OCE1001 FSU Ch.16

What has analysis of ice cores revealed about atmospheric greenhouse gas levels during the historic period? Greenhouse gases have steadily risen for the past 850,000 years. Greenhouse gas levels have remained at roughly the same levels for the past 200 years. Greenhouse gases are more concentrated in polar regions than they are in the tropics. A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution. A sudden decline in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.

A sudden rise in greenhouse gas levels coincides with the start of the Industrial Revolution.

Which of the following is not a consequence of global warming? shifts in the world-wide distribution of plant and animal communities increasing hurricane intensity droughts in prime agricultural areas melting of glacial ice All the above are consequences of global warming.

All the above are consequences of global warming.

By how much has the pH of the ocean changed since the Industrial Revolution? - 0.05 pH units - 0.1 pH unit - 0.2 pH units + 0.2 pH units + 0.1 pH unit

- 0.1 pH unit

Over the past 30 years, Earth's average surface temperature has risen by: 0.1°C. 0.6°C. 2.0°C. 2.6°C. 4.0°C.

0.6°C.

According to the data shown in the SmartFigure, what is the natural range of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration over the past 800,000 years? 0-800 parts per million (ppm) 0-180 parts per million (ppm) 180-280 parts per million (ppm) 180-400 parts per million (ppm) 350-750 parts per million (ppm)

180-280 parts per million (ppm)

How much are global surface temperature expected to increase by the year 2100 if countries come together to use both technology and general environmental controls to decrease emissions? 2.5°C 3°C 2°C 1.5°C 1°C

1°C

How much are global surface temperature expected to increase by the year 2100 if humans replace much of today's fossil fuel combustion by new and more efficient technologies? 3.5°C 2.5°C 4°C 2°C 3°C

2.5°C

In 2015 President Obama's White House set a formal goal of reducing US greenhouse gas emissions by 26-28% below 2005 levels by ________. 2025 2035 2020 2030 2040

2025

What was the concentration of carbon dioxide, in parts per million (ppm), in the pre-industrial period? 0 280 280,000 700 270

280

Satellite data show that the rate of global sea level rise since 1993 is on average about: 0.3 feet/year. 0.006 kilometers/year. 0.5 inches/year. 0.3 meters/year. 3 millimeters/year.

3 millimeters/year.

According to the data shown in the SmartFigure, what is the natural range of atmospheric methane concentration over the past 800,000 years? 350-750 parts per million (ppm) 0-800 parts per billion (ppb) 180-280 parts per million (ppm) 350-1825 parts per billion (ppb) 350-750 parts per billion (ppb)

350-750 parts per billion (ppb)

Approximately what percentage of incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the oceans and continents? 23% 30% 35% 47% 75%

47%

How much are global surface temperature expected to increase by the year 2100 if humans follow a "business-as-usual" scenario? 2°C 3.5°C 2.5°C 4°C 3°C

4°C

Which of the following is not part of Earth's climate system? Exosphere Geosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere Atmosphere

Exosphere

How might global warming affect cities that rely on glacial runoff for their water supply? Cities may face short-term water shortages but will have long-term water surpluses. Cities will likely be unaffected as global warming affects melting only along the leading edge of the glacier. Cities will likely be unaffected as increased runoff will form natural lakes where glaciers used to be. Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink. Cities may face long-term water surpluses as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will continue to increase as temperatures rise.

Cities may face long-term water shortages as the amount of water generated by glacial melt will decline as glaciers shrink.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has issued which of the following statements? The temperature increases observed since the mid-20th century are very likely due to natural causes. Recent regional climate changes have not yet affected physical systems on Earth. Human climate alterations have not yet produced significant impacts on biological systems. Climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account. Ocean acidification is not a problem because the ocean does not absorb carbon dioxide gas.

Climate change models can mimic present-day conditions only if human emissions are taken into account.

