Nutrition Module 10 -- chapter 11 water and minerals and chapter 12 trace minerals

How does alcohol lead to dehydration?

Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion

Which of the following scenarios put a person at risk for potassium deficiency? Multiple select question.

An endurance athlete who sweats profusely during a training run in hot weather A deficient food intake, as may be the case with alcoholism A person with bulimia nervosa who habitually purges excess calories by vomiting

Which of the following foods commonly consumed by children contain higher than normal levels of arsenic?

Apple Juice Rice

Which of the following is NOT a good source of phosphorus in the typical American diet?

Apples Reason: Dairy foods, meat, and cereal grains are good sources of phosphorus.

Which of the following are good food sources of calcium?

Cheese Yogurt Milk

Which of the following are functions of zinc?

DNA synthesis Cofactor for more than 50 enzymes

Roles for magnesium in the body include

DNA synthesis. muscle contraction. enzyme function.

Which of the following are possible risks of anemia during pregnancy?

Death of the mother during pregnancy Giving birth to premature infant

Which of the following may increase iron absorption?

Drinking a glass of orange juice with an iron supplement Combining heme and nonheme iron sources.

Which of the following people are most likely to need to consume sports drinks?

Endurance athletes

Cavities can be prevented by consuming ______.

Fluoride

Which of the following is not considered an essential nutrient?

Fluoride

What is the function of Chromium?

Glucose regulation Enhances the effect of insulin

Evidence is inconclusive on the role of selenium-rich diets in lowering risk for which of the following?

Heart disease Cancer

A person who consumes a high sodium diet and is salt sensitive is more likely to develop which of the following?

Hypertension

List the benefits of chromium supplementation for people with diabetes.

Improved glucose control Increased HDL level Improved blood triglyceride

How does alcohol consumption increase risk of zinc deficiency?

Increases excretion of zinc in urine Reduces zinc absorption

How do zinc lozenges or gels reduce the severity or duration of colds?

Inhibiting multiplication of the cold virus in the nasal or oral cavity.

Chromium may help with the function of which hormone?

Insulin

What is the best food source for iodide?

Iodized salt, 1/2 tsp

How does fluoride encourage bone development?

It becomes incorporated into bone tissue

A greenish-brown or brown or rusty-brown ring that forms around the edge of the iris is called a _____.

Kayser-Fleischer ring.

Which of the following is not a bodily function associated with magnesium?

Kidney function

________ consumption of high amounts of fluoride can lead to skeletal fluorosis.

Long-term

What role in the body do sodium and potassium have in common?

Maintaining fluid balance.

A rare, inherited metabolic disorder seen in infants who are unable to metabolize the trace mineral copper is called _______ syndrome.

Menkes

A rare inherited metabolic disorder where infants are unable to metabolize copper correctly is called

Menkes syndrome.

Which of the following is a cofactor of four enzymes including sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase?

Molybdenum

Which of the following minerals may have physiological roles in the body but since their roles are not clear, they have not been classified as essential nutrients?

Nickel Vanadium Arsenic (among others)

Select food sources for chromium.

Potatoes Broccoli Whole-grain Bread

How are trace minerals different from major minerals?

Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more

If an individual ate primarily locally produced foods, which location would have the least likelihood for developing goiter?

San Diego, CA Reason: Eating foods primarily grown in inland locations would put an individual at risk for goiter. Reason: While Chicago is located on a lake, proximity to an ocean is required to produce foods rich in iodine. Reason: Eating foods primarily grown in inland locations would put an individual at risk for goiter.

In the United States, people with what condition would be at the most risk for developing a selenium deficiency?

Serious digestive tract condition

What is the most common method for assessing an individual's iron status?

Serum ferritin concentration

Which of the following are major minerals?

Sodium Potassium Calcium

cretinism condition in infants who are born to iodine-deficient women; the infants have permanent brain damage and growth retardation

Southeast Asia Africalatin america

Which of the following is the best source of magnesium?

Spinach

Match the stage of iron depletion with its symptoms.

Stage 1: Iron depletion = No apparent health problems Stage 2: Iron deficiency without anemia = Reduced ferritin level; Elevated level of transferrin receptors Stage 3: Iron deficiency anemia = Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells; Very high level of transferrin receptors

Match the stage of iron deficiency with the appropriate description

Stage = Iron stores are lower than normal. Stage 2 = Reduced cognitive function. Stage 3 = The body forms hypochromic, microcytic red blood cells.

