OB Workbook Ch. 10
Malignancy suspicion increases with the amount of solid tissue in a complex mass and if the volume exceeds ___ in postmenopausal women and ____ in premenopausal women
10 cm3; 20 cm3
Pseudomyxoma peritonei
Accumulation of mucinous material in the peritoneal cavity
increase specificity in diagnosing ovarian malignancy, what lab values are tested
CA 125, hCG, AFP, CEA
Krukenberg tumor
Carcinoma of the ovary, usually metastatic from gastrointestinal cancer, marked by areas of mucoid degeneration and by the presence of signet-ring cells
Mucinous cystadenoma
Cystic mass filled with thick gelatinous cystic fluid
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Enzyme involved in production of energy of the cells; elevated levels in the blood indicates tissue damage, cancers, or other diseases
Struma ovarii
Extremely rare neoplasm of the ovary containing thyroid tissue
krukenberg tumor is a cancerous tumor of the ovary and usually mets from
GI cancer
gene that is related to errors in the replication process resulting in overexpression
HER2/neu
Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma
Large cystic ovarian mass with thick-walled septations; may have internal debris-layering components
provides the most accurate tissue characterization regarding adnexal masses
MRI
dysgerminoma
Malignant tumor of the ovary arising from undifferentiated germ cells of the embryonic gonad; histologically identical to seminoma found in the testicle
Clear cell adenocarcinoma
Neoplasm involving the surface epithelium of the female reproductive organs (ovary), which involves cells with a clear appearance on microscopic examination
Yolk cell tumor/endodermal sinus tumor
Neoplasm originating in the germ cells (ovum)
Teratoma/Teratocarcinoma
Rare malignant form of a common germ cell tumor found in young adults; contains fat, bone, hair, skin, and/or teeth
Sex cord stromal tumors
Solid ovarian mass originating from the embryonic gonadal ridges and Sertoli cells
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Tumor marker for colon, stomach, breast, lung, some thyroid, and ovarian cancers
Endometrioid tumor
Tumor of the ovary containing epithelial or stromal elements resembling endometrial tissue; typically arises from endometriosis; a large percentage are malignant
Serous carcinoma
Type of epithelial ovarian cancer, which presents as a partially cystic mass with solid components
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Used as a tumor marker for carcinomas of embryonic origin
pseudomyxoma peritonei is defined as
accumulation of gelatinous material in the peritoneal cavity
EV u/s remains the diagnostic method of choice as a screening technique for
adnexal processes
if positive vaginal cytology is noted in association with ovarian cancer, it is most likely due to
antegrade spread
ascites associated with ovarian malignancy collects in the
cul-de-sac and paracolic gutters
ovarian malignancy is often associated with ascites, which first accumulates in the
dependent portion of the peritoneal cavity
stage 1 ovarian cancer
detection rate=25%; if early detection, cure rate is 90%
color doppler of malignant lesions frequently demonstrates
disorganized vascular patterns
effect of ovulation is known to cause increased inflammation and wound healing because of repeated trauma to the ovarian
epithelium
meigs syndrome
finding of pleural effusion, ascites, and an ovarian mass
characteristic of most epithelial cancers
form cystic masses with multiple septa
HER2/neu
gene that produces a protein that regulates normal cell growth found in breast and ovarian cancer cells; identification of this protein enables determination of treatment options
extended ovulatory activity, over 40 years, places women in what risk category for developing ovarian cancer
high risk
BRCA 1/BRCA 2
inherited gene mutation associated with a significant increase of breast and ovarian cancer risk
metastasis to the ovary
is common
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
large multilocular ovarian neoplasm with papillary projections
most unlikely risk factor for developing ovarian cancer
living in a developing country
nonneoplastic cystic foci of the ovary are commonly seen in ___ females and are difficult to differentiate from malignant lesions
menstruating
Epithelial ovarian cancer
neoplasm involving the surface epithelium of the ovary
Menopausal females using HRT will demonstrate
normal-sized ovaries
Endocrine studies
not directed at improving detection and outcome of ovarian cancer
benign processes, such as endometriosis, fibroids, and even pancreatitis, result in an increased CA125, as does
ovarian cancer
exploratory laparotomy remains the gold standard in visualization of adnexal malignancy; CT is helpful in staging
ovarian cancer
fallopian tube neoplasms are rare and frequently malignant and often confused with
ovarian malignancies
only symptom of ovarian cancer
pelvic pressure and bloating
effective method to investigate for ovarian cancer includes
pelvic u/s, physical examination, and tumor marker CA 125
ovarian cancer is mostly a disease of
peri- and postmenopausal women
ovarian cancer is the most common tumor responsible for
peritoneal malignancy in women
Imaging method that provides diagnostic value by presenting calcifications, sometimes in a curvilinear fashion, soft tissue masses, and patterns suggesting abdominal distention
plain film radiography
CA 125
protein found in tumor cells that results in an elevation of blood levels
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors
related to the sex-cord stromal tumors seen in the ovaries, mostly in young adults
ovarian metastatic masses are usually bilateral and more common on the
right side
epithelial ovarian cancers typically form cystic masses and
solid papillary growths
FALSE
studies show that women who use oral contraceptives are at the greatest risk for developing epithelial ovarian cancer
laparotomy
surgical incision in the abdomen usually performed to evaluate the organs
80% of ovarian malignancies originate from
the epithelium covering the ovaries
Large number of patients with ovarian malignancy presents with or develop
vaginal bleeding
