OCE ch.1

Which of the following contributed to the salinity of the ocean? (select all that apply) hint: 3 -The evolution of life on Earth -The creation of acid rain from volcanic outgassing -The differences in oceanic and continental crust -Chlorine gas from the atmosphere was dissolved in the water -Runoff caused dissolved elements to enter the ocean.

-Chlorine gas from the atmosphere was dissolved in the water -the creation of acid rain from volcanic outgassing -Runoff caused dissolved elements to enter the ocean.

Which of the following ideas support our current scientific understanding of the development of life on Earth? Select all that apply - Early organisms evolved into more complex organisms over geologic time. - The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. - The most primitive life on Earth needed sunlight to metabolize food. - As life evolved it significantly changed Earth's environment. - Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen.

-Early organisms evolved into more complex organisms over geologic time. - The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided favorable conditions for life to develop. - Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen. -as life evolved it significantly changed earth's environment

The oceans cover approximately ________ percent of the Earth's surface.

70

The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was __________.

James Cook

Who left Spain in September 1519 and became the first person to complete a circumnavigation of the globe when he returned to Spain three years later? Juan Sebastian del Caño Ferdinand Magellan Vasco Nunez de Balboa Giovanni Caboto Vasco da Gama

Juan Sebastian del Cano

Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle? Asthenosphere Inner core Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core

Lithosphere

Which of the following represents Earth's plates that are involved in plate tectonic motion? - Asthenosphere - Inner core - Lithosphere

Lithosphere

How did the view of the ocean by early Mediterranean cultures influence the naming of planet Earth? - Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of large land masses surrounded by large bodies of water. - Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of small land masses surrounded by marginal bodies of water. - Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of large land masses surrounded by marginal bodies of water. - Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of small land masses surrounded by large bodies of water.

Mediterranean cultures believed Earth was composed of large land masses surrounded by marginal bodies of water

What does NOAA stand for? - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association - National Oceanic and Atlas Administration - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

What are the major steps involved in the process of science? Symposia, testing, hypothesis, and theory Observation, hypothesis, testing, and theory Observation, hypothesis, testing, and truth

Observation, hypothesis, testing, and theory

________ are events and phenomena that we can detect with our senses. Guesses Theories Laws Observations Hypothesis

Observations

In which period did the first fishes appear? Silurian Ordovician Devonian

Ordovician

Which layer of the Earth is composed of a liquid? Lithosphere Mesosphere Outer core Asthenosphere Inner core

Outer core

The first recorded circumnavigation of Africa was made by the ________.

Phoenicians

Which of the following was true about the Protoearth? Protoearth's size was smaller than today's Earth. Protoearth had one large ocean. Protoearth had early primitive life forms. Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous.

Protoearth's deep structure was homogeneous.

The method of determining latitude in the Northern Hemisphere by measuring the angle between an observer's line of site to the North Star and line of site to the northern horizon was developed by: Seneca. Herodotus. Pytheas. Ptolemy. Eratosthenes.

Pytheas.

Prior to 1768, which of the following claimed the most human lives at sea? Gunfire Contagious disease Shipwreck Scurvy

Scurvy

Which statement best describes the origin of Earth's oceans? - The Earth's oceans were created from nearly equal parts outgassing of the interior and icy comets colliding with Earth. - Earth's oceans were outgassed exclusively from the interior of the planet during early formation. - The vast majority of the water that fills our oceans was derived from comets. -The water that fills our oceans was mostly derived from outgassing, with a minor component coming from ice comets.

The water that fills our oceans was mostly derived from outgassing, with a minor component coming from ice comets.

Which of the following would best describe the principal goal of science? Select only one answer. - To explain why the world and the laws of nature exist - To develop theories that help scientists determine the truth - To explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena

To explain the causes and effects of observable natural phenomena

MATCHING: A: (initial, early, present) During the _____ phase, the atmosphere was composed of leftover gases from the nebula During the ____ phase, the atmosphere was composed of mostly water vapor (steam), small amounts of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and other gases During the ____ phase, the atmosphere was composed of increased amounts of atmospheric oxygen, which casued the ozone concentration in the stratosphere to increase

initial early present

The nebular hypothesis suggests that ________. - the Moon is derived from a protoplanet - galaxies such as the Milky Way form independent of one another - all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud - the Earth was formed by a cosmic explosion, a "big bang"

all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous gas cloud

Which layer of the Earth behaves in a plastic manner? - outer core - asthenosphere - crust - lithosphere

asthenosphere

According to the fossil record on Earth, the earliest-known life-forms were primitive ________. - plants - shells - reptiles - bacteria

bacteria

Evidence suggests that the Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about five ________ years ago. - trillion - thousand - billion

billion

One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen: - is necessary for photosynthesis to occur. - was very abundant in Earth's early atmosphere. - combines with iron in volcanic rocks. - can form ozone and block some UV radiation.

can form ozone and block some UV radiation.

