Nutrition MidTerm Study Guide
Phospholipids
type of lipid that is chemically similar to a triglyceride
Linoleic Acid
an essential fatty acid
One kilocalories is equivalent to ________________ calories
1000
Omega 3
Alpha-linoleic acid
Soluble fiber
Can dissolve in water
Insoluble fiber
Can't dissolve in water, slows food going through GI Tract
Four lipoproteins
Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDLs
What are red flags? List the red flags.
Clues that indicate a source of information is unreliable. Ex: Too good to be true, testimonials, scare tactics, vague terms
_________ is the total of all chemical activities that occur in cells.
Metabolism
A person's usual pattern of food choices is her or her _______
DIET
Iron, Calcium and Carbon are BLANK
Elements
What is energy density?
Energy value or a food in relation to the food's weight
What factors influences a persons food choices?
Environment, culture, taste, the media, genetics, time & convenience
An BLANK is a compound that initiates or catalyzes a chemical reaction.
Enzyme
What does the esophagus do in the digestive system?
Esophagus- rhythmic contraction, peristalsis
What are symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
Excessive thirst, hunger, urination, wounds, weird sensations in body, visual problems
The three most important dietary monosaccharides for humans are:
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
HDL
High-density lipoprotein, smallest and densest kind of lipoprotein, transports more protein and less lipids than other lipoproteins.
What does the small intestine do in the digestive system? (Hint: 3 parts)
In small intestine, digestion and absorption takes place. 1. Duodenum- acidic stomach contents mix with alkaline fluids secreted by pancreas and gallbladder 2. Jejunum- where most digestion and nutrient absorption takes place 3. Ileum- Last part of small intestine
What does the large intestine do in the digestive system?
In the large intestine, absorption, Elimination of waste takes place.
Where is cholesterol often found?
It's found in animal foods
The BLANK is the second segment of the small intestine.
Jejunum
The BLANK helps form feces by absorbing excess water and some minerals from chyme.
Large intestine
What are Dietary Guidelines for Americans in 2020?
Less saturated fat intake, *think of what would be healthiest!*
Omega 6
Linoleic acid
Chylomicrons
Lipoprotein particles consisting of Cholesterol, Triglycerides, protein, phospholipids
What is Glycogen?
Long chain of glucose molecules.
BLANK is the disaccharide comprised of two glucose molecules.
Maltose
What is nutrient density?
More micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) in relation to its energy value
Various parts of digestive system
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large Intestine
What does the mouth do in the digestive system?
Mouth's role- mechanical & chemical amylase, Salivary, lipase
Where is glycogen stored?
Muscles and Liver
An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the
amount of nutrient that should meet the needs of 50% of healthy people
What are rich sources of phytochemicals?
Plants
What are the differences between prospective and retrospective studies?
Prospective- To look forward in the future Retrospective- to look back in the past
The amount of Vitamin C that meets about 98 % of the population's needs for the nutrient is the _______ for the vitamin.
RDA
Which organs produce and secrete enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?
Salivary gland, pancreas and gall bladder.
Where is saturated fat?
Saturated fat is in every food you like (i.e. butter, cheese)
Saturated vs. Unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated- fatty acid that has each carbon atom within chain filled with hydrogen atoms Unsaturated- fatty acid that is MISSING hydrogen atoms and has one or more double bonds w/in carbon chain.
What steps are involved in the scientific process?
See things, idea, test it, get results, hypothesis supported or not, conclusion, theory
Chyme moves from the stomach into the BLANK
Small Intestine- Duodenum
Salivary glands secrete amylase and lipase, enzymes that enable a minor amount of BLANK to be digested in the mouth.
Starch, Lipids
What does the stomach do in the digestive system?
Stomach- Mechanical digestion, Chemical enzymes, produces and secretes hydrochloric acid, secretes chemical messengers, breaks down protein and fat
What is a macronutrient?
Supplies energy- carbs, proteins, fats
VLDL
Very light density lipoprotein, drops off fat, gives fat to cells
What is a micronutrient?
Vitamins, Minerals
Bases ___________ hydrogen ions
accept
Type 1 diabetes
body doesn't recognize beta cells. pancreas no longer secretes insulin, pretty much same symptoms as Type 2 diabetes
Absorptive Cells
cells that remove nutrients from chyme and transfers them into intestinal blood or lymph
most important nutrient in body:
calcium & magnesium
6 Nutrients
carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water
LDL
contains highest level of cholesterol
The Tolerable Upper Limit for a nutrient is the?
how much you can take before you start getting sick
Acids ____________ hydrogen ions
donate
Sucrose is made up of ________ and _________
glucose + fructose
Maltose is made up of ___________ and ____________
glucose + glucose
Lactose is made up of ________ and ________
gluctose + galactose
PH
measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution, low PH= more acidic, bitter
villi
tiny fingerlike projections that line the small intestine
Lipoprotein
water-soluble structure that transports lipids through the bloodstream