OAT Bio
Interphase
90 percent of the cycle occurs here Where a cell will spend most of its time
Cleavage furrow
A contractile ring of actin and myosin- that pinches the cell in two- Is the first step of cleavage in a cell
In animals -Heme group
A heme group is most structurally similar to chlorophyll. Each of the polypeptides in a hemoglobin protein has one heme cofactor
Cyclin
A protein that cycles through stages of synthesis and degradation
For how many hydrogen bonds would be present in the following double stranded DNA molecules ?
ACCGTGATGC TGGCACTACG Count the AT pairs and the CG pairs 4 - for AT these get 2 hydrogen bonds 6- for CG these get 3 hydrogen bonds 8+18=26
Somatic Cells
All Body cells excluding the gametes and diploid cells in humans
Genetic recombination
An exchange of DNA between chromosomes to produce genetically diverse offspring
Polysaccharide
Archaea
Heme cofactors
Are organic molecules that are built around an iron atom , while chlorophyll is built around a magnesium atom
Peptidoglycan
Bacteria
LDL
Bad cholesterol- transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissue - can cause vessel blockage
Hypotonic
Burst
Gap Phase (G1)
Cell grows in preparation for cell division - If favorable cells will enter the S phase - if not favorable will enter Go
Synthesis Phase
Cell replicates its genome here and moves to G2 phase - also the chromosomes duplicate
Gap phase 2 - known as G2
Cells continue to grow and prepare for cell division by checking for any errors after replication - they also check for the Mitosis promoting factor - needs to be present in adequate amounts for the cell to continue - organelles are replicated here
In plant cells
Chlorophyll is a special pigment that captures photons
Basal Body
Cilia and Flagella are produced by
Cytokinesis in animal cells
Cytokinesis begins in late anaphase - the formation of the cleavage furrow also occurs
Cytokinesis in plant cells
Cytokinesis begins in telophase with the formation of a cell plate
The expected result of increasing oxygen levels during photosynthesis is
Decreased efficiency of RUBISCO
Stroma
During the next day the stomata are closed again and malate is covered back into oxaloacetate which releases CO2 and PEP - Thus CO2 accumulates in the leaf for use in the Calvin Cycle through temporal isolation
Mitochondria and chloroplast
Each have their own DNA
C3 photosynthesis
Endergonic- accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants.
Glycosidic bond links
Formed through dehydration
Cytosol
Found in the nucleus of a cell
Chitin
Fungi
Good Mnemonic for Cell Cycle
Go- Gap phase Sam- Synthesis Phase (S) of interphase- DNA replication Go- Gap Phase 2 (G2) of interphase Make- Mitosis of M phase Cake- Cytokinesis of the M phase
HDL
Good cholesterol - bring cholesterol to the liver to make bile
Central vacuoles
Have tonoplast which help maintains a cell rigidly by exerting turgor - function and storage and breakdown
Microtubules
Have tublin protein dimers - function in cell division, cilia and flagella
Peroxisomes
Help with detoxification
Glycocalyx
Helps with adhesion, protection and cell recognition
Obligate anaerobes
Here in this compartment - oxygen is largely absent- and it is poisonous
Meiosis 1
Homologous chromosomes separate
Glyco
Indicates a carbohydrate
Fermentation
Is an anaerobic pathway- no oxygen and only relies on glycolysis Occurs in the cytosol and the two most common types are lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation
Hydrolysis of ATP
Is exergonic and spontaneous
Oxgen
Is the final electron acceptor - forms into water
The Krebs Cycle
Known as the Citric Acid Cycle - also known as the Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle)
Thylakoids
Light dependent reactions occur
A way the glucose levels are not modulated after a large meal is
Lipoproteins take glucose to body cells
Organelles
Located in the cytosol - helps make up the cytoplasm
Ribozymes
Lowers the activation energy
Flagella
Made of tubulin is not a defining characteristic
Rough ER
Make proteins that are sent out of the cell or cell membrane- -Protein synthesis
The function chylomicrons lipid management serve within animals
Move fats from the digestive system to the lymphatic system
Simple Diffusion
Movement across a phospholipid bilayer membrane -
Viruses
Non living because they must infect living cells to multiply.
