Nutrition last chapters
The best source of potassium per calorie comes from:
fruits and vegetables
Whether an element is classified as a major or as a trace mineral is determined by:
the amounts needed daily by the body.
An electrical charge or membrane potential exists across nerve cell membranes because:
the cell membrane allows more positively charged ions to leak out than to leak in.
What contributes to the loss of iron?
Blood loss
True or False. The IRON RDA for young adult women is higher than the RDA young adult men.
true
When the intake of __________ is high, copper absorption into the blood is inhibited.
zinc
A water loss of _______ of body weight can impair physical and cognitive performance.
1-2%
Kevin lost 3 pounds during his workout. He should consume a minimum of ________ liters of liquid to replace lost fluid.
1.5
Hypertension is very common, affecting _____ of adults in the U.S.
1/3
The recommended intake of calcium for adults is __________ mgs/day.
1000-1200
Healthy blood pressure is defined as ___________________ mm of mercury.
120/80
The UL for sodium intake is _______ mg/day.
2300
Approximately what percentage of the adult human body is water?
60
The AI for potassium intake is:
>2x than that of sodium
Phosphorus is essential for energy production since it is part of:
ATP
Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium?
ATP stabilization
The group with the highest bone density is:
African Americans
Which of the following acts to increase blood pressure?
Angiotensin II
Which group contains the highest proportion of individuals who do not meet their calcium requirement?
Girls 9-17 years
Why is bioavailability a concern with trace elements?
The interactions among minerals affect their utilization.
What factor might increases the risk of osteoporosis?
Tobacco use
It promotes active transport of calcium across the intestine.
Vitamin D
Iodine deficiency often causes an enlarged thyroid gland resulting in:
a goiter
Iron stores that are higher than normal but not at a toxic level may be associated with:
an increased risk of cancer and heart disease.
High intakes of zinc stimulate the synthesis of _____________ in the mucosal cells.
metallothionein
Excess fluoride consumption may cause:
mottled teeth.
The shrinking of a strawberry from water loss after being sprinkled with sugar is an example of:
osmosis
Water is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract by:
osmosis
What factor affects the amount of water in different body compartments?
osmotic balance
_________ are cells that build bone, while _________are cells that break down bone.
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Significant loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed:
osteoporosis
Two hormones regulate blood calcium levels; ________ raises blood calcium and __________ lowers blood calcium levels.
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
In the United States, the typical diet is high in _______ and low in ________.
sodium and chloride, potassium
Nerve conduction and muscle contraction depend on which minerals?
sodium and potassium
In the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of:
some amino acids and vitamins.
Water is polar because:
the electrons spend more time around the O atom than the H atoms.
As calcium intake increases:
the percentage absorbed declines
Which of the following statements about intestinal absorption of sodium, chloride and potassium from the diet is true?
they are readily absorbed
If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium. True or false?
true
Which section of MyPlate provides calcium in the diet, besides dairy?
vegetables
After 35 to 45 years of age:
bone breakdown exceeds bone formation.
_______________ is an inherited condition that causes individuals to absorb and accumulate too much iron.
Hemochromatosis
What is a consequence of hypertension?
stroke
The normal pH of the body fluids of 7.4 is considered:
slightly basic
Peak bone mass in women is typically achieved in:
early adulthood
Which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which is NOT a factor in determining the rates of iron absorption?
Blood glucose levels
The majority of phosphorus in the body is found in:
Bone and teeth
Which of the following functions to inhibit calcium release from bone?
Calcitonin
Which of the following statements regarding calcium is true?
Infants get adequate calcium from breast milk.
What is the function of iron in the body?
It is essential for delivering oxygen to cells.
What is a function of magnesium?
Magnesium prevents cardiovascular disease.
Which of the following is true about minerals?
Minerals can be structural components.
Which is the correct relationship between smoking and drinking and osteoporosis risk?
Smoking and drinking both increase risk.
Which of the following best describes the distribution of sodium and potassium in the body?
Sodium is primarily extracellular and potassium is primarily intracellular.
What is the role of sulfur in the body?
Sulfur helps to regulate acid-base balance.
Which of the following would NOT enhance absorption of the iron found in supplements?
Taking it with a calcium supplement
What is true about water movement across cell membranes?
The amount of water in blood and tissues is determined by blood pressure.
Most of the salt consumed by Americans is:
added to food during processing and manufacturing.
The hormone that increases sodium reabsorption by the kidneys is:
aldosterone
The most abundant mineral in the body is:
calcium
The most significant dietary factor contributing to osteoporosis is:
calcium
Which is the least plentiful source of calcium?
carrots
The hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called __________ bone.
cortical
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy may cause ____________ in the offspring.
cretinism
Positively and negatively charged ions in water are called:
electrolytes
Sodium, chloride, and potassium in cells and body fluids are examples of:
electrolytes
Substances that dissociate in water to form charged ions.
electrolytes
Postmenopausal bone loss is primarily associated with decreased levels of the hormone:
estrogen
True or false? Tetany is caused by a dietary calcium deficiency.
false
Of the following, the tissue with the lowest water content is:
fat
Most body water comes from:
fluids we drink
How does the DASH diet affect blood pressure?
fruits and vegetables decrease blood pressure
Substances that interfere with the utilization of iodine or with the function of the thyroid gland are called:
goitrogens
The consumption of soda:
has led to a decrease in the consumption of milk.
Iron is a component of the protein, ______ that binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream.
hemoglobin
A reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water is called a(n):
hydrolysis reaction
Diets high in sodium have been linked to _____________ in some people.
hypertension
When blood calcium is low, parathyroid hormone raises levels by doing all of the following EXCEPT:
increasing appetite for calcium containing foods.
Healthy electrolyte intake for the American diet includes:
increasing potassium intake
Calcium absorption is highest in:
infancy
Fluid requirements for infants are proportionately greater than those for adults because:
infants have immature kidneys that are not able to concentrate urine.
The loss of body fluid in ways not obvious or noticeable to us is called:
insensible losses
The portion of extracellular fluid located in the spaces between cells and tissues is called:
interstitial fluid
Water found inside cells of the body is called:
intracellular fluid
Lack of which trace element is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide?
iron
What is the effect of dietary salt intake on blood pressure?
it increases blood pressure
What is a function of water in the body?
it transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
The primary organ involved in the regulation of sodium, potassium and water balance in the body is the:
kidneys
Which organ is responsible for regulating sodium and chloride concentrations in the body?
kidneys