Increased ocean acidity due to the burning of fossil fuels doesn't harm which of the following organisms? Foraminifers Sea urchins Corals Pteropods Diatoms

Diatoms

Which of the following human-generated gases makes the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect? Carbon dioxide (CO2) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Water vapor

Carbon dioxide (CO2)

Which of the following ocean changes are predicted to result from increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Choose all that apply. an increase in sea surface temperature development of a stronger thermocline migration of marine organisms into deeper waters and toward the poles greater amounts of dissolved oxygen in seawater an increase in the pH of the oceans

an increase in sea surface temperature development of a stronger thermocline migration of marine organisms into deeper waters and toward the poles

Which of Earth's spheres are humans a part of? geosphere atmosphere hydrosphere cryosphere biosphere

biosphere

Combustion of fossil fuels results in a transfer of carbon from the ____________. cryosphere to the geosphere biosphere to the hydrosphere biosphere to the atmosphere cryosphere to the hydrosphere

biosphere to the atmosphere

The current level of atmospheric ________ recently surpassed 400 parts per million. carbon dioxide chlorofluorocarbons methane nitrous oxide water vapor

carbon dioxide

Which greenhouse gas is currently contributing the most to increasing the greenhouse effect? carbon dioxide nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons methane tropospheric ozone

carbon dioxide

Of the following natural factors, which have caused past climate changes on Earth? Choose all that apply. changes in solar energy variations in Earth's orbit volcanic eruptions burning of fossil fuels

changes in solar energy variations in Earth's orbit volcanic eruptions

Which of the following is not an effect of climate change in the oceans? increasing ocean temperatures changes in deep-water circulation melting of polar ice decreasing ocean acidity increasing hurricane intensity

decreasing ocean acidity

Variations in Earth's orbit that influence long-term climate changes include ________. the shape of Earth's orbit (eccentricity) eccentricity, obliquity and precession the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation (obliquity) the wobbling of Earth's axis of rotation (precession)

eccentricity, obliquity and precession

Which of Earth's spheres make up the climate system? Choose all that apply. geosphere hydrosphere cryosphere atmosphere biosphere

geosphere hydrosphere cryosphere atmosphere biosphere

Which of the following are examples of positive climate feedback loops? Choose all that apply. heat uptake by the oceans the shading effect from air pollution the presence of fine atmospheric particles called aerosols the addition of water vapor into the atmosphere

heat uptake by the oceans the addition of water vapor into the atmosphere

Climate models and observations to date indicate that the oceans will warm the most in _________. equatorial waters high-latitude areas mid-latitude areas the deep ocean all areas equally

high-latitude areas

Which of the following are useful as proxy data for understanding past climate changes? Choose all that apply. historical documents fossil pollen predictions of when the next large volcanic eruptions could occur sea floor sediments annual layers of snow packed in glacial ice tree-growth rings

historical documents fossil pollen sea floor sediments annual layers of snow packed in glacial ice tree-growth rings

Shortwave sunlight passes through Earth's atmosphere, where it strikes the surface and is converted into longer-wavelength ________ radiation. cosmic infrared microwave visible ultraviolet

infrared

The concentration of which greenhouse gas is currently increasing at the fastest rate? carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons tropospheric ozone

methane

Which of the organisms below are directly affected by ocean acidity? Choose all that apply. mollusks corals coccolithophores pteropods sea urchins

mollusks corals coccolithophores pteropods sea urchins

An increase in cloud cover and a corresponding decrease in absorption of solar radiation is an example of a ________. negative-feedback loop irreversible feedback loop reversible feedback loop positive-feedback loop neutral feedback loop

negative-feedback loop

An increase in cloud cover due to higher moisture content in the atmosphere is an example of a ________. neutral feedback loop irreversible feedback loop positive-feedback loop reversible feedback loop negative-feedback loop

negative-feedback loop

Which greenhouse gases have natural sources as well as human-caused sources? Choose all that apply. nitrous oxide methane carbon dioxide tropospheric ozone chlorofluorocarbons

nitrous oxide methane carbon dioxide

Currently, about ________ of the carbon dioxide humankind releases into the atmosphere enters the oceans. half one-fourths two-thirds three-fourths one-third

one-third

Using proxy data, scientists have compiled a detailed record of Earth's climate over the recent geologic past. This science is called _________. paleoclimatology paleoceanography palynology paleontology paleometeorology

paleoclimatology

Studies indicate that acidification of the ocean by the absorption of carbon dioxide is harmful to virtually all marine life and ecosystems. The group most vulnerable to both warming and acidification would be the _________. benthic crustaceans pelagic fishes reef corals and other calcareous organisms krill and other zooplankton marine mammals

reef corals and other calcareous organisms

Burning of fossil fuels is chemically similar to: autotrophic processes. respiration. chemosynthesis. metabolism. photosynthesis.