Which of the following may lead to decreased iron absorption?

Taking antacids A high calcium meal

Which environmental conditions can affect body water losses?

Temperature Altitude Humidity

What happens when the body has adequate iron stores?

The absorptive cells of the small intestine make ferritin which blocks iron absorption.

What events can occur when a salt sensitive individual consumes a high sodium diet?

Their kidneys may eliminate less sodium. Their body will retain more water.

Select the primary function of iodine.

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Select the food source that provides the most selenium per serving. Multiple choice question.

Tuna, 3 oz

Each of the MyPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet. What are the five MyPlate food groups?

Vegetables Protein Dairy Grains Fruits

Which bones are most often subject to osteoporosis-related fractures?

Vertebrae Ankle bones Wrist bones Hip bones

Which of the following substances may increase intestinal absorption of iron?

Vitamin C

Identify physiological conditions that can alter the body's fluid balance?

Vomiting Diarrhea Fever

The RDA for iron is highest for

a 30-year-old woman

How long can a human survive without water?

a few days

Treatment for iron deficiency anemia includes ______.

adding iron-rich food to the diet iron supplements

Which of the following may decrease the absorption of zinc and increase excretion of zinc in the urine?

alcohol

Populations who are at an increased risk of magnesium deficiency include

alcoholics. uncontrolled diabetics.

Which MyPlate food group does not contribute minerals to the diet?

all MyPlate food groups contribute minerals to the diet

A condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or of hemoglobin in the blood is called ______.

anemia

The hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the kidneys to conserve water is called

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Sulfur is essential to the functioning of glutathione which has ______ activity in the body.

antioxidant

Chromium levels in plant foods

are reflective of chromium content in the soil.

Select food sources of selenium that could be consumed by a vegan.

baked beans Brazil nuts

Select rich food sources of zinc.

baked beans oysters beef roast

Of the foods listed below, the food that provides the most potassium is ______.

baked potato

Select good sources of molybdenum.

beans nuts lentils

After menopause, a women's rate of bone loss ________ the rate of bone replacement.

becomes greater than

The body's ability to absorb and use minerals is called ______.

bioavailability

The degree to which an ingested nutrient such as minerals is absorbed and available to the body is called its

bioavailability

Iron deficiency usually results from ______.

blood loss low iron intake inability to absorb iron

Which of the following is not a function of water within the body?

bodily fluids provide a source of energy to the body

The process by which bone tissue gains strength and rigidity is called

bone mineralization.

Calcium is often added to a variety of foods including

breakfast cereals. orange juice. soy milk.

Magnesium is needed along with calcium and phosphorus to

build strong bones.

Which of the following foods contain goitrogens?

cabbage cauliflower brussels sprouts

When the level of calcium in the blood rises, the thyroid gland secretes the hormone

calcitonin

For most Americans, milk products are significant food sources for ______.

calcium

The most abundant mineral stored in the human body is

calcium (Reason: Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral found stored in the human body.)

Match the mineral with its major deficiency sign and symptom.

calcium matches Choice increased risk of osteoporosis and increased risk of hypertension sodium matches Choice muscle cramps potassium matches Choice irregular heartbeat and muscle cramps

Which of the following minerals participate in nerve transmission?

calcium sodium potassium

Calcium supplements are most commonly made with

calcium carbonate. calcium citrate.

Non-food sources of dietary calcium include ______.

calcium supplements

major minerals

calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur

Calcium absorption in the small intestine is achieved with the help of

calcium-binding protein. Vitamin D.

Water with a high mineral content Multiple choice question.

can taste or smell unpleasant.

Hyperphosphatemia can contribute to the development of

cardiovascular disease.

Excellent sources of chloride include

celery. tomatoes. seaweed.

Table salt is composed of sodium and

chloride.

Magnesium is a critical component in ______, making plants good food sources for magnesium.

chlorophyll

Ted would like to lower his blood pressure by making a few dietary changes. If Ted aims to increase his potassium intake, he should

choose more fruits and vegetables. Reason: Whole grains provide more potassium than refined grains, but even whole grains are not particularly rich sources of potassium.

