Nutrition Final Exam

Which of the following is the primary cause for hunger in the United States and in less developed countries?

. ​Poverty

What proportion of U.S. adults have maintained a 10% weight loss for at least a year?

1 in 6

The food label claim "low sodium" is defined as less than or equal to:

140 mg sodium per serving

The classification of underweight is achieved when the BMI first drops below

18.5

Approximately how many kcalories per week should be expended in physical activity in order to maintain a weight loss?

2500

​A typical person who burns 200 kcalories during a 2-mile run would, in the postexercise period, burn an additional

30 kcal

Peak bone mass is achieved by age:

30 years

A high risk of weight-related health problems is seen in women whose waist circumference begins to exceed ____.

35 inches

According to infant feeding guidelines, newborns should be fed ONLY mother's milk or formula until solid baby foods are introduced at what age?

4-6 months

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, how many people in the United States experience foodborne illnesses every year?

48 million

Recommendations for sun exposure for Vitamin D synthesis include exposing the upper body to the sun 2-3 days a week for:

5 - 10 minutes for fair skinned people and up to 1 hr for dark skinned people

When an adult gains an extra 10 pounds of body weight, approximately how much of this weight is fat?

7.5 lbs

The thermic effect of an 800 kcalorie meal is about:

80 kcal

___________ donate electrons in biochemical reactions thereby reducing oxidative damage in the body.

Antioxidants

The desire to eat a slice of chocolate cake after consuming a very large meal best illustrates which state?

Appetite

The sight , smell or thought of food that evokes the physcholical desire to eat is known as:

Appetite

Which of the following reflects height and weight and may not be accurate for muscular athletes?

BMI

Which of the following is FALSE about VITAMIN B12 nutrition in older people?

They should increase meat intake to provide adequate Vitamin B12.

Which of the following is a feature of common agricultural practices in the developed world?

They tend to support the use of pesticides and fertilizers.

Beriberi results from a deficiency of

Thiamin

The day after Thanksgiving, you and your sisters are feeling hungry and want to eat leftovers before going shopping. Which food would most readily satisfy the feeling of hunger?

Turkey

Krishna is a 7 year old boy who lives in a small village in India. Vegetables are expensive and he has only had carrots once in his life. His parents can't afford pumpkin, squash, or the rich dark greens at market. After years of not understanding why their son is not responding well and cannot play with other kids, his parents finally can afford a doctor. The doctor can only tell the parents that the child is blind and has been since an early age. His parents are surprised, but the doctor isn't, as the parents have poor night vision. Krishna is likely suffering from a deficiency of which micronutrient?

Vitamin A

People with atrophic gastritis are particularly vulnerable to:

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Factors that enhance the absorption of non-heme iron include:

Vitamin C rich foods, MFP factor, Acids and Sugar

60 year old Mrs. North is a full time resident of Alaska. She is a vegan and works indoors. She recently broke a hip and is suffering from kidney failure. Mrs. North would most likely benefit from a supplement of which fat soluble vitamin?

Vitamin D

______ presents an important nutrient-drug interaction with the blood thinning medication Coumadin (warfarin).

Vitamin K

Which measurement can be used to gauge the amount of a person's abdominal fat?

Waist circumference

What nutrients in foods are most vulnerable to losses during food handling and preparation?

Water-soluble vitamins

To estimate the energy requirements of individuals, which factor is used in the calculation?

Weight

When needed for a source of energy, fatty acids are broken down and become:

acetyl CoA

​Fatty acid oxidation results in the direct production of ____.

acetyl CoA

Thiamin deficiency is called ______, an Indonesian word that means "I can't, I can't"

Beriberi

_________ is a general term that refers to how well a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body

Bioavailablity

When a lifetime intake of calcium is low, what happens?

Bones give up calcium to the blood

​Kirima is a Native Eskimo who lives in one of the coldest regions in the world. What type of adipose tissue is most effective at helping her to maintain warm body temperatures during the coldest parts of the year?

Brown

The increase in the concentration of contaminants in the tissues of animals high on the food chain is termed

bioaccumulation.

Which bacteria, common in undercooked chicken, is the leading cause of acute bacterial diarrhea in the U.S.

Campylobacter

​In the immediate postexercise period, what type of diet enhances muscle protein synthesis?

Carbohydrate plus protein

What dietary nutrients are most effective at raising muscle glycogen concentrations?

