Nutrition Unit 6

Match the blood lipid levels on the left with the American Heart Association's classification on the right. -Cholesterol > / = 240 mg/dL : -LDL Cholesterol < 100 mg/dL : -HDL Cholesterol <40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women : -Triglycerides of 150 - 199 mg/dL :

-Cholesterol > / = 240 mg/dL : High -LDL Cholesterol < 100 mg/dL : Optimal -HDL Cholesterol <40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women : Low -Triglycerides of 150 - 199 mg/dL : Borderline high

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, cholesterol intake should not be greater than __ milligrams per day.

300

Oxidized LDL is... -A bad form because it's formed into plaque -A good form because it can be used for energy -A more accessible source of stored fuel

A bad form because it's formed into plaque

What is the best way to ensure you are consuming the recommended amount of daily fat intake? -Consume only low-fat foods -Consume only high-fat foods -Consume both high- and low-fat foods

Consume both high- and low-fat foods

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include... -Cardiomyopathy -Coronary artery disease -Endocarditis -Stroke

Coronary artery disease Stroke

Arteriosclerosis is described by which of the following? -Decreases flexibility of the artery -Contributes to the development of hypertension -Causes by a blood clot that breaks free from where it was formed -Commonly called "hardening of the arteries"

Decreases flexibility of the artery Contributes to the development of hypertension Commonly called "hardening of the arteries"

The lipoprotein that contains the highest amount of protein is __.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Which of the following health contributions do essential fatty acids make? -Hormone-like substance production -Gastrointestinal function -Respiratory development -Regulating blood pressure

Hormone-like substance production Regulating blood pressure

__ are water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream.

Lipoproteins

What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD? -Decrease fiber intake -Consume more saturated fats -Use filtered cigarettes -Lose excess body fat

Lose excess body fat

Populations that tend to eat a greater amount of foods like avocados and nuts tend to have a __ risk of heart disease.

Lower

The structure of phospholipids, having water soluble and water insoluble components, allow phospholipids to form the __ of the cell. -Membrane -Cytoplasm -Mitochondria -Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Membrane

A __ is a lipid that has a single fatty acid attached to the glycerol backbone.

Monoglyceride

Which of the following products contain high amounts of saturated fat? -Sunflower oil -Palm oil -Cheese -Sausage

Palm oil Cheese Sausage

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels that is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease called: -Embolism -Myocardial infarction -Hyperthyroidism -Hypertension

Hypertension

Match the fatty acid type with its correct chemical structure description. -Saturated fatty acid : -Monounsaturated fatty acid : -Polyunsaturated fatty acid :

-Saturated fatty acid : contains no carbon-carbon double bonds -Monounsaturated fatty acid : contains one carbon-carbon double bond -Polyunsaturated fatty acid : contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

A diet high in fiber may reduce cholesterol by... -Reducing the cholesterol made by the body -Minimizing fat absorption -Bind the bile salts that contain cholesterol and excreting them in feces

Bin the bile salts that contain cholesterol and excreting them in feces

A heart attack is defined as: -Blockage in the arteries surrounding the heart causing the tissue to die -Blockage in the carotid artery -Blockage in the aorta causing the surrounding tissue to die -Blockage in the subclavian vein causing impaired blood flow to the heart

Blockage in the arteries surrounding the heart causing the tissues to die

The process of __ creates trans fatty acids which are less likely to become rancid.

Hydrogenation

What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential? -It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health -It can be synthesized by the body, so there is no need to consume it in the diet

It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health

Which of the following applies to lipids? -Lipids are organic nutrients -Lipids dissolve in water -Oils, fats, and cholesterol are lipids

Lipids are organic nutrients Oils, fats, and cholesterol are lipids

__ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet. -Nonessential -Omega-6 -Essential -Omega-3

Nonessential

When blood vessels that carry to all tissues except to the heart or brain have atherosclerotic plaques, the condition is called __. -Atherosclerotic build up disease -Heart attack -Peripheral vascular disease -Hypertension

Peripheral Vascular Disease

what prevents separation of compounds in foods? -Cholesterol -Phospholipids -Choline -Emulsifier

Phospholipids Emulsifier

Crackers, pastries, and other processed foods commonly contain the largest amount of __ fatty acids.

Trans

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids? -Trans -Cis

Trans

A __ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Triglyceride

__ comprise about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. They are often referred to as fats and oils.

Triglycerides

Which cuts of meat are the leanest? -Rump roast -Art roast -Top round -Ground -Loin

Art roast Top round Loin

List the steps of dietary fat absorption

1. Absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2. Triglycerides are reassembled 3. Lipids are assembled into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

When there is an excess energy from fat you have just eaten, __ cells remove the fatty acids and glycerol from the bloodstream and reassemble the fats for storage.