John just found out that he has impaired glucose tolerance and elevated blood cholesterol. Which mineral could John be deficient in?

chromium

What is the trace mineral that improves blood glucose control in people with diabetes and may improve blood triglyceride and HDL levels?

chromium

Which factors contribute to bone loss and osteoporosis?

cigarette smoking family history excessive alcohol consumption

An example of a cofactor is

cobalt in vitamin B-12

An ion or molecule that helps catalyze a chemical reaction is called a

cofactor

Examples of diuretics include

coffee. tea. alcohol.

Common signs of dehydration include (c)

confusion. sunken eyes. no tears.

Iron supplementation can cause

constipation. gastrointestinal distress. nausea.

A magnesium toxicity usually arises from

consuming excessive amounts of laxatives. consuming an abundance of antacids. consuming an excess of magnesium containing supplements.

Wilson disease is a rare inherited disorder characterized by the accumulation of toxic amounts of _____ in the body.

copper

Sulfur is a component of

cysteine. methionine. biotin.

Iron is lost on a ___________ basis.

daily

Water filtration systems and drinking bottled water may unknowingly _____ fluoride intake.

decrease

Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion from the pituitary gland resulting in water losses greater than the volume of fluid consumed which contributes to

dehydration

The state that describes body water depletion is called Multiple choice question.

dehydration

Adding fluoride to water can safely prevent _____.

dental caries

Excessive fluoride intakes can cause _____ _____ especially in children under the age of 8.

dental fluorosis

Exceeding the UL for zinc may result in

depressed immune system function. lowered HDL cholesterol levels. diarrhea.

A magnesium toxicity often results in

diarrhea

Symptoms of an adult zinc deficiency include

diarrhea. acnelike rash. reduced sense of taste and smell.

Oral rehydration therapy is especially used to treat children with

diarrhea. fever. vomiting.

The blood pressure reading that represents the pressure in an artery when the ventricles relax between contractions is called the

diastolic pressure

Choose the statements about water that are true.

dietary choices and physical activity influence water requirements water needs vary based on environmental temperatures, age, and health conditions total water intake requirements vary widely

The amount of water a person needs to consume is determined by

dietary choices. health conditions. physical activities. environmental temperatures.

What are some reasons for inconsistency of studies that evaluate the effectiveness of zinc lozenges reducing the severity or duration of colds?

different doses timing of supplement type of zinc used

Water moves from a region that is _____ to a region that has more material dissolved in it.

dilute

A person may unknowingly decrease their intake of fluorinated water by

drinking bottled water. using water filtration systems. Reason: Most public water plants add fluoride to the water.

The greatest proportion of calcium absorption occurs in the

duodenum

Total water intake refers to water ingested by

eating food. consuming beverages. drinking water.

Mineral elements that have electrical charges that help maintain fluid balance in the body are called

electrolytes. ions.

Which of the following become most affected in the case of an iron deficiency?

energy levels

Choose the functions of iron.

energy metabolism growth reproduction immune function wound healing

Because the heart of a person with anemia has to work harder to circulate oxygen-poor blood throughout the body, over time anemia can cause

enlarged heart. irregular heartbeat. chest pain.

Recall that selenium is a component of several

enzymes

A healthy person's daily water input ______ his average daily losses.

equals

Which of the following terms best describe the mineral molybdenum?

essential trace

Which declining hormone levels are associated with bone loss?

estrogen testosterone

The fluid outside a cell is called

extracellular fluid. interstitial fluid.

In severe cases, zinc deficiency can result in

failure of sexual maturation. dwarfism.

Consuming too much sodium may contribute to low blood pressure.

false

In the United States, copper deiciency is the most common nutritional deficiency.

false

In the United States, young men are more likely to be iron-deficient than young women.

false

Processed foods are rich sources of potassium.

false

The adult RDA for magnesium ranges from 500 to 1000 mg/day. (t/f)

false

Trace minerals are not as important for human health as the major minerals.

false

Conclusive evidence suggests that selenium, an antioxidant, has been show to significantly reduce the risk of cancer.

false Reason: Studies are inconclusive.

Actual intakes of iron in the United States by women tend to exceed the recommended intake.

false Reason: The actual amount of iron consumed in the United States by women falls short of the recommended intake by about 6 mg/day.

The main source of dietary fluoride is toothpaste.

false Reason: Toothpaste and mouthwash are nonfood sources of fluoride.

