Ocean systems Chapter 1, Ocean systems Chapter 16, 17, 18., Oceans Section III, Oceans chapter 5, 6, 7, Oceans Section 2 set
T/F: Just considering the temperature of the Troposphere: In the absence of the greenhouse effect, life as we know it would not exist.
True Yes, there would be no liquid water.
A community operating on the smallest possible scale is a _____.
microecosystem
During the last ice age, the continental shelf off of the eastern US was ______________.
much narrower -- With sea-level lower, what is now shelf was part of the emergent continent.
Oil in the oceans comes naturally from what feature?
oil seeps
Continental margins are
seaward extensions of the adjacent continent and are usually underlain by continental crust (granite).
What is the continental margin and what does it consist of?
the relatively shallow ocean floor nearest the shore, consists of the continental shelf and the continental slope.
T/F: Although we continue to produce increasing amounts of plastics each year, recycling efforts are catching up so that the amount that enters the environment as pollution is now decreasing yearly.
False
T/F: Sound is not a type of pollutant in the marine environment
False
The scientific method is used to find irrefutable, absolute truth in nature.
False
The above picture represents the __________. This is one of the marine environments that we discussed.
Hydrothermal vent community (black smoker)
Turbidites Are Deposited on the Seabed by what?
Turbidity currents
foraminiferan
One of a group of planktonic amoeba-like animals with a calcareous shell, which contributes to biogenous sediments.
radiolarian
One of a group of usually planktonic amoeba-like animals with a siliceous shell, which contributes to biogenous sediments.
Planets that contain methane exist outside of our solar system.
false
What development extended the coast of southwestern Florida?
growth of mangrove forests (12.5)
What type of chemical used in pesticides is an ocean pollutant?
halogenated hydrocarbon
Heat energy is transported across Earth's surface by?
heat energy is transported from low latitudes to high latitudes via atmospheric circulation and oceanic currents. -See the discussion of movement of water vapor from the tropics to the poles on pg. 185 in the textbook.
The following type of pollution is best described as having high toxicity, low quantity and high persistence:
heavy metals
The following type of marine pollution is characterized by biomagnification, so that the concentrations of the pollutant in individuals high on the trophic pyramid are much higher than concentrations in sea water.
heavy metals and synthetic organics
Nucleic acids, such as DNA, are responsible for what biological factor?
heredity of traits
Sea surface water temperatures decrease with
increasing latitude. (fig 6.14 and 6.15)
What happens to pH levels in regions where there is more carbon dioxide present?
pH levels decrease (carbon dioxide levels affect pH 7.4)
plankton
plankton are an artificial biological category - not based on evolutionary relationships but instead on their shared lifestyle. Plankton are characterized by organisms that float (or weakly swim) with the waves and currents.
Some kinds of _____ will not biodegrade for hundreds of years.
plastic
active margins coincide with_________?
plate boundaries
A _____________ causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with the biochemical processes of an organism. About three quarters of the pollution entering the ocean comes from human activities on land.
pollutant
What are some prominent features of the deep-ocean basins?
rugged oceanic ridges, flat abyssal plains, occasional deep trenches and curving chains of volcanic islands.
Which of the following is *not* required for evolution?
two offspring for each mating pair
Meroplankton
zooplankton that spend part of their lives in the plankton community -usually during their juvenile stage. A lot of benthic organisms (organisms that live on the sea floor) start out as meroplankton - creatures like clams and sea stars. Many fish eggs also begin as meroplankton.
Continental slopes
%of Ocean Area - 6% % of Total Volume of Marine Sediments - 41% Avg. Thickness - 9km (5.6 mi)
Deep - Ocean Floor
%of Ocean Area - 78% % of Total Volume of Marine Sediments - 13% Avg. Thickness - 0.6 km (0.4 mi)
Refer to figure 11.15; How many amphidromic points are observed in the Pacific Ocean?
4 (garrison says 5)
What is the average temperature of the ocean?