Adipose

During a stroke, cells in the __ die. -Heart -Lungs -Liver -Brain

Brain

Which of the following foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fatty acids? -Butter -Fast food -Whole milk -Baked goods

Butter Whole milk Baked goods

LDL is responsible for delivering __ to the tissues. -Triglycerides -Protein -Cholesterol -Phospholipids

Cholesterol

What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD? -Eat whole-grain foods -Increase intake of trans fats -Reduce alcohol intake -Quit smoking -Read nutrition books -Achieve a healthy weight

Eat whole-grain foods Reduce alcohol intake Quit smoking Achieve a healthy weight

__ acids can be saturated or unsaturated.

Fatty

What are some risk factors for CVD? -Insulin resistance -Physical inactivity -Low body fat

Insulin resistance Physical inactivity

Match the nutrient/non-nutrient on the left with the best description of how it can contribute to unwanted weight gain. -Protein : -Carbohydrates : -Alcohol

Protein : The body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids. Carbohydrates : The body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids. Alcohol : Stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue.

__ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Saturated

Very low density lipoproteins are formed from: -Too many triglycerides in the diet -The remnants of chylomicrons -The over-production of cholesterol

The remnants of chylomicrons

What are the major functions of lipids in the body? -To provide energy -Absorption of fat-soluble vitals -To insulate and protect the body -To aid in transport of water-soluble vitamins -To provide building blocks for enzymes

To provide energy Absorption of fat-soluble vitals To insulate and protect the body

Choose all of the following that are possible risk factors for CVD? -Young age -Family history of CVD -Tobacco use -Diabetes

Family history of CVD Tobacco use Diabetes

Inflammation in an artery can stimulate cells to form an arterial plaque in the __. -Lining of the arterial wall -Branches of the arterial vessels -Head of major vessels

Lining of the arterial wall

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids? -Linoleic acid -Alpha-linolenic acid -Oleic acid

Linoleic acid Alpha-linolenic acid

Outline the process of recycling bile salts.

Most bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine. Bile salts travel in the blood stream to the liver. Liver recycles bile salts to create new bile.

Fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of saturated fats, however, due to the altered chemical structured that results during this process they are harmful to health. These fats are termed __ __.

Trans fats

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack

1. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity 4. Pressure in artery is increased 5. Clot of spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack

How can alcohol lead to CVD disease?

1. Excessive alcohol intake 2. Increased VLDL production in the liver 3. Increased blood triglycerides 4. Cholesterol in HDL decreases

The structural components of a triglyceride include: -A glycerol backbone -Three attached glycerol molecules -Three attached fatty acids -Multiple ring structure

A glycerol backbone Three attached fatty acids

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule? -A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acids, and alcohol-containing base -A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base -A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and carbon-containing base

A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream? -Protease -Amylase -Lipase

Lipase

Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of... -Carbohydrate as glycogen -Fat as triglycerides -Protein as amino acids

Fat as triglycerides

Why is it important to have fat in your diet and in the body? -Fat maintains cell membranes -Fat regulates heart rate -Fat provides insulation -Fat cushions organs

Fat maintains cell membranes Fat provides insulation Fat cushions organs

Chyme in the small intestines stimulates the secretion of: -Secretin -Hydrochloric acid -Pancreatic lipase -Salivary amylase

Pancreatic lipase

__ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels.

Statins

A lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called __.

Sterol

Describe the transformation of triglycerides when energy is needed.

1. Adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules 2. Fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream 3. Cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood 4. Cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy

__, which is often called "hardening of the arteries", is a condition that reduces the flexibility of the arteries.

Arteriosclerosis

The underlying cause of most case of heart disease is __.

Artherosclerosis

What are the primary ways that lipids are transported through the bloodstream? -As part of chylomicrons -As part of triglyceride -As free fatty acids -As part of lipoproteins

As part of chylomicrons As part of lipoproteins

__ is the long-term process is which plaques build up inside arterial walls.

Atherosclerosis

What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake? -Choose cuts of pork like sausage and bacon -Bake meats -Choose lean meats -Trim fat from meat

Bake meats Choose lean meats Trim fat from meat

The purpose of __ __ is to keep lipids suspended as small particles in chyme.

Bile salts

In effort to move lipids through lymph and blood, the body coasts lipids with a layer of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol to form __, a type of lipoprotein.

Chylomicrons

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol? -Eggs -Peanuts -Ice cream -Chicken

Eggs Ice cream Chicken

Which type(s) of fatty acids are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease? -Saturated fatty acids -Unsaturated fatty acids -Trans fatty acids -Cis fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids Trans fatty acids

The majority of fat digestion occurs in the... -Small intestine -Large intestine -Stomach -Pancreas

Small intestine

Foods high in saturated fat tend to be __ at room temperature.

Solid