Trace minerals are not essential nutrients.

false reason: There are nine trace minerals and each one is an essential nutrient because the body cannot produce minerals from other substances.

Thirst is the first signal of water loss.

false reason: thirst can lag

Most Americans are mildly deficient in selenium.

false Reason: Most Americans consume more than the RDA for selenium.

What type of tissue contains the least amount of water?

fat tissue

Because the cells cannot obtain the energy they need to perform work when iron levels are low, a major symptom of iron deficiency is

fatigue

Which of the following are common signs of hereditary hemochromatosis?

fatigue abdominal pain loss of sex drive

Chromium is important for metabolism and storage of

fatty acids. carbohydrates. protein.

is the major storage form of iron that also helps regulate iron absorption.

ferritin

The kidneys produce smaller amounts of urine when

fluid loss is great. fluid intake is limited.

To improve mineralization of bone, individuals at risk of osteoporosis should be sure to consume ______.

fluoride

_____ can remineralize the tooth surface and prevent cavities.

fluoride

Using a pea-sized amount of toothpaste, rinsing with water and spitting out excess fluid when brushing teeth will help prevent dental ______

fluorosis

Iron plays an integral role in Blank______.

formation of red blood cells

Iron can be lost each day through

gastrointestinal tract. urine menstruation skin

Which of the following strategies can help reduce the risk for osteoporosis?

getting regular exercise eating a balanced diet

If an individual does not have enough iodine in their diet, what is the first sign of deficiency?

goiter

is an enlargement of the thyroid gland as a result of an iodine deficiency.

goiter

As compared to older children, infants and toddlers have _________ needs for iron.

greater

Since most Americans use too much table salt, and since table salt is sodium and chloride, most Americans get _____ than the AI for chloride.

greater than

hypertension levels

greater than 140mm Hg.

Which type of water contains calcium, magnesium, and iron?

hard water

Symptoms of anemia can include

headache. pale skin. fatigue and weakness.

A deficiency of selenium would lead to ____ disorders.

heart thyroid Reason: Liver damage would be a result of an intake of selenium above the UL, not from a deficiency.

The iron-containing structure in myoglobin and hemoglobin is known as

heme

A condition caused by the absorption of too much iron that can lead to joint pain, damage to the liver, heart, adrenal glands and pancreas is known as

hereditary hemochromatosis?

The AI for sodium is __________ in people who perspire heavily.

higher

The term that describes the body's water status is called

hydration

The crystalline structure composed of calcium and phosphorus used for bone formation is called

hydroxyapatite

Match the parts of the word hyperphosphatemia to the word's meaning.

hyper matches Choice too much phosphate matches Choice mineral emia matches Choice blood

Taking too many antacids or calcium supplements or drinking too much Vitamin D fortified milk can increase calcium absorption, resulting in

hypercalcemia

Although rare, consuming excess dietary phosphorus can lead to high blood phosphorus levels; a condition known as

hyperphosphatemia

A person with persistently elevated blood pressure is diagnosed with ______.

hypertension

Regular blood pressure screening is the best way to detect

hypertension

A calcium deficiency can put a person at an increased risk for ______.

hypertension osteoporosis

Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia include

hypertension. muscle weakness. kidney stones.

An adult with a systolic blood pressure of 145 mm Hg would be considered

hypertensive

In iron deficiency anemia, the body produces pale red (___________), small cell (___________) red blood cells

hypochromic, microcytic

Individuals with kidney diseases that increase potassium excretion are at risk for potassium depletion known as

hypokalemia

During water intoxication, the excess water consumed dilutes the sodium concentration of the blood resulting in a condition known as

hyponatremia

Iron deficient infants may experience

impaired motor function. delays in mental functions. improper nervous system development.

Skeletal fluorosis can lead to

increase fracture risk. bone pain. joint stiffness.

A pregnant woman's need for iron ____________ during pregnancy.

increases

If a cell needs more iron, the amount of transferrin receptors on its membrane _________ and the amount of receptors in the blood stream ___________.

increases, increases

Parathyroid hormone acts to increase blood calcium levels by ______.

increasing bone breakdown increasing calcium absorption in the intestines increasing calcium retention by the kidneys

The mechanisms whereby calcitonin acts to decrease blood calcium levels include ______. Multiple select question.

increasing osteoblast activity decreasing calcium absorption in the intestines decreasing calcium retention by the kidneys

Pregnant women who are iodine deficient have a higher risk of

infant cretinism. stillbirths.