Photosynthesis
Non spontaneous and endergonic - producing glucose after 1 input of solar energy
C4
Occurs for a plant living in a hot environment
Centrosomes
Organelles found in animal cells that contain a pair of centrioles - which act as the microtubule organizing center Also links two sister chromatids together- contains kinetochores where spindles attach Larger organelle- contains the centrioles - General microtubule organizing center for the entire cell
Photosynthesis
Photostem 1 and 2 are used There is also glucose used in this process
Cytokinesis
Physical separation of the cytoplasm and cell membrane into two daughter cells
Microtubule organizing center (MTOC)
Present in eukaryotic cells- Organize extension of microtubules which are made of tublin -- Also are responsible for forming the spindle apparatus - which guides the chromosomes during karyokinesis
1 Glucose
Produces 2 G3P Then 2 ATP are produced for 1 glucose
Meiosis
Produces 4 haploid daughter cells from 1 diploid parent cell Prophase 1 of meiosis - Genetic variation
NADP+ reductase
Reduces NADP+ into NADPH. Used as a reducing agent in the Calvin Cycle. Is the last enzyme in the transfer of electrons during photosynthesis from photosystem I to NADPH.
Glycogenesis
Refers to the reverse process- the conversion of glucose into glycogen to be stored in the liver when energy and fuel is sufficient
Exergonic
Releasing heat while forming products Delta G is neg it is spontaneous
Within a eukaryotic cell
Ribosomal subunits are found in the nucleus, cytosol and ER
Haploid Cell
Same as Gametes
Hypertonic
Shrivel
Meiosis 2
Sister chromatids separate - Also 3 haploid cells divide into 4 haploid daughter cells
Anchoring junctions
Skin cells and other cell types that regularly undergo heavy mechanical stress largely rely on
Cyclosis
Stirring of the cytoplasm
Photorespiration
Stroma
After the S phase
The 46 chromosomes are duplicated - after there is still 46 chromosomes but there is 92 chromatids - they line up in metaphase individually
Autophagy
The breakdown of the cell's own machinery for recycling
Go Phase
The cell still carries out their function but halts in the cell cycle - Cells that do not divide get stuck in this phase
Cell Membrane
The location of the ETC for prokaryotes
If the Bundle Sheath cells were removed from the C4 plant
Then Malate would accumulate in the mesophyll cells
Photons
These are light energy
Centrosomes located near the nucleus
They replicate during the S phase of the cell cycle so that each daughter cell after cell division has one centromere
Ammonia must be converted to uric acid -
This is then excreted as urine for humans
Cyclic and Non Cyclic Photophosphorylation
To generate substrates for the Calvin Cycle - primary goal
Primary function of fermentation in anaerobic respiration is
To oxidize NADH
Mitosis
Type of Karyokinesis- or nuclear division that involves a diploid parent cell dividing into two diploid daughter cells
Binary Fission
Used by archaea, bacteria, and certain organelles to reproduce - they replicate their genome while cell division is happening - there is no spindle apparatus- Also prokaryotes and the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes
Mitosis
Used to increase the number of cells in an organism Produces genetic variation
CAM photosynthesis
Uses temporal isolation of carbon dioxide to prevent photorespiration in hot environments
M phase
Where Karyokinesis and more importantly cytokinesis occurs
Redox reactions
Within the ETC- photons are pumped from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen -then it is deposited into photo stem 1
The Golgi Apparatus is made of
cisternae - flattened sacs that modify and package substances The main function is to direct molecules to their correct location
Sucrose
contains one glucose and one fructose
Maltose
contains two glucose monosaccharides
Red Blood cells
have tetrameric hemoglobin polypeptides. Carbon fixation is catalyzed by RUBISCO - Also known as erythrocyte and it only does glycolysis. It Does not contain mitochondria and when mature it does not contain a nucleus
Hydrogen bonding
is a common secondary structure
Cellulose
is a polysaccharide that provides structural support- in Plants
For the exception and what is not a key difference
is that Eukaryotic flagella contain a basal body and prokaryotic flagella lack a basal body - this is not true - so therefore is the exception
Ribosomes
mRna to proteins
Nucleolus
makes Rrna
Autosomes
non-sex chromosomes
Calvin Cycle
occurs in the chloroplast - stroma of plant mesophyll cells Also it is made up of light independent reactions-They do not directly use light energy but can only occur if the light dependent reactions are providing ATP and NADPH It fixes carbon dioxide that enter the stomata
FADH
produces 2 ATP
Glycolysis
takes place in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell and does not require oxygen -
Nuclear envelope
the membrane of the nucleus
For why photosynthetic plants split water molecules is
to release electrons that become energized
Aminoacyltransferases
transferring amino groups