Nutritional Science 1301 Chapter 4
What can cause episodes of vomitting
1. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol 2. Eating something toxic 3. Hormonal changes during pregnancy
Functions of the liver include
1. Monitoring the blood's nutrient contents 2. Detoxifying many harmful substances 3. Making glucose 4. Storing various nutrients 5. Makes cholesterol 6. Manufactures bile 7. stores fat-soluble vitamins
How long does it take for chyme to move through the small intestine
3 to 5 hours
The lining of the stomach is protected from the acidic environment by
A mucus lining
The process by which substances are taken up by the intestinal tract and enter the blood or lymph is called
Absorption
When the gastroesophageal sphincter does not close properly, this condition is called
Acid reflux
Much of the energy released by catabolic reactions are captured in the form of
Adenosine Triphosphate also known as "energy currency"
A collection of tissues that function in a related fashion is called
An Organ
Reactions involved in building larger substances from smaller ones are called
Anabolism/Anabolic
Diarrhea is most often caused by
Bacterial or viral infections of the intestinal tract
The main function of _____ is to assist in fat digestion and absorption
Bile
Which of the following are NOT examples of an organ system
Bladder Pancreatic
Amino acids, minerals, glucose are water soluble and thus enter the ____ of the villus during their absorption
Capillary network
List the levels of organization in the body from the simplest to the most complex
Cell Tissue Organ Organ System
Prior to their absorption, intestinal absorptive cells package water-insoluble nutrients, like fatty acids, into
Chylomicron
Colorectal cancer starts in the
Colon or rectum
Energy is defined as the capacity to
Do work
Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
Large Intestine
Elimination of waste products
The long muscular tube that connects the back of your mouth with the stomach is called the
Esophagus
A persona can be diagnosed with the condition of constipation when he or she has a bowel movement of less frequently than
Every 3 days
Under normal conditions, your cells rely most heavily on burning ______ and _____ for energy
Fat Glucose
You can store large amounts of energy in your
Liver, muscles, and body fat
Small Intestine
Major site of chemical digestion and absorption
Mouth
Major site of mechanical digestion
Types of digestion include
Mechanical Chemical
The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of
Mechanical digestion
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells is called
Metabolism
Stomach
Muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food
An organism that can digest and absorb nutrients from plants, animals, bacteria and fungi is an
Omnivore
A sore that occurs in the lining of the upper GI tract is called a
Peptic ulcer
The ring of muscular tissues at the base of the stomach is called the ______ ______
Pyloric sphincter
The two major sections of the large intestine are the
Rectum Colon
Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
Small intestine
Chyme is formed in the
Stomach
List the organs in the order they occur in the gastrointestinal tract
Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus
What does the tip of your tongue taste?
Sweet
Parts of the digestive system that doesn't come into contact with food
Teeth Tongue salivary glands LIVER GALLBLADDER PANCREAS
Some kinds of intestinal bacteria may be harmful when
They enter other parts of your body They contaminate food
Masses of cells that have similar characteristics and functions are called
Tissues
Which are functions of the digestive system?
Transport nutrients into blood or lymph Process foods into nutrients
What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and are transported to the liver before they enter the general circulation?
Water-soluble vitamins
Lots of ATP is made via
aerobic metabolism
Less ATP is made via
anaerobic metabolism
Probiotics
are live, active cultures of beneficial microbes that may help maintain or re-establish the normal balance of bacterial populations in your colon.
cells in the body
are specialized to perform specific functions
What does the rear of your tongue taste?
bitter
The smallest functional unit in the body is a
cell
Hemorrhoids and diverticula can occur due to chronic
constipation
As a result of their metabolic activity, intestinal bacteria contribute to
flatulence
Chylomicron
is a lipid-rich particle that's coated with protein, phospholipids, which makes the fatty acids and cholesterol easier to transport in blood
Constipation can be caused by a diet that is ____ in fiber and water
low
The digestive system is an example of an
organ system
Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called
peristalsis
Enzymes are
proteins that help certain chemical changes occur, such as the breakdown of large substances
What does the sides of your tongue taste?
salty and sour
Bile is store in the
the gallbladder ...contracts when fat is in the small intestine, releasing bile into the duodenum
The organ that produces most of the digestive enzymes is the
the pancreas ...produces and secretes most of the enzymes that break down carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the small intestine