Consuming high amounts of the____ form of arsenic can cause health problems such as cancer.

inorganic

Rinsing rice grains before cooking, limiting apple juice consumption, consuming a variety of grains, and cooking rice using 6 cups of water for ever 1 cup of rice are all ways to lower intake of

inorganic arsenic

intracellular water is water that is

inside the cell

Which of the following diseases or conditions are positively affected by calcium rich diets?

insulin resistance hypertension chronic inflammation

Taking single mineral supplements is not recommended because an excess of one mineral can

interfere with the metabolism of another mineral. interfere with the absorption of another mineral.

is the form of iodine that the body absorbs and uses.

iodide

The body maintains fluid balance by controlling in each compartment the concentration of

ions

In what country was Zinc deficiency first discovered?

iran

Approximately 25% of the world's population has anemia. Many of the cases of the condition are due to ______ deficiency.

iron

Myoglobin is the ____ protein that binds oxygen in muscle tissue.

iron

The trace mineral that is the leading cause of poisoning in children under the age of 6 is

iron

What is the leading cause of accidental death due to poisoning in children under age 6?

iron

is a necessary trace mineral for oxygen delivery and immune function.

iron

Choose the minerals that are classified as trace minerals.

iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, manganese, fluoride, chromium, molybdenum

The UL for selenium

is 400 µg/day. (mcg)

Hemochromatosis

is a disorder in which the body stores too much iron.

chromium

is important for metabolism and storage of all substrates and may contribute to a small amount of weight loss.

total body iron

is the ratio of blood transferrin receptor to ferritin.

Fluoride is not considered an essential nutrient because

it does not sustain life. it is not required for growth.

People with hypertension are at an increased risk of

kidney failure./kidney disease stroke. heart disease.

The heavy ion content of concentrated urine increases the risk of _____ _______ formation in susceptible people (generally men).

kidney stone

Treatment for iron deficiency anemia includes increasing the intake of iron-rich foods in the diet. An example of an iron-rich foods is ______.

lean meats, poultry, or fish

Which type of tissue contains more water?

lean muscle

Does the average adult in America consume more or less magnesium than he/she needs?

less

Normal adult systolic blood pressure levels are

less than 120 mm Hg.

Women typically consume ________ than the RDA for calcium, while men consume amounts ______ the RDA.

less, equal to

How can you reduce your intake of inorganic arsenic?

limiting apple juice consumption cooking rice using 6 cups of water for every 1 cup of rice rinsing rice grains before cooking consuming a variety of grains

Which of the following contribute to the increased risk from arsenic ingestion in infants and children?

low body weight apple juice intake

Over 53 million Americans have osteoporosis or are at a high risk for the disease because they have a

low bone mass.

Which of the following are modifiable risk factors for developing osteoporosis?

low estrogen levels having anorexia nervosa

Weight bearing activities that can reduce the risk for osteoporosis include

low impact aerobics.

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is

low in sodium. high in fruits. high in vegetables.

Common signs of dehydration include

low or no urine output. dry or sticky mouth. rapid weight loss.

Common signs of dehydration include (b)

low urine volume. dark colored urine. dry mouth.

According to national dietary surveys of Americans, typical intakes of ______ fall short of the RDA or AI.

magnesium

Minerals that are required in the diet each day in amounts larger than 100 milligrams are classified as _____ minerals.

major

Calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and sulfur are minerals that are categorized as

major minerals.

Which of the following are functions of water?

major solvent regulate body temperature transport nutrients

Treatments for hypertension often include

managing stress. taking prescription medications. dietary modifications.

is an important activator of many enzymes that play roles in wound healing, metabolism, bone and cartilage formation and antioxidant function.

manganese

How do physicians diagnose Wilson's disease?

measuring copper levels in the blood noting Kayser-Fleischer rings around the edge of the iris measuring ceruloplasmin levels in the blood

What is the main source of heme iron?

meat

Zinc deficiencies were first observed in diets high in unleavened breads. The food group they were most likely to lack that contributed to the zinc deficiency was

meat

Good dietary sources of phosphorus include

meat and dairy

To reduce the risk of iron-deficiency in children, they should be encouraged to consume ______.

meats iron-fortified cereal

When iodide is lacking in the diet during pregnancy, the infant can be born with _____.

mental retardation growth retardation

Side effects of zinc supplementation above the UL (such as with zinc lozenges) include

metallic taste in the mouth. nausea.