4 degrees celcius
The Earth's atmosphere is composed of mainly Nitrogen and Oxygen gas. It also contains as much as ___________ water vapor.
4% (The atmosphere is nearly homogenous in its composition across the troposphere. A dry atmosphere is composed of Nitrogen (78.1%) and Oxygen (20.9%). Many other compounds make up the remaining 1% including argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, etc. Air is generally never completely dry - water vapor can occupy as much as 4% of the volume. )
The dissolved nitrogen gas of average is ________________ in comparison with other dissolved gases.
48%
the standard pH level for sea water is
7.8-8.3
How much of the Earth's surface is covered in water?
71%
What percent of the total volume of all marine sediment is associated with continental slopes and rises, which constitute only about 12% of the ocean's area.
72%
What is the average water temperature in the vicinity of most hydrothermal vents
8-16 degrees C (or 46-61 degrees F)
What is a gyre?
A gyre is circular flow of water around the periphery of an ocean basin (9.2)
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a site where:
Abundant rainfall occurs Earth's tropical rain forests are located. Winds from the two Hadley cells converge.
___________ is the most commonly harvested type of fish.
Anchoveta Anchovies were the most commonly harvested fish in 2008, with 7.4 million tons harvested.
What are the two kinds of plate divergences?
Divergent oceanic crust - Mid Atlantic Divergent continental crust - Rift Valley of East Africa
two plates move apart from each other
Divergent plate boundaries
Typical plate boundaries are
Divergent, convergent, and transform
T/F: The Deep Zone is characterized by increasing temperature as a function of depth.
F - The Deep zone is a zone of the ocean below the pycnocline, in which there is little additional change of density with increasing depth; contains about 80% of the world's water.
What is the "tragedy" in Hardin's "The Tragedy of the Commons?"
Humanity will tend to overstress resources.
A _________ is a steep wave that moves rapidly upstream. It is generated by the action of the tide in a broad opening of a river mouth.
Tidal bore
In the diagram the sandy area southeast of letter F is a(an):
Tombolo
Which of the following does *not* contribute to eustatic (global) change in sea level?
Trade wind and current intensity. -There are five factors that cause sea level to change over time. Three of these factors are responsible for what geologists called eustatic change - change in sea level that can be observed across all the world's oceans. 1. Change in overall glaciation. 2. Change in seafloor spreading rates 3. Global avg. temperature. -The other two factors influence sea level locally (sometimes referred to as relative sea level change) 1. Tectonic activity and isostatic adj. as a coastline. 2. Winds and currents, seiches, storm surges, etc. can force water against the shore or pull it off shore.
Which latitudinal wind belt is this region in?
Trade winds
T/F: Pollution influences entire habitats, especially the most complex and biologically sensitive shallow-water habitats, such as bays and estuaries.
True
Continental margins facing the edges of diverging plates are called
Passive Margins (or Atlantic type margins)
What factor accounts for shadow zones, from which S waves are absent?
S waves cannot pass through the liquid outer core
Most earthquake volcanoes occur at plate boundaries
T
The forces that generates tides actually vary inversely with the cube of the distance
T=G(m1m2/r^3)
What are the four main types of marine sediments?
Terrigenous (from land), biogenous (of biological origin), hydrogenous (formed in place), cosmogenous (from space).
Neritic deposits are deposited near shore on the continental margin. What is the main type of sediment that you would expect to be deposited there?
Terrigenous --- See the discussion of Neritic and Pelagic sediments in chapter 5. You are close to the source of terrigenous sediments ... (land)
Which type of sediment is most abundant?
Terrigenous sediments are most abundant. *The largest terrigenous deposits form near continental margins.*
Habitat is defined as:
The "address" that an organism lives at within a community.
paleomagnetism
The "fossil," or remanent, magnetic field of a rock.