Carbohydrates

What is a chief function of the B vitamins?

Coenzyme participation

Although the vitamins don't provide energy, many of the B vitamins are _________, essential for the proper functioning of numerous enzymes involved in energy metabolism.

Coenzymes

Which of the following would be the best choice for physically active people who need to replace lost fluids?

Cool water

A few years ago a foodborne illness outbreak was reported by a national restaurant chain. After dozens of people were infected, authorities determined that employees of the restaurant had used the same knife to cut raw meat products as they did for produce items such as lettuce. Which of the following terms most likely describes the employees' neglect that led to the patrons of the restaurant becoming ill?

Cross-contamination

Certain diuretics increase potassium excretion. This is an example of a drug that can cause a nutrient ______, if dietary intake of potassium rich foods is not increased

Deficiency

Dysphagia is:

Difficulty swallowing

The addition of a nutrient to a food to replace losses that occur during food processing is ___________.

Enrichment

The plant version of vitamin D is known as

Ergocalciferol

A person watching television after dinner walks into the kitchen searching for a snack during a commercial in response to:

External cues

As a strategy to prevent childhood obesity, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting juice consumption in early childhood to no more than 12 ounces per day.

False

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a birth defect associated with drinking 4 or more alcoholic beverages per day during pregnancy. However, one alcoholic beverage per day has no effect on the fetus and actually helps to relax the pregnant woman.

False

Which of the following is a characteristic of antibiotic use in livestock?

Farmers use more than 5 times more antibiotic in livestock than physicians use in people.

Which nutrient can be made from compounds composed of 2-carbon skeletons?

Fatty acids

The iron storage and iron transport proteins are:

Ferritin and Transferrin

Food sources that provide non-heme iron include:

Fortified breakfast cereal, whole grains, legumes, nuts and green leafy vegetables

An unstable molecule with one or more unpaired electrons is a(n) _____________.

Free radical

The best food sources of Vitamin E include:

Fresh foods including nuts and seeds

The DASH diet plan was devised to prevent

HTN

A muscle that increases in size in response to use is an example of

Hypertrophy

Limited or uncertain access to foods of sufficient quantity and quality is termed food __________:

Insecurity

The need for ____ is significantly increased during pregnancy due to increasing blood volume and the demands of the developing fetus.

Iron

Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children?

Iron

Which of the following is a characteristic of liposuction?

It results in a return of body fat within a year, primarily to the abdomen.

Which of the following is a feature of the WIC program?

It saves an estimated $3 in medical costs in the first two months after birth for every dollar spent

You work part-time at a local diner and have noticed that there are a few questionable practices going on behind closed doors. An older employee tells you that the worst of these oversights is the workers' disregard for the "danger" zone. Which of the following applies to this employee's warning?

Keeping beef patties on a warm grill (135 degrees Fahrenheit) for longer than 4 hours

Which item is used to supply some of the fuel needed by the brain only after the body has been fasting for a while?

Ketones

According to the EPA, pregnant women and young children should avoid fish highest in mercury, these include:

Large fish at the top of the food chain such as swordfish and shark

Which of the following is an example of a resistance training activity?

Lifting free weights

A person who consistently consumes 1950 kcalories a day and expends 2500 kcalories a day for a month would be expected to:

Lose between 4 and 5 pounds.

What is muscle atrophy?

Loss of muscle size and strength

Critical to heart function, good food sources of __________ includes nuts, whole grain, leafy greens, legumes, cocoa and seafood.

Magnesium

What is the main explanation for the difference in basal metabolic rates between males and females of the same body weight?

Males have a higher percentage of lean body mass

The sum of the chemical reactions that occur inside body cells is collectively referred to as ________.

Metabolism

Toddlers who drink more than 24 ounces of milk per day are at risk of developing _____________.

Milk anemia

Inorganic molecules needed by the body in small amounts for structure and to regulate body processes:

Minerals

What is a significant factor associated with the interpretation of body composition values?

Muscular people may be classified as overweight.

_________ deficiency causes Pellagra, which led to widespread dementia in the Southern United States in the early 1900's

Niacin

A factor that promotes maximum production of ATP in cellular metabolism is the presence of:

Oxygen

Anemia that results from diminished Vitamin B12 absorption is ____________.

