Nutrition Unit 6
Match the blood lipid levels on the left with the American Heart Association's classification on the right. -Cholesterol > / = 240 mg/dL : -LDL Cholesterol < 100 mg/dL : -HDL Cholesterol <40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women : -Triglycerides of 150 - 199 mg/dL :
-Cholesterol > / = 240 mg/dL : High -LDL Cholesterol < 100 mg/dL : Optimal -HDL Cholesterol <40 mg/dL for men and < 50 mg/dL for women : Low -Triglycerides of 150 - 199 mg/dL : Borderline high
According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, cholesterol intake should not be greater than __ milligrams per day.
300
Oxidized LDL is... -A bad form because it's formed into plaque -A good form because it can be used for energy -A more accessible source of stored fuel
A bad form because it's formed into plaque
What is the best way to ensure you are consuming the recommended amount of daily fat intake? -Consume only low-fat foods -Consume only high-fat foods -Consume both high- and low-fat foods
Consume both high- and low-fat foods
The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include... -Cardiomyopathy -Coronary artery disease -Endocarditis -Stroke
Coronary artery disease Stroke
Arteriosclerosis is described by which of the following? -Decreases flexibility of the artery -Contributes to the development of hypertension -Causes by a blood clot that breaks free from where it was formed -Commonly called "hardening of the arteries"
Decreases flexibility of the artery Contributes to the development of hypertension Commonly called "hardening of the arteries"
The lipoprotein that contains the highest amount of protein is __.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
Which of the following health contributions do essential fatty acids make? -Hormone-like substance production -Gastrointestinal function -Respiratory development -Regulating blood pressure
Hormone-like substance production Regulating blood pressure
__ are water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream.
Lipoproteins
What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD? -Decrease fiber intake -Consume more saturated fats -Use filtered cigarettes -Lose excess body fat
Lose excess body fat
Populations that tend to eat a greater amount of foods like avocados and nuts tend to have a __ risk of heart disease.
Lower
The structure of phospholipids, having water soluble and water insoluble components, allow phospholipids to form the __ of the cell. -Membrane -Cytoplasm -Mitochondria -Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Membrane
A __ is a lipid that has a single fatty acid attached to the glycerol backbone.
Monoglyceride
Which of the following products contain high amounts of saturated fat? -Sunflower oil -Palm oil -Cheese -Sausage
Palm oil Cheese Sausage
A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels that is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease called: -Embolism -Myocardial infarction -Hyperthyroidism -Hypertension
Hypertension
Match the fatty acid type with its correct chemical structure description. -Saturated fatty acid : -Monounsaturated fatty acid : -Polyunsaturated fatty acid :
-Saturated fatty acid : contains no carbon-carbon double bonds -Monounsaturated fatty acid : contains one carbon-carbon double bond -Polyunsaturated fatty acid : contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
A diet high in fiber may reduce cholesterol by... -Reducing the cholesterol made by the body -Minimizing fat absorption -Bind the bile salts that contain cholesterol and excreting them in feces
Bin the bile salts that contain cholesterol and excreting them in feces
A heart attack is defined as: -Blockage in the arteries surrounding the heart causing the tissue to die -Blockage in the carotid artery -Blockage in the aorta causing the surrounding tissue to die -Blockage in the subclavian vein causing impaired blood flow to the heart
Blockage in the arteries surrounding the heart causing the tissues to die
The process of __ creates trans fatty acids which are less likely to become rancid.
Hydrogenation
What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential? -It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health -It can be synthesized by the body, so there is no need to consume it in the diet
It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health
Which of the following applies to lipids? -Lipids are organic nutrients -Lipids dissolve in water -Oils, fats, and cholesterol are lipids
Lipids are organic nutrients Oils, fats, and cholesterol are lipids
__ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet. -Nonessential -Omega-6 -Essential -Omega-3
Nonessential
When blood vessels that carry to all tissues except to the heart or brain have atherosclerotic plaques, the condition is called __. -Atherosclerotic build up disease -Heart attack -Peripheral vascular disease -Hypertension
Peripheral Vascular Disease
what prevents separation of compounds in foods? -Cholesterol -Phospholipids -Choline -Emulsifier
Phospholipids Emulsifier
Crackers, pastries, and other processed foods commonly contain the largest amount of __ fatty acids.
Trans
Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids? -Trans -Cis
Trans
A __ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Triglyceride
__ comprise about 95% of lipids in the body and in food. They are often referred to as fats and oils.
Triglycerides
Which cuts of meat are the leanest? -Rump roast -Art roast -Top round -Ground -Loin
Art roast Top round Loin
List the steps of dietary fat absorption
1. Absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cells 2. Triglycerides are reassembled 3. Lipids are assembled into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
When there is an excess energy from fat you have just eaten, __ cells remove the fatty acids and glycerol from the bloodstream and reassemble the fats for storage.