respiration

What is the primary driver of Earth's climate? atmospheric gases humans surface reflectivity ocean circulation solar radiation

solar radiation

The ocean's "biological pump" _________. brings oxygen from the deep ocean to the photic zone through upwelling, where it is then taken up by animals takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep-ocean water and sea floor sediments is an area of downwelling in the far north Atlantic where carbon dioxide is carried down to the deep-water current system is the ocean's natural system for replenishing nutrients such as iron in the surface layer transports marine organisms worldwide by means of "conveyer belt" current circulation

takes carbon from the photic zone and stores it in deep-ocean water and sea floor sediments

What natural cause of climate change is most similar to the major anthropogenic source? variations in Earth's orbit volcanic eruptions fossil fuel emissions movement of tectonic plates changes in solar radiation

volcanic eruptions

Which of the following statements is/are an example of a negative feedback loop? Choose all that apply. warming temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to cooling warming temperatures leading to increased cloudiness and leading to cooling cooling temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to warming warming temperatures leading to increased cloudiness and leading to additional warming warming temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to additional warming

warming temperatures leading to increased cloudiness and leading to cooling cooling temperatures leading to decreased cloudiness and leading to warming

Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect and global warming are true? Choose all that apply. Global warming will result in more prolonged droughts in some regions. Global warming will result in more rainfall in some regions. Global warming will result in more intense tropical storms. Eliminating all human-induced greenhouse gas emissions will stop further global warming immediately. Global warming will reduce sea level due to increased evaporation. The greenhouse effect began about 200 years ago as a result of human-related activities.

Global warming will result in more prolonged droughts in some regions. Global warming will result in more rainfall in some regions. Global warming will result in more intense tropical storms.

What is the cause of the recent spikes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane concentrations? onset of the interglacial period variations in solar radiation Medieval Warm Period variations in Earth's orbit Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution

What evidence is there that the O'Higgins Glacier is being affected by global warming? It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of a dramatic decrease in snowfall at the source of the glacier. It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because of increased snow pack at extremely high elevations. It has grown nine miles in the past 100 years because warmer temperatures have caused melting along the edge of the glacier, allowing it to move more quickly. There is no evidence that the changes of O'Higgins are being affected by global warming. It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting.

It has retreated nine miles in the past 100 years because of melting.

An international agreement to voluntarily limit greenhouse gas emissions is called the: Coriolis Protocol. IPCC. United Nations Environmental Programme. Kyoto Protocol. Keating Conference.

Kyoto Protocol.

Periodic variations in Earth's orbit that can cause natural climate changes are called _________. geospatial periodicity Bouma cycles Milankovitch cycles Wilson cycles Mohorovicíc cycles

Milankovitch cycles

Which organisms are most sensitive to ocean acidity, and why? Organisms with no hard parts, because soft tissues dissolve in acidic seawater. Organisms with hard parts composed of calcium carbonate, because calcium carbonate dissolves in acidic seawater. Organisms with hard parts composed of silica, because silica dissolves in acidic seawater. Organisms with swim bladders, because swim bladders do not function in acidic seawater. Planktonic organisms, because they live in the surface ocean, where the water is more acidic.

Organisms with hard parts composed of calcium carbonate, because calcium carbonate dissolves in acidic seawater.

Which of the following statements about the iron hypothesis are true? Choose all that apply. Plankton must die and sink to the sea floor for this to reduce global warming. Iron is a limiting nutrient in some regions of the ocean. Phytoplankton populations declined when iron was added to the ocean. Adding iron to the ocean removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Adding iron to the ocean might cause an ecological disaster in the ocean.

