Nutrition Module 1

Variable

A factor that can change in an experiment

Pseudoscience

A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence.

Which of the following practices is an example of integrative health care?

A physician who treats a patient's back pain with cortisone injections and massage therapy.

calorie

A unit of heat used to measure the energy your body uses and the energy it receives from food

Which of the following factors has a major influence over a person's food choices?

Close friends

_____ can be classified as a dietary supplement.

Ginkgo biloba

Which of the following foods is naturally a source of phytochemicals?

Grapes

Which of the following practices is an example of integrative health care?

Having psychological counseling and taking St. John's wort to improve mood

A physician who hosts a popular TV show makes several nutrition-related claims during one of the programs. Which of the doctor's claims is a "red flag" of unreliable information?

Kava cures migraine headaches.

____ is an example of an food that supplies a lot of empty calories.

Lite beer

Which of the following nutrients is a source of energy for human cells?

Protein

Which of the following kinds of studies would be the best to use to identify lifestyle factors that may be related to the development of liver cancer in an adult population?

Retrospective study

risk factor

Something which increases risk or susceptibility to disease

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense per serving?

Soy milk

Researchers at a major American university plan a 10-year study involving 25,000 adults who will follow their usual lifestyles while they participate in the study. One of the main goals of this particular scientific investigation is to determine lifestyle factors that contribute to stomach cancer. Which of the following activities is likely to be a component of their research efforts?

Submitting an article describing the results of the study to a peer-reviewed journal

alternative health care

Used instead of traditional therapies and medicines

A person's _____ is not a major influence for his or her food selection practices.

political beliefs

quackery

promotion of useless medical treatments

According to the main nutrition-related goal of Healthy People 2020, Americans should ________.

reduce the risk of chronic diseases by consuming a healthy diet

RD or RDN

registered dietitian or registered dietitian nutritionist

Correlation

relationship between two variables

anecdotes

reports of personal experiences

nutrition

scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses these substances

double-blind study

study in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know if the subjects are in the experimental or control group

Case-control study

study of health between someone who has a condition to one who doesn't that shares similar characteristics.

Epidemiology

study of occurrence, distribution and causes of health problems in populations.

Chemistry

study of the composition and characteristics of matter and changes that can occur to it.

control group

the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

minerals

Elements found in food that are used by the body

Vitamins

Essential nutrients that do not yield energy, but that are required for growth and proper functioning of the body.

The ____ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications.

FDA

The government agency that enforces consumer protection laws by investigating false or misleading health-related claims is the ________.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Which of the following conditions or diseases is a leading diet-related cause of death in the United States?

Heart disease

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues 4kcal per gram

moderation

adequate amounts of nutrients while balancing calorie intake with expenditure

health risk factor

age, environmental conditions, psychological, health care and lifestyle

physiological dose

amount of a nutrient that is within the range of safe intake and enables the body to function optimally

Zack takes 500 mg of vitamin C daily. He advises his friends to take vitamin C supplements because, he claims, the vitamin protects him from cold viruses. His claim about the usefulness of the vitamin is an ________.

anecdote

A substance that can protect a person's cells from being damaged or destroyed by certain harmful factors is a (an) ________.

antioxidant

6 classes of nutrients

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

Scientists study 200 adults who have type 2 diabetes and 200 adults who have similar characteristics but do not have the disease. For 18 months, the researchers collect lifestyle information on all the study participants. According to the study's findings, the adults with type 2 diabetes were 25% less physically active than their counterparts who did not have type 2 diabetes. This is an example of a(n) _____ study.

case-control

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Americans consumed more ____ in 2010 than in 1970.

cheese

According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Americans consumed more ____ in 2010 than in 1970.

chicken

Having a control group enables researchers to ________.

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group

phytochemicals

compounds made by plants that are not nutrients

Hannah is in her 5th month of pregnancy. Her diet is poor because she rarely pays attention to her food choices, and she eats a limited variety of foods that she likes. Hannah was described as "undernourished" by her physician. Based on this information, Hannah is likely to ________.

deliver a baby who has breathing difficulties

For 5 years, Michael ate only plant foods. He recently developed numbness in his feet and a sore swollen tongue. A few days after he added eggs and milk to his diet, his tongue healed and the numbness in his feet stopped bothering him. Based on this information, Michael probably ________.

developed a nutrient deficiency disorder that was cured by the eating animal foods

Which of the following websites is most likely a source of biased and unreliable nutrition information?

dietsnomore4u.com

A magazine advertisement for a weight loss product includes before and after photos of a woman who supposedly lost 50 pounds in 3 weeks while taking the product. The bottom of the ad includes the statement, "Results are not typical." This statement is an example of a(n) ________.

disclaimer

Carbohydrates

energy (most forms) 4kcal per gram

empty calories

energy supplied by unhealthy solid fats, added sugars or alcohol

energy density

energy value of food in relation to the food's weight

A group of scientists would like to determine lifestyle factors that are associated with the development of asthma among American children. Based on this information, the researchers should design a (an) _____ study.

epidemiological

peer review

expert critical analysis of a research article before it is published

sustainable agriculture

farming methods that preserve natural resources while meeting demand of food

evidence based

info based on scientific studies

which foods are nutrient dense

leafy greens such as spinach, kale, and broccoli; whole grains such as wheat, corn, quinoa, and barley in the form of breads and cereals; fruits such as blueberries, strawberries, and pomegranates; oily fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon and sardines; low-fat dairy

