Nutrition Final Exam: Part 2

When considering factors associated with risk of obesity and diabetes, consumption of ____________ has been shown to be one of the most important factors.

sugar-sweetened beverages

In the 1970s, epidemiological evidence revealed that excess saturated fat is associated with higher rates of heart disease. In response, Americans were urged to reduce fat in their diets. However, the food industry used this as an opportunity to market "low-fat" foods and the result was not a reduction in fat, but an increase in total calories in the form of what nutrient?

a decrease in saturated fat led to an increase of sugar intake

What population in Loma Linda, CA have a longer life expectancy that any other group in the U.S.? What is unique about their diet/lifestyle?

aventists; vegetarian, regular exercise, no smoking or alcohol

Primary functions of omega 3 fatty acids? Primary sources?

brain growth, heart health, and immune function; green plants and fish

Previously an adult onset disease, young children are now being diagnosed with _____________ as a result of the obesity epidemic.

diabetes

At the end of the 19 th century, the invention of roller milling, a process that quickly removes the bran and germ form whole grain flour, allowed for mass production of refined white bread. What were some of the health consequences of removing the nutritious bran and germ from whole grains?

diseases like Barbary and palagra

What is Pollin's basic advice to choosing a healthful diet? (i.e. his 7 words) Does this align with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans?"

eat any foods will eventually rot; it doesn't align

An imbalance of omega 6 to omega 3 fatty acids is associated with increased risk of what diseases?

heart disease

Higher intake of red meat is associated with higher risk of ________________, _______________, and _______________ (3 types of disease).

heart disease, diabetes, certain cancers

What does Pollin mean when he says "eat food"? What type of food is he referring to?

plants

What are the metabolic implications of excess fructose consumption?

liver disease

What communities are impacted by type 2 diabetes the most? Why?

poor and minorities

Pollin discussed the benefits of a plant based diet. What does the latest evidence suggest about a plant based diet?

reduce risk of a stroke

In the 1970's, Americans were advised to reduce their _____________ intakes to help prevent heart disease. What actually happened? In other words, did they actually reduce their intake of this nutrient? What nutrient(s) did they increase instead?

saturated fat

Dietary sources of omega 6 fatty acids? Why are omega 6 fatty acids more commonly used in processed foods than omega 3 fatty acids?

seeds (soy and corn oil); they have a longer shelf life

The average American now consumes about 1000% more _____________ than 200 years ago.

sugar

What is unique about the way the French eat compared to Americans? What may contribute to their lower rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease compared to Americans?

they eat better healthier foods, very fatty foods, lavish lush desserts, and lots of wine; they eat slower, and less food, and they eat at the same time everyday

What is "nutritionism" as defined by Michael Pollin? What is the difference between nutritionism and nutrition science?

when manufacturers bombard us with claims about the good nutrients they've put into their products and the bad ones they've taken out; nutrionism is an ideology