Plankton must die and sink to the sea floor for this to reduce global warming. Iron is a limiting nutrient in some regions of the ocean. Adding iron to the ocean removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Adding iron to the ocean might cause an ecological disaster in the ocean.

What is causing a decline in Antarctica's Chinstrap penguins? An increase in the leopard seal population, who feed on the penguins, Has impacted the penguin population. Unregulated hunting in the waters off Antarctica has decimated the population of these penguins. The Chinstrap penguins are not able to migrate back to breeding grounds in Antarctica by way of sea ice because the ice is disappearing. Warmer temperatures have allowed diseases to spread through the Chinstrap population. Populations of the penguin's major food source are declining because of melting sea ice.

Populations of the penguin's major food source are declining because of melting sea ice.

Which of the following statements regarding Earth's natural climate variations is/are correct? Choose all that apply. Recent spikes in carbon dioxide and methane are not a part of Earth's natural climate cycle. When carbon dioxide concentrations are higher, methane concentrations are higher. When methane concentrations are higher, temperatures are lower. When carbon dioxide concentrations are higher, temperatures are lower. Natural variations include the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age.

Recent spikes in carbon dioxide and methane are not a part of Earth's natural climate cycle. When carbon dioxide concentrations are higher, methane concentrations are higher. Natural variations include the Medieval Warm Period and the Little Ice Age.

Which of the following is the only viable explanation for the documented and observable recent climate changes, including the increased average temperature of Earth's surface? Changes in the Sun's brightness Reversed magnetic polarity Release of human-caused emissions Variations in Earth's orbit Major volcanic eruptions

Release of human-caused emissions

Which of the following is a natural factor that doesn't affect Earth's climate? Volcanic eruptions Variations in Earth's orbit Reversed magnetic polarity Changes in solar energy Tectonic plate movement

Reversed magnetic polarity

What impact would rising sea levels have on human migration? Rising sea levels would have minimal effect as sea walls are easily to build. There would be a movement of people from inland locations to the coasts. Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas. Rising sea levels would have virtually no effect as most of the world's population lives in inland locations. Large-scale migrations would occur from countries in the mid-latitudes to countries in the tropics.

Rising sea levels would cause enormous migration as people move inland away from affected areas.

How do snow and ice on the surface of Earth affect Earth's climate? Melting snow and ice add carbon to the atmosphere, thereby affecting the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Snow and ice absorb a large percentage of incoming solar radiation. Snow and ice reflect incoming solar radiation. Snow and ice affect the severity of volcanic eruptions, thereby changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Snow and ice formation removes carbon from the atmosphere, thereby affecting the chemical composition of the atmosphere.

Snow and ice reflect incoming solar radiation.

Circulation in which of the following oceans is particularly sensitive to changes in its deep-water circulation pattern that dramatically and abruptly affect climate? The South Atlantic Ocean The North Atlantic Ocean The Southern Ocean The North Pacific Ocean The South Pacific Ocean

The North Atlantic Ocean

Which of the following is the key to understanding how the greenhouse effect works? The ocean readily absorbs carbon dioxide gas The difference between surface waters and deep waters How plants produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water? The change of wavelengths from visible to infrared How currents are created in the oceans?

The change of wavelengths from visible to infrared

The world's oceans play a role in reducing global warming by: increasing oceanic primary productivity. removing CO2 and sequestering CO2 above the thermocline. moving carbon dioxide and nutrients from the deep ocean to the surface ocean. trapping CO2 in sea ice. absorbing surplus heat energy.

absorbing surplus heat energy.

