sulfites is considered a food intolerance because it does not trigger the body's immune response.
True
Consuming excessive amounts of protein can lead to increased accumulation of body fat.
True
Diets supplying large amounts of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin can lower the risk of age-related macular degeneration.
True
For each two carbon segment removed from a fatty acid via beta-oxidation, two reduced electron carriers are produced.
True
If Kara's body weight is 120 pounds, her RDA for protein is approximately 44 g.
True
Long-term vitamin E deficiency can result in nerve damage and blindness.
True
Low blood levels of vitamin K are associated with increased risk of osteoporosis.
True
People who abuse alcohol and follow nutritionally-inadequate diets have a high risk of developing B-vitamin deficiencies.
True
Starvation is a highly catabolic state characterized by gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and ketogenesis.
True
Taking high doses of vitamin E supplements can impair blood clotting.
True
The body can make choline, which is classified as a vitamin-like substance.
True
Your best friend eats plenty of meats and dairy products but avoids eating fruits and vegetables. She bruises easily, her sores take a long time to heal, and her gums bleed when she brushes her teeth. Based on this information, which of the following vitamins is most likely to be deficient in her diet?
Vitamin C
According to the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, which of the following vitamins is a nutrient of public health concern?
Vitamin D
Which of the following is not a water-soluble vitamin?
Vitamin K
Which of the following is the best source of riboflavin?
Yogurt
During beta-oxidation, fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon molecules that are converted into ________.
acetyl CoA
The citric acid cycle is a/an ________ process.
aerobic
Humans need vitamin B-6 for ________.
amino acid metabolism
Carmen is an active child who is allergic to peanuts. While attending a classroom party, Carmen accidentally was exposed to trail mix that contained peanuts, and she rapidly developed ________ as a result.
anaphylaxis
A(n) ________ is a substance that protects vulnerable molecules from free radicals.
antioxidant
A common role of B vitamins is that they ________.
are important in energy metabolism as part of coenzymes
The thiamin-deficiency disease is known as ________.
beriberi
A ________ remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed.
carbon skeleton
Ten-month old baby Gabe loves to eat pureed sweet potatoes, squash, and carrots. Recently, Gabe's mother noticed that his skin had a yellow color, particulary his cheeks and hands. The yellowing of the skin Gabe has experienced is likely ________.
carotenemia
Metabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller ones are classified as ________.
catabolic
The body uses proteins to make ________.
certain hormones
The organic cofactors that help enzymes catalyze reactions are called ________.
coenzymes
A person suffering from celiac disease must avoid ________.
consuming foods that contain gluten
A medical researcher is investigating the chemical and physical properties of a substance that she isolated from the surface of charcoal-grilled meat. When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells, the chemical causes the rapid breakdown of the cells' plasma membranes. She is able to prevent this reaction by adding vitamin C to the mixture of the substance chemical and cells. Based on this information, the scientist has ________.
determined that the chemical isolated from charcoal-grilled meat is an oxidant
Every amino acid has ________ in its chemical structure.
nitrogen
When a person is in ________, their nitrogen intake is balanced with their nitrogen losses.
nitrogen equilibrium
Although Jerome and Joseph are the same age, weight and height; Jerome requires more vitamin C than Joseph. This is an example of ________.
nutrigenetics
High intakes of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects. This is an example of ________.
nutrigenomics
Adding a small amount of ________ to cooked vegetables can enhance the intestinal tract's ability to absorb the fat-soluble vitamins they contain.
olive oil
Vitamin D helps the body absorb ________.
phosphorus and calcium
Jacob is a healthy, active 14-year-old boy. Recently, he began to experience a growth spurt. Based on this information, his body is in ________ nitrogen balance.
positive
Hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the ________ form.
quaternary
Exposing milk to light can reduce its ________ content.
riboflavin
The ________ is the primary site of vitamin absorption.
small intestine
Digestion of protein begins in the ________.
stomach
Energy is defined as ________.
the capacity to perform work
The ________ gland produces the primary hormone that controls the metabolic rate.
thyroid
Deficiencies of pantothenic acid are very rare among Americans.
true
Vitamins that are involved in bone health include all of the following EXCEPT ________.
vitamin E
Choline is an example of a ________.
vitamin-like substance