Adipose
During a stroke, cells in the __ die. -Heart -Lungs -Liver -Brain
Brain
Which of the following foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fatty acids? -Butter -Fast food -Whole milk -Baked goods
Butter Whole milk Baked goods
LDL is responsible for delivering __ to the tissues. -Triglycerides -Protein -Cholesterol -Phospholipids
Cholesterol
What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD? -Eat whole-grain foods -Increase intake of trans fats -Reduce alcohol intake -Quit smoking -Read nutrition books -Achieve a healthy weight
Eat whole-grain foods Reduce alcohol intake Quit smoking Achieve a healthy weight
__ acids can be saturated or unsaturated.
Fatty
What are some risk factors for CVD? -Insulin resistance -Physical inactivity -Low body fat
Insulin resistance Physical inactivity
Match the nutrient/non-nutrient on the left with the best description of how it can contribute to unwanted weight gain. -Protein : -Carbohydrates : -Alcohol
Protein : The body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids. Carbohydrates : The body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids. Alcohol : Stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue.
__ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.
Saturated
Very low density lipoproteins are formed from: -Too many triglycerides in the diet -The remnants of chylomicrons -The over-production of cholesterol
The remnants of chylomicrons
What are the major functions of lipids in the body? -To provide energy -Absorption of fat-soluble vitals -To insulate and protect the body -To aid in transport of water-soluble vitamins -To provide building blocks for enzymes
To provide energy Absorption of fat-soluble vitals To insulate and protect the body
Choose all of the following that are possible risk factors for CVD? -Young age -Family history of CVD -Tobacco use -Diabetes
Family history of CVD Tobacco use Diabetes
Inflammation in an artery can stimulate cells to form an arterial plaque in the __. -Lining of the arterial wall -Branches of the arterial vessels -Head of major vessels
Lining of the arterial wall
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids? -Linoleic acid -Alpha-linolenic acid -Oleic acid
Linoleic acid Alpha-linolenic acid
Outline the process of recycling bile salts.
Most bile salts are absorbed in the small intestine. Bile salts travel in the blood stream to the liver. Liver recycles bile salts to create new bile.
Fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of saturated fats, however, due to the altered chemical structured that results during this process they are harmful to health. These fats are termed __ __.
Trans fats
List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack
1. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow, and lose elasticity 4. Pressure in artery is increased 5. Clot of spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack
How can alcohol lead to CVD disease?
1. Excessive alcohol intake 2. Increased VLDL production in the liver 3. Increased blood triglycerides 4. Cholesterol in HDL decreases
The structural components of a triglyceride include: -A glycerol backbone -Three attached glycerol molecules -Three attached fatty acids -Multiple ring structure
A glycerol backbone Three attached fatty acids
What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule? -A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acids, and alcohol-containing base -A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base -A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and carbon-containing base
A phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus, fatty acid, and nitrogen-containing base
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream? -Protease -Amylase -Lipase
Lipase
Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of... -Carbohydrate as glycogen -Fat as triglycerides -Protein as amino acids
Fat as triglycerides
Why is it important to have fat in your diet and in the body? -Fat maintains cell membranes -Fat regulates heart rate -Fat provides insulation -Fat cushions organs
Fat maintains cell membranes Fat provides insulation Fat cushions organs
Chyme in the small intestines stimulates the secretion of: -Secretin -Hydrochloric acid -Pancreatic lipase -Salivary amylase
Pancreatic lipase
__ are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels.
Statins
A lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called __.
Sterol
Describe the transformation of triglycerides when energy is needed.
1. Adipose cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol molecules 2. Fatty acids and glycerol are released into the bloodstream 3. Cells remove fatty acids from the blood and the liver removes glycerol from the blood 4. Cells metabolize fatty acids for energy and the liver converts glycerol into glucose for energy
__, which is often called "hardening of the arteries", is a condition that reduces the flexibility of the arteries.
Arteriosclerosis
The underlying cause of most case of heart disease is __.
Artherosclerosis
What are the primary ways that lipids are transported through the bloodstream? -As part of chylomicrons -As part of triglyceride -As free fatty acids -As part of lipoproteins
As part of chylomicrons As part of lipoproteins
__ is the long-term process is which plaques build up inside arterial walls.
Atherosclerosis
What are some things you can do to reduce fat intake? -Choose cuts of pork like sausage and bacon -Bake meats -Choose lean meats -Trim fat from meat
Bake meats Choose lean meats Trim fat from meat
The purpose of __ __ is to keep lipids suspended as small particles in chyme.
Bile salts
In effort to move lipids through lymph and blood, the body coasts lipids with a layer of protein, phospholipids and cholesterol to form __, a type of lipoprotein.
Chylomicrons
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol? -Eggs -Peanuts -Ice cream -Chicken
Eggs Ice cream Chicken
Which type(s) of fatty acids are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease? -Saturated fatty acids -Unsaturated fatty acids -Trans fatty acids -Cis fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids Trans fatty acids
The majority of fat digestion occurs in the... -Small intestine -Large intestine -Stomach -Pancreas
Small intestine
Foods high in saturated fat tend to be __ at room temperature.
Solid