What is the result of a negative feedback loop? Choose all that apply. warms the climate even more after an initial warming cools the climate even more after an initial cooling acts to keep the climate steady and balance it against change warms the climate after an initial cooling cools the climate after an initial warming

acts to keep the climate steady and balance it against change warms the climate after an initial cooling cools the climate after an initial warming

Global engineering (geoengineering) proposals to reduce Earth's greenhouse effect include which of the following? Choose all that apply. releasing gas-eating bacteria into the atmosphere to reduce heat-trapping gases adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump creating man-made glaciers in tropical areas to increase the solar radiation reflected back into space. reflecting solar radiation back into space using man-made devices. spraying aerosols into the atmosphere to promote the formation of clouds

adding nutrients to the ocean to accelerate the biological pump reflecting solar radiation back into space using man-made devices.

Where did the carbon dioxide and methane data in the SmartFigure come from? oxygen isotopes from diatoms oxygen isotopes measurements of foraminifera shells pollen preserved in ice cores from Greenland tree rings air bubbles in ice cores from Antarctica

air bubbles in ice cores from Antarctica

Which of the following statements is/are an example of a positive feedback loop? Choose all that apply. warming temperatures leading to increased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to additional warming cooling temperatures leading to decreased evaporation rates, leading to less water vapor in the atmosphere and further cooling warming temperatures leading to decreased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to cooling warming temperatures leading to decreased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to additional warming warming temperatures leading to increased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to cooling

warming temperatures leading to increased water vapor in the atmosphere and leading to additional warming cooling temperatures leading to decreased evaporation rates, leading to less water vapor in the atmosphere and further cooling

What is the result of a positive feedback loop? Choose all that apply. warms the climate even more after an initial warming cools the climate after an initial warming warms the climate after an initial cooling cools the climate even more after an initial cooling acts to keep the climate steady and balance it against change

warms the climate even more after an initial warming cools the climate even more after an initial cooling

The atmospheric component that naturally contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is: carbon dioxide. ozone. nitrous oxide. methane. water vapor.

water vapor

Which greenhouse gas is the most powerful in terms of how heat is absorbed by one molecule of the gas? methane tropospheric ozone CFC-12 carbon dioxide nitrous oxide

CFC-12

Which reaction below correctly illustrates why the ocean is becoming more acidic? CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3- H+ + HCO3- = H2CO3 = CH4 + H2O N2O+ H2O = H2NO3 = H+ + HNO3- CH4 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3- H+ + HCO3- = H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3-

Which of the following statements regarding the role of clouds in Earth's climate is/are correct? Choose all that apply. The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping less heat, making it cooler. The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting more sunlight, making it cooler. The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping more heat, making it warmer. The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting less sunlight, making it warmer. Clouds reflect incoming sunlight, so they are always a negative feedback to climate.

The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping less heat, making it cooler. The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting more sunlight, making it cooler. The increase in clouds in a warming climate acts as a positive feedback by trapping more heat, making it warmer. The decrease in clouds in a cooling climate acts as a negative feedback by reflecting less sunlight, making it warmer.

Which of the following statements correctly identify a mechanism by which two spheres interact? Choose all that apply. The geosphere and atmosphere interact through the activity of marine organisms. The geosphere and atmosphere interact through volcanic eruptions. The cryosphere and atmosphere interact through forest fires. The hydrosphere and atmosphere interact through evaporation and precipitation. The biosphere and atmosphere interact through forest fires.

The geosphere and atmosphere interact through volcanic eruptions. The hydrosphere and atmosphere interact through evaporation and precipitation. The biosphere and atmosphere interact through forest fires.

What is causing the oceans to become more acidic? There has been a 30% increase in undersea volcanic eruptions, releasing more carbon dioxide into the oceans. The oceans have absorbed about 30% of the methane released by humans into the atmosphere. The oceans have absorbed about 30% of the carbon dioxide released by humans into the atmosphere. There has been a 30% increase in acid rain, which is adding acidic water to the oceans. There has been a 30% increase in acid mine drainage discharging into the ocean.

The oceans have absorbed about 30% of the carbon dioxide released by humans into the atmosphere.

Which of the following is considered paleoclimatological proxy data? Present day coral bleaching Trapped air bubbles in glacial ice Variations in Earth's orbit Reversed magnetic polarity Air samples collected in Hawaii

Trapped air bubbles in glacial ice