Pernicious anemia

The major intracellular (inside cells) electrolyte is ____, present in all fresh or unrefined food, deficiency of this mineral may increase risk of hypertension and stroke

Potassium

The DASH study showed that a diet adequate in _________ protects against high blood pressure

Potassium, magnesium and calcium

Too much _____ stresses the newborn liver and kidneys, causing acidosis, DEHYDRATION, diarrhea, elevated blood ammonia and urea and fever.

Protein

What is the principal reason that the FDA has banned the sale of products containing ephedrine?

The products were implicated in several cases of heart attacks and seizures.

The main function of vitamin D is to promote

calcium and phosphorus absorption, and calcium mobilization from bone.

Glycolysis is the conversion of ____.

glucose to pyruvate

Because of bioaccumulation, levels of chemical contaminations would be found in _____________ quantities in the meat and milk from cattle, than in the grasses that the cattle consume.

greater

Microorganisms capable of producing disease are known as:

pathogens

An infant born with incomplete closure of the spinal cord has

spina bifida.

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that:

splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

To minimize the possibility of foodborne illness, hamburger should be cooked to an internal temperature (°F) of at least

​160.

Compared to vegetarian diets, meat based diets use ____ times as much energy.

​2.5

How many people in the United States live in poverty?

​49 million

Which of the following will best accelerate glycogen storage after physical activity?

​A high carbohydrate meal taken within two hours of exercise completion

What characterizes the eating pattern of people with bulimia nervosa?

​Binge eating typically occurs after a period of strict dieting

​When energy-yielding nutrients are consumed in excess, which one(s) can lead to storage of fat?

​Fat, carbohydrate, and protein

What term is given to the condition of a female athlete who has an eating disorder and develops amenorrhea and osteoporosis?

​Female athlete triad

Which of the following is a feature of creatine supplementation in athletes?

​It may enhance performance of weight lifters and sprinters.

What term describes the malnutrition syndrome a child develops when the next child is born and the first child no longer receives breast milk?

​Kwashiorkor

What is the best approach to weight loss?

​Reduce daily energy intake and increase energy expenditure

What defines the FDA's de minimis rule?

​The amount of a food additive that causes no more than a one-in-a-million lifetime risk of cancer to human beings

Your father was recently prescribed an anticoagulant medicine and was surprised that the doctor advised him to maintain consumption of consistent amounts of green leafy vegetables every day. You inform your father that

​inconsistent intakes of green leafy vegetables will interfere with the regular action of the drug.

In weight training, muscle strength can best be emphasized by performing a

​low number of repetitions with heavy weight.

After digestion and absorption, an amino acid not used to build protein will first be subjected to ____.

​removal of its amino group

The potential of a substance to harm someone is known as

​toxicity.

Food producers are allowed to label a food product as organic if it

​was made with at least 95% organic ingredients.

What is a congregate meal?

A meal provided for the elderly in a place such as a community center

What substance contains the chemical energy that drives immediate muscle contraction?

ATP

An immediate consequence of a cellular deficiency of oxaloacetate is a slowing of ____.

TCA cycle

How much more grain is consumed by livestock than by people?

Ten times as much

Which of the following is a feature of the body's response to engaging in physical activity?

After an intense and vigorous workout, metabolism remains elevated for several hours.

To prevent the food borne illness listeriosis, pregnant women should avoid _______________.

All of the above

Which of the following is a feature of hemochromatosis?

All of the above

The water soluble vitamins are:

The B vitamins and vitamin C

What common fecal bacteria is found in raw eggs and caused an outbreak of foodborne illness from peanuts in 2009?

Salmonella

Age related loss of muscle mass is called:

Sarcopenia

Vitamin C deficiency disease is called:

Scurvy

The site of lipid synthesis in the cell is the ____.

Smooth ER

Hyponatremia refers to low blood levels of

Sodium

Disease, Eating poorly, Tooth loss or mouth pain, Economic hardship, Reduced social contact, Multiple medications, Involuntary weight loss, Needs assistance, and Elderly person are all risk factors for malnutrition in older adults.

True

Livestock is responsible for about 18% of greenhouse gas emissions, a larger share than that of all the cars, trucks, planes, trains and boats in the world combined.

True

Neurons diminish with age and cause impaired memory and cognitive function.

True

Producers may not claim products are organic if they have been irradiated, genetically engineered, or grown with fertilizer made from sewage sludge.

True