Probiotics

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

water

maintains fluid balance and body temps eliminates waste, transports substances

A group of registered dietitian nutritionists is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on school-age children's behavior. At first, the researchers will ________.

make observations

Phytochemicals

may have healthful benefits

An essential nutrient ________.

must be supplied by your diet

dietary supplements

nutrient preparations, certain hormones, and herbal products that are taken to increase total dietary intake

essential nutrient

nutrient that must be supplied buy food

Macronutrients

nutrients needed in gram amounts daily that provide energy for cells carbs, proteins and fats

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)

offers nutrition assistance to millions of eligible, low-income individuals and families

In the United States, food insecurity is most likely to affect ________.

older adults on fixed incomes

carotenoids

orange, red, yellow fruits and veggies, egg yolks

which foods are energy and nutrient dense

peanut butter broccoli

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin C on the human immune system. The study involves providing pills that contain vitamin C to one group of human subjects and pills that do not contain vitamin C or other active ingredients to another group of people. The pills that do not contain the vitamin are

placebos.

A group of nutrition researchers interviews 100 adults who have chronic high blood pressure to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing high blood pressure in adulthood. This study is an example of a ____ study.

retrospective

Eating a high-salt diet increases people's chances of developing high blood pressure. Thus, a diet that supplies excessive amounts of salt is a ____ for high blood pressure.

risk factor

During a television interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement. "Most Americans suffer from nutritional deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n) ________.

scare tactic

cell

smallest living functional unit in an organsism

deficiency disease

state of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet

malnutrition

state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished

Most of the people living in a small South African village have access to nutritious foods. Soon after their birth, 10 infants in the village developed severe diarrhea, which resulted in dehydration. After questioning the infants' parents, local public health officials were able to determine the cause of the diarrhea. Based on the officials' findings, the parents were advised to ________.

stop diluting the babies' formula with local well water

cohort study

study that measures variables of a group of people over time

antioxidant

substance that protects other compounds from being damaged or destroyed by certain factors

an antioxidant

substances that protect cell components from being damaged or distroyed

genetic modification

techniques that alter an organism's DNA

supplement containing a substance from dandelions for weight loss. Her endorsement is an example of a(n) ________.

testimonial

Metabolism

the chemical processes that occur within a living cell

what macronutrient supplies almost 50% of total calories

fat

lipids

fats and oils 9kcal per gram

nutrient dense

food or drink with key beneficial nutrients in relation to calories

Which foods are rich source of phytochemicals?

fruits, vegetables, grains, beans, and other plants

treatment group

group being studied that receives a treatment

conventional medical care

health care practices that are used my mainstream medical practitioners

diet related causes of death

heart disease, cancers, strokes, diabetes mellitus

The host of a radio program makes a "red flag" claim about a nutrition-related product, because the claim is generally an indication that the information about the product is unreliable. The radio program host said, ________.

"All ingredients in this product have been scientifically tested and clinically proven"

454 grams = ____ lbs

1

28 grams = ____ oz

1 oz

Elisa weighs 62 kg, which is approximately _____ pounds.

136

A serving of food contains 20 g fat, 2 g protein, 5 g carbohydrate, 5 g alcohol, and 1000 mg potassium. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _____ kcal.

243

1 gram of carb is how many cal

4

1 gram of protein = _______ calories

4

1 gram of alcohol = _____ calories

7

1 gram of fat =_____ calories

9

Micronutrients

body needs small amounts (milli or micrograms) vitamins and minerals

A team of scientists extracts a chemical that they call "Zombia" from the leaves of a common houseplant. One of the scientists would like to market Zombia as a dietary supplement because it makes people sleepy, when it is injected into them. Based on this information, Zombia ________.

cannot be marketed as a dietary supplement

Generally, epidemiological studies ________.

cannot determine cause-and-effect relationships

Most forms of _____ are a source of energy for cells.

carbohydrate

Nutrients that provide energy

carbohydrates, fats, proteins

Metabolism

total of all chemical processes that take places in living cells

Biotechnology

using living things to manufacture new products

diet is a

usual pattern of food choices

lifestyle

usual way of living, including dietary practices and physical activity habits

Impoverished children who live in developing countries have a high risk of dying from ________.

vitamin A deficiency

food insecurity

when families are worried about running out of food

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that provides energy for humans?

Sugar

___________ includes farming techniques that do not deplete natural resources or harm the environment.

Sustainable agriculture

Belle is pregnant and has two young children. She is having difficulty supporting her family on an income of $18,000/year. Recently, she was diagnosed with high blood pressure and iron deficiency. Based on this information, Belle should enroll in the _____ program.

WIC

Scientists at a major university have isolated a chemical from grapes. Which of the following features is an indication that this chemical could be a vitamin?

When a person's diet lacks the chemical, his or her body experiences abnormal functioning.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average.

Which of the following observations is an example of an inverse correlation?

Women who smoke 5 or more cigarettes each day during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to underweight babies than women who smoke fewer than 5 cigarettes a day during pregnancy.

placebo

a fake drug used in the testing of medication

The professional football star Andro "The Man" McGraw claims the dietary supplement AminoProFixate helped him build muscle mass quickly and safely. His endorsement of the product is an example of ________.

a testimonial

megadose

a very large amount of a dietary supplement that exceeds recommended amount.