Consuming too much ______ may lead to an iron deficiency in children.

milk

Americans typically consume ______ the RDA of 0.9 mg/day for copper.

more than

Myoglobin is an iron-containing protein located in ______.

muscle cells

What are some negative side effects of taking zinc lozenges or gels to treat the common cold virus?

nausea metallic taste in the mouth

Potassium is needed by the body for

nerve transmission. muscle contraction. fluid balance maintaining normal kidney function

Since there is no Upper Level set for potassium, is it advisable for individuals to take potassium supplements?

no

The type of iron found in plant foods is referred to as

nonheme iron.

Some of the calcium in many leafy green vegetables, notably spinach, is _____

not bioavailable

The adult UL for sodium is currently ______.

not established

Blood pressure increases as we age most likely because

of stiffening of the arteries.

Most people with osteoporosis are

older adult women

For every half liter of water the body loses, this represents ____ pound(s) of body weight.

one

A prepared solution of water and electrolytes used to treat dehydration is called

oral rehydration therapy

Which of the following are good sources of copper?

organ meats seeds whole grains

Hypertension does not cause symptoms until ______.

organs and blood vessels have been damaged

People with osteoporosis have

osteopenia. weak bones. increased fractures.

A chronic disease characterized by low bone mass and reduced bone structure is called

osteoporosis

Overall, minerals from animal products are better absorbed than those from plants because binders such as ______ are not present to hinder absorption.

oxalic acid phytic acid

Hemoglobin is the iron-containing part of the red blood cells that enables

oxygen uptake and transport.

The hormone released from the parathyroid gland in response to falling blood calcium levels is called

parathyroid hormone

Calcium is the most abundant mineral stored in the body. The second most abundant mineral stored in the body is _________ . Both are predominantly stored in the bones.

phosphorus

Kidney-disease patients may need to monitor and regulate their _____ intake to avoid hyperphosphatemia.

phosphorus

Which of the following substances may interfere with iron absorption?

phytates polyphenols oxalic acid

Match the food with the compound that inhibits iron absorption.

phytates - whole grains oxalates - spinach polyphenols - coffee/tea

Dental fluorosis can be identified by

pitting on the teeth. white specks on the teeth. severe discoloration of the teeth.

Major contributors of ______ to the adult diet include milk, potatoes, spinach, papayas and orange juice.

potassium

Most salt substitutes are comprised of ______.

potassium chloride

Consuming sports drinks during endurance physical activities helps

prevent sodium depletion. prevent dehydration.

Examples of foods high in sodium are

processed snacks.

Which of the following food groups provides the richest sources of absorbable iron?

protein - Reason: Although many grain products are fortified with iron, it is nonheme iron, which is not as well absorbed as the heme iron in foods of animal origin. Reason: Dairy products are poor sources of iron. Reason: Some vegetables do provide iron, but it is nonheme iron, which is not as well absorbed as heme iron.

Phosphorus deficiencies are

rare

Anemia is a condition where the body does not have enough healthy

red blood cells. (RBCs)

Soy products, turnips, and broccoli all contain compounds that

reduce thyroid production.

As a result of a chronically inadequate iodide intake, an adult may develop hypothyroidism which is characterized by

reduced metabolic rate. elevated cholesterol. dry skin.

Polycythemia

refers to an increase in the number of red blood cells in the body.

What is the best way to detect hypertension?

regular blood pressure screenings

Chloride along with sodium plays an important role in

regulating fluid balance.

What are normal functions of the liver that prevents the accumulation of copper in the body?

removes excess copper from the bloodstream aids in the elimination of copper (bile) stores copper

People whose blood pressure remains uncontrolled while take three medications have _____ hypertension.

resistant

A person with _____ is taking four or more medications to control their hypertension.

resistant hypertension

Sodium is often added to foods during processing in order to

retard food spoilage. enhance flavor.