The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the: - initial collection of materials and their position in Earth - decrease in temperature downward toward the core - gravitational force created by the rotating Earth. - differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth.

Based on physical properties, Earth consists of ________ layers

five

The study of the structure of the sea floor and how the sea floor has changed through time is an example of ________ oceanography. - geological - archaeological - physical - chemical - biological

geological

A cometary model of the formation of Earth's ocean must include the chemical difference between the ________ in comet ice and that in Earth's water. nitrogen carbon oxygen hydrogen

hydrogen

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a(n) ________.

hypothesis

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to ________. - release of liquid water from the core - comets from outer space - water-bearing minerals found in meteorites - water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

Stanley Miller's famous experiment demonstrated that __________. -all the required factors have been identified for the production of living organisms - living organisms can be produced by lightning strikes - organic molecules could be produced from the mixture of gases comprising Earth's early atmosphere - the earliest organisms lived in volcanoes

organic molecules could be produced from the mixture of gases comprising Earth's early atmosphere

Which of the following was not abundant in the early atmosphere? - oxygen - water vapor (steam) - carbon dioxide - hydrogen

oxygen

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the: - pacific ocean - arctic ocean - indian ocean - atlantic ocean

pacific

The oldest fossilized remains of organisms are primitive ________ bacteria recovered from rocks formed on the sea floor about 3.5 billion years ago. heterotrophic streptococcus photosynthetic chemosynthetic

photosynthetic

The study of the transmission of light and sound in the oceans is an example of ________ oceanography. - archaeological - geological - biological - physical - chemical

physical

Our world ocean can be divided into four principal oceans plus an additional ocean, based on the ________ of the ocean basins and the ________ of the continents. - size; shape - shape; position - position; latitude

shape; position

Radioactive materials can sometimes be used to determine the:

ages of rocks

MATCHING: (a) Pacific islanders, (b) Phoenicians, (c) greeks, (d) arabs, (e) vikings, (f) Christopher Columbus, and (g) Captain James Cook 1. _________ were some of the first navigators; they used stick charts to navigate the sea. 2. _________ were the first humans from the Western Hemisphere to develop the art of navigation. 3. _________ used the polar North Star to determine latitude (distance from the equator). 4. _________ were the dominant navigators of the Mediterranean Sea in the Middle Ages. 5. _________ possessed excellent ships and good navigation skills to actively explore the Atlantic Ocean in the late 10th century. 6. _________ was an Italian navigator who made a total of four trips across the Atlantic. He was erroneously credited with discovering North America. 7. _________ was an English navigator who determined the outline of the Pacific Ocean and was the first person known to cross the Antarctic Circle.

1. a 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. e 6. f 7. g

Oxygen comprises about ________ percent of the Earth's present atmosphere. - 40 -60 - 20

20

The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately ________. 11,022 meters (36,161 feet) 840 meters (2,756 feet) 2,172 meters (7,126 feet) 5,280 meters (17,323 feet) 3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

A. Rank the four principle oceans from smallest to largest, in terms of size. B. Which of the following statements about the average depths of the four principle oceans is correct? C. Which of the following statements comparing ocean to land is correct?

A. arctic, indian, atlantic, pacific B. The average depths of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans are very similar, while the depth of the Arctic Ocean is much shallower than the other three. C. The Pacific Ocean covers more of Earth's surface than all the land combined.

Which of the following statements about the Pacific Ocean is TRUE? - The Pacific Ocean covers more than two-thirds of the ocean surface area on Earth. - The Pacific Ocean is about three times larger than the next largest ocean. - The Pacific Ocean spans more than one-half of Earth's entire surface. - The Pacific Ocean is the second largest geographic feature on the planet. - All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.

All of the continents could fit into the space occupied by the Pacific Ocean.

