Nutritional Science 1301 Chapter 4

What can cause episodes of vomitting

1. Drinking excessive amounts of alcohol 2. Eating something toxic 3. Hormonal changes during pregnancy

Functions of the liver include

1. Monitoring the blood's nutrient contents 2. Detoxifying many harmful substances 3. Making glucose 4. Storing various nutrients 5. Makes cholesterol 6. Manufactures bile 7. stores fat-soluble vitamins

How long does it take for chyme to move through the small intestine

3 to 5 hours

The lining of the stomach is protected from the acidic environment by

A mucus lining

The process by which substances are taken up by the intestinal tract and enter the blood or lymph is called

Absorption

When the gastroesophageal sphincter does not close properly, this condition is called

Acid reflux

Much of the energy released by catabolic reactions are captured in the form of

Adenosine Triphosphate also known as "energy currency"

A collection of tissues that function in a related fashion is called

An Organ

Reactions involved in building larger substances from smaller ones are called

Anabolism/Anabolic

Diarrhea is most often caused by

Bacterial or viral infections of the intestinal tract

The main function of _____ is to assist in fat digestion and absorption

Bile

Which of the following are NOT examples of an organ system

Bladder Pancreatic

Amino acids, minerals, glucose are water soluble and thus enter the ____ of the villus during their absorption

Capillary network

List the levels of organization in the body from the simplest to the most complex

Cell Tissue Organ Organ System

Prior to their absorption, intestinal absorptive cells package water-insoluble nutrients, like fatty acids, into

Chylomicron

Colorectal cancer starts in the

Colon or rectum

Energy is defined as the capacity to

Do work

Arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

Large Intestine

Elimination of waste products

The long muscular tube that connects the back of your mouth with the stomach is called the

Esophagus

A persona can be diagnosed with the condition of constipation when he or she has a bowel movement of less frequently than

Every 3 days

Under normal conditions, your cells rely most heavily on burning ______ and _____ for energy

Fat Glucose

You can store large amounts of energy in your

Liver, muscles, and body fat

Small Intestine

Major site of chemical digestion and absorption

Mouth

Major site of mechanical digestion

Types of digestion include

Mechanical Chemical

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of

Mechanical digestion

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells is called

Metabolism

Stomach

Muscular sac that can hold up to 4 cups of food

An organism that can digest and absorb nutrients from plants, animals, bacteria and fungi is an

Omnivore

A sore that occurs in the lining of the upper GI tract is called a

Peptic ulcer

The ring of muscular tissues at the base of the stomach is called the ______ ______

Pyloric sphincter

The two major sections of the large intestine are the

Rectum Colon

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

Small intestine

Chyme is formed in the

Stomach

List the organs in the order they occur in the gastrointestinal tract

Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus

What does the tip of your tongue taste?

Sweet

Parts of the digestive system that doesn't come into contact with food

Teeth Tongue salivary glands LIVER GALLBLADDER PANCREAS

Some kinds of intestinal bacteria may be harmful when

They enter other parts of your body They contaminate food

Masses of cells that have similar characteristics and functions are called

Tissues

Which are functions of the digestive system?

Transport nutrients into blood or lymph Process foods into nutrients

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and are transported to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

Water-soluble vitamins

Lots of ATP is made via

aerobic metabolism

Less ATP is made via

anaerobic metabolism

Probiotics

are live, active cultures of beneficial microbes that may help maintain or re-establish the normal balance of bacterial populations in your colon.

cells in the body

are specialized to perform specific functions

What does the rear of your tongue taste?

bitter

The smallest functional unit in the body is a

cell

Hemorrhoids and diverticula can occur due to chronic

constipation

As a result of their metabolic activity, intestinal bacteria contribute to

flatulence

Chylomicron

is a lipid-rich particle that's coated with protein, phospholipids, which makes the fatty acids and cholesterol easier to transport in blood

Constipation can be caused by a diet that is ____ in fiber and water

low

The digestive system is an example of an

organ system

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

Enzymes are

proteins that help certain chemical changes occur, such as the breakdown of large substances

What does the sides of your tongue taste?

salty and sour

Bile is store in the

the gallbladder ...contracts when fat is in the small intestine, releasing bile into the duodenum

The organ that produces most of the digestive enzymes is the

the pancreas ...produces and secretes most of the enzymes that break down carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the small intestine