Zinc is readily found in which of the following foods?

roast beef baked beans

The common name for sodium chloride is ______.

salt

Which of the following are good dietary sources of iodine?

seaweed saltwater fish milk

Selenium functions within the body as a component of several proteins referred to as ______.

selenoproteins

Exceeding the daily UL for selenium can lead to toxicity, known as

selenosis

Antacids or other medications that lower stomach acidity ______ be taken with an iron supplement.

should not

Which of the following are main dietary sources of fluoride for Americans?

shrimp coffee beer

Aldosterone plays a role in water conservation by ______.

signaling the kidneys to reduce the excretion of sodium in the urine

Hypertension is often called the "_____ ______" because high blood pressure generally does not cause symptoms.

silent killer

Most of the phosphorus in the body can be found in the

skeleton.

Risk factors for developing hypertension include

smoking cigarettes. having African-American ancestry. being obese.

Performing endurance physical activities, sweating excessively or having prolonged episodes of vomiting and severe diarrhea can lead to the depletion of the mineral

sodium

Food crops can be sources of organic arsenic as plants acquire the mineral naturally from Blank______.

soil deposits volcanic eruptions normal erosion Reason: Ocean water is a source of arsenic in seafood but not food crops.

Choose the two highest food sources of iron.

soybeans, boiled whole-grain total, ready-to-eat cereal

People with osteoporosis may break a bone by falling, or they may experience ____ fractures, in which a fragile bone gives way for no apparent reason.

spontaneous

Drinking fluids that are caffeinated beverages (e.g., coffee, tea, or energy drinks), ______ contribute to meeting a person's water needs.

still

Diffusion _____ when the concentrations of the material on either side of the plasma membrane are equal.

stops

Consuming a calcium rich diet may have beneficial effects on

successful weight loss.

What are causes of fluorosis in children?

swallowing dental rinses swallowing toothpaste

Roles for phosphorus in the body include

synthesizing DNA. generating ATP. regulating acid-base balance.

The blood pressure reading that is always higher than the other is the

systolic pressure.

The major source of chloride in the American diet is

table salt

The absorption of dietary magnesium increases when

the body is deficient in magnesium.

The side effects of too much iodide (amounts at or above the Upper Level) are

the same as those that occur with deficiency.

Older adults are at increased risk of a magnesium deficiency because

they excrete more magnesium. they absorb less magnesium.

Dairy products often inhibit iron absorption because

they have a high calcium content.

Older adults are at risk for dehydration because they do not sense _____ as accurately as younger adults.

thirst

Water aids in the removal of waste products from the body

through the production of urine.

Most of the iodide in an adult's body is located in the

thyroid gland

What gland uses iodine?

thyroid gland

A good food source of calcium made from soybeans that is processed with calcium sulfate is

tofu.

Consumption of water, beverages, and food all contribute to

total water intake

A mineral needed in 100 mg or less per day is termed a

trace

minerals perform vital roles in the body although the body only requires consumption of less than 100mg/day.

trace

How are minerals classified?

trace minerals major minerals

Functions for chloride in the body include

transmission of nerve impulses. regulation of acid base balance. Hydrochloric acid production in the stomach.

Cells produce some water as a by-product of metabolism.

true

Fluoridated water over a lifetime may reduce a person's likelihood of tooth decay by 25%.

true

Symptoms of zinc deficiency include the inabiility to sense the taste of food.

true

The kidneys are the major regulator of the body's water content.

true

There is no Upper Level for potassium.

true

To prevent iodine deficiency, people can use table salt that is fortified with mineral.

true

Weight-bearing exercise can reduce the risk of osteoporosis.

true

A diet low in sodium, coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea, has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and, later, shock and coma.

true Reason: A diet low in sodium - coupled with excessive perspiration, persistent vomiting, or diarrhea - has the ability to deplete the body of sodium. This state can lead to muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and, later, shock and coma.

Cottage cheese is not a rich source of calcium.

true Reason: Cottage cheese is not a good source of calcium because most calcium is lost during production.

Manganese deficiency rarely occurs in humans.

true Reason: Most humans achieve adequate amounts of manganese.

Potassium is found in a variety of food products.

true Reason: Potassium is found in foods from every food group except fats and oil.

The mechanism by which chromium influence cholesterol metabolism is not known.

true Reason: Researchers hypothesize that it may involve enzymes that control the body's cholesterol production but this is not confirmed.

Trace minerals that have yet to have a clearly identified function in humans include boron, nickel, vanadium, arsenic, lithium, and silicon.

true Reason: Widespread deficiency symptoms have not been reported for these minerals.