The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following? Dinosaurs Land plants Anaerobic bacteria Blue-green algae

Anaerobic bacteria

Consider an interdisciplinary study that is aimed at understanding how ocean currents affect the distribution of coral larvae. What two disciplines of oceanography would the researchers be focused on? Biological and chemical oceanography Biological and physical oceanography Chemical and physical oceanography Chemical and geological oceanography

Biological and physical oceanography

Who of the following is thought to be the first Viking to have seen what is now called Newfoundland? - Erik Thorvaldson - Leif Eriksson - Bjarni Herjolfsson

Bjarni Herjolfsson

Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period? Permian Cambrian Jurassic Devonian

Cambrian

Who is credited with being the first person to accurately determine Earth's circumference? - Pytheas - Eratosthenes - Claudius Ptolemy

Eratosthenes

What is the difference between an ocean and a sea? - Seas are bodies of water that are composed of salt water, but they are enclosed by land and therefore not directly connected to the world ocean. - Seas are larger and deeper bodies of water that are composed of both fresh and salt water, and they are directly connected to the world ocean. - Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of salt water that are somewhat enclosed by land, but they are directly connected to the world ocean. - There is no difference between oceans and seas. - Seas are smaller, shallower, composed of freshwater, and are somewhat enclosed by land.

Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of salt water that are somewhat enclosed by land, but they are directly connected to the world ocean.

What did Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrate? - Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of complex organic molecules, such as proteins and DNA, could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "biotic soup"). - Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of simple organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "prebiotic soup"). - Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated how the water that makes up the oceans and atmosphere could be outgassed from Earth's interior.

Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of simple organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "prebiotic soup").

Based on definition, it is more appropriate to consider which ocean as a sea? The Pacific Ocean The Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean The Arctic Ocean The Antarctic Ocean

The Arctic Ocean

Which of the following is not a sea? The Mediterranean Sea The Adriatic Sea The Red Sea The Black Sea The Yellow Sea

The Yellow Sea

How do the physical properties of the asthenosphere differ from the lithosphere? - The athenosphere is a brittle, solid region. The lithosphere is a plastic or malleable rock layer that is capable of flow. - The athenosphere is a plastic or malleable region of Earth's interior, whereas the lithosphere is a liquified rock layer. Both are capable of flow. - The athenosphere is plastic or malleable and capable of slow flow. The lithosphere is a brittle and rigid solid region comprised mostly of basalt and granite.

The athenosphere is plastic or malleable and capable of slow flow. The lithosphere is a brittle and rigid solid region comprised mostly of basalt and granite.

How are the materials that make up Earth's interior stratified in relation to their densities? - The highest-density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, whereas lower-density materials are located closer to Earth's surface. - The materials are homogenous throughout Earth's interior. - The highest-density materials make up the ocean floor, and the lowest-density materials make up the mountains.

The highest-density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, whereas lower-density materials are located closer to Earth's surface.

According to the geological time scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest? - Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles - Trilobites and amphibians, dinosaurs and birds, insects and dinosaurs, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles - Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles - Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, humans and reptiles, flowering plants and fishes

Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles

What is scurvy? Vitamin E deficiency Vitamin C deficiency Vitamin B deficiency Vitamin A deficiency

Vitamin C deficeincy

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation? Select only one answer. - Waves lose little energy as they travel across the ocean. - Waves transfer wind energy from the surface to deeper water. - Waves are usually caused by a distant storm. - Waves are the result of a disturbance (release of energy) somewhere in the ocean. - Waves approach the beach at an angle.

Waves approach the beach at an angle.

MATCHING A: Earth has three compositionally distinct layers—the crust, mantle, and core. The core has separate inner and outer sections that are physically different. For the following physical and compositional properties, sort each item into the bins for the layer of Earth that they best characterize. -1: is Earth's stiff rigid rocky shell -2: part of this layer has a relatively homogenous composition, while the other part is less uniform in composition -3: contains rock rich in magnesium and iron -4: contains a weak layer below the lithosphere -5: contains iron and nickel -6: contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer Crust (a), Mantle(b) and Core(c)

a: 1 & 2 b: 3 & 4 c: 5 & 6

An organism's response to environmental changes are called ________. natural selection adaptations mutations evolution species

adaptations

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called: - natural selection - evolution - adaption - descent with modification

natural selection

The Kuiper Belt is located beyond the orbit of which planet? - mars - neptune - saturn - jupiter

neptune

The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's ________. - atmosphere - lithosphere - oceans - meteorites - mantle

oceans

Which ocean is actually a part of three other oceans? - the arctic ocean - the atlantic ocean - the indian ocean - the southern ocean

the southern ocean

Plate tectonics and evolution, which are held with a high degree of confidence because of rigorous testing and verification, are examples of: - guesses - theories - hypotheses - laws

theories

Based on chemical composition, Earth consists of ________ layers - two - five - three

three

Most of the explorations by northern and western Europeans during the Middle (Dark) Ages were undertaken by: - italy - spain - vikings of Scandinavia

vikings of Scandinavia