Taking single vitamin high-dose supplements of iron can be dangerous and is often unnecessary.

true Reason: Excessive iron supplementation can lead to intestinal upset, organ damage, and even death.

Which of the following vegetables are good sources of calcium?

turnip greens kale

What is the primary avenue for excess water to be removed from the body?

urine output

Humans are able to make some water and to obtain it from which of the following types of foods?

vegetables fruits

The third stage of iron depletion includes symptoms of

very high level of transferrin receptors. signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia. microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells. Reason: Reduced ferritin levels will occur at stage 2 of iron depletion.

The simplest ways to determine hydration status are observing urine

volume. color.

Kidney stones are formed by the presence of which of the following?

waste products minerals

The condition that arises when an excessive amount of water is consumed in a short period of time is called

water intoxication

Symptoms of a phosphorus deficiency include ______.

weakened immune system symptoms similar to rickets bone loss

The primary and initial sign of dehydration is rapid

weight loss

Zinc is necessary for which of the following?

wound healing

Choose the functions of manganese.

wound healing antioxidant function metabolism bone and cartilage formation

Which of the following groups has marginally adequate intakes of iodine?

young american women

People should avoid taking an iron supplement at the same time as a ______ supplement because these minerals will compete for absorption sites.

zinc calcium

Roles for calcium in the body include

-muscle contraction -blood clot formation -bone and teeth formation

Every 16 ounces (about 0.5 L) of water loss represents _____ pound(s) of body weight.

1

Place the following stages in order by which cells acquire more iron.

1. transferrin receptors increase in response to low iron 2. transferrin transports iron 3. transferrin binds to the transferrin receptor

Rank where water is lost in the body in order from the greatest source of loss to the least.

1. urine 2. insensible perspiration 3. expired air 4. feces

Men and postmenopausal women should take no more than ____ mg of iron in supplement form.

10

The adult RDA for calcium ranges from

1000 to 1200mg/day.

The Adequate Intake for total water intake is approximately ______ cups per day for young women. (Note that this question is asking for total water intake which includes fluid intake as well as water from food sources.)

11

The UL for iodine is _____ mg/day.

11

The RDA for zinc in men is ____ milligrams.

11 Reason: The range is 8-11 mg/day with men requiring the higher amount.

prehypertension levels

120-139 mm Hg.

The Adequate Intake for total water intake is ______ cups per day for young adult men and ______ cups per day for young adult women.

15.5; 11 Reason: Men need the equivalent of 15 cups of water each day but some of this can be provided by food.

What is the adult RDA for iodide?

150 mcg/day

The AI for sodium in adults is

1500 mg/day

For adult women, what is the RDA for iron?

18mg/day

The AI for manganese is ____ mg/day for adult men and ____ mg/day for adult women.

2.3, 1.8

The adequate intake(AI) for chloride is

2300 mg/day

Though there is not a UL for sodium, the "Chronic Disease Risk Reduction" guidelines recommend that sodium intake should be below ______.

2300mg/day

Which of the following is the Adequate Intake for potassium for adult females?

2600 mg/day

Magnesium participates in more than _____ chemical reactions in the body.

300

Most people in the United States do not consume the RDA for magnesium, which is in the range of _____ mg/day.

310-420 mg/day

The Adequate Intake (AI) for potassium for adult males is milligrams per day.

3400mg/day

The AI for fluoride is _____ mg/day for men and _____ mg/day for women.

4, 3

The UL for zinc is _____ mg per day.

40

the absorption of magnesium usually ranges from between

40-60%.

Symptoms of iron toxicity may appear if an individual consumes more than ____ mg/day.

45

The adults RDA for molybdenum

45 mcg/day.

Which of the following is the Upper Level for iron?

45 mg

Milk loses about _____% of its calcium content during the process to make cottage cheese?

50

The RDA for selenium is ___ micrograms.

55

The DV for selenium

70 micrograms.

The male RDA for iron is ______ and the female (between 19 and 50 years of age) RDA for iron is ______.

8 mg/day; 18 mg/day

The adult RDA range for zinc is from

8 to 11 mg/day

Animal foods tend to be a more reliable source of minerals because they have?

A higher concentration

Because there is not enough information concerning human fluoride requirements, the Food and Nutrition Board have established an ____ for fluoride.

AI