Why is the mid-ocean ridge more obvious in the Atlantic then it is in the Pacific? (Choose all that apply)
The Atlantic's spreading rate is slower, so the ridge is narrower, making it easier to identify. The Pacific's spreading rate is faster, so the ridge is wider, making it harder to identify.
What causes western boundary currents to be faster and deeper than eastern boundary currents?
The Coriolis effect (9.2)
T/F: Renewable resources are naturally replaced by either biological or natural physical processes and are replenished at rates that are shorter than a person's life span.
True
_____ allow more light frequencies to be absorbed in diatoms.
accessory pigments
The process of _____ involves the clumping of small particles into larger masses.
accretion
A protein's structure in a cell can be physically altered by what factor?
salinity
The total quantity (or concentration) of dissolved inorganic solids in water is its ___________.
salinity
Which of the following is *not* a colligative property of a solution?
salinity
What principle states that the processes of geological change today are not greatly different from the processes of change in the past?
uniformitarianism
Convergent margins
vast "continent factories," where materials from the surface descend and are heated, compressed, partially liquefied, separated, mixed with surrounding materials, and recycled to the surface.
Earth and its ocean formed as an indirect result of a supernova explosion.
true
Earth's first fossils are remnants of fairly complex bacteria-like organisms.
true
T/F: Mangroves act as sediment trappers and binders in some coasts.
true
The likeliest source for the generation of a tsunami was an earthquake along a convergent subduction zone to the west of the Island shown on the map.
true
The outgassing of vapors from Earth's interior created the majority of today's ocean.
true
The tsunami spreads out in all directions from its initial starting point.
true
There is a lot of evidence that Mar's used to have liquid water.
true
There is photographic evidence that liquid water once existed on the surface of Mars
true
Water exists on other planets and moons.
true
The inlets between the long linear islands that are just offshore of the Delmarva Peninsula are kept open by tidal currents.
true; The tides keep inlets in bay mouth bars and between barrier islands open.
Seismic Sea Waves are a type of:
tsunami
Mantle Plumes
Ascending columns of superheated mantle originating at the core-mantle boundary.
T/F: The greenhouse effect is a bad thing
False Life as we know it would not exist without it.
The most common symbiotic relationship is:
Parasitism
If the sediments deposited in this example are dominantly biogenous, which description best characterizes the sediments and the crust on which they are deposited?
Relatively thin accumulations on top of basalt.
paleoceanography
The study of the ocean's past.
How are territorial waters defined?
They extend 18.2 km from the shore.
T/F: Electrical Power can be generated from Tidal motion.
True; but not much
DOC is _______________?
Waste organic carbon dissolved in seawater
Which of the following is an example of a hot spot or mantle plume?
Yellowstone Caldera
The Outer Banks of North Carolina are an example of ________________.
a barrier island; Cape Hatteras!!!! (google it, it's beautiful! went camping there as a youngster!)
Guyots
a flat topped submerged volcano, flat because it was once above water and the top was washed away.
Normal seawater is slightly________.
alkaline
How did the Moon form?
another planet collided with the Earth
Satellite remote sensing data can measure surface productivity. What proxy is used in this analysis?
chloraphyl
Of the following, which one can over time facilitate the creation of new species?
geographic barriers
Wavelength
the horizontal difference between two successive crests (or troughs)
The mid-Atlantic ridge is offset by what features?
transform faults
Hydrogenous sediments form through:
Precipitation directly from seawater
How long ago was the Big Bang?
13.7 billion years ago
How much of Earth's surface water is fresh water?
2.5%
transform faults
A plane along which rock masses slide horizontally past one another.
What did the International Whaling Commission do in 1994 to help protect whales?
Banned whaling in 8 million square miles around Antarctica
Sand size sediment range in size from:
Between 62.5 micrometers and 2 millimeters
What has resulted from the increase in size of container ships?
Bigger ships can no longer use the Panama Canal.
Spring tides occur during which two phases of the Moon?
Full moon and New moon
How do holoplankton differ from meroplankton?
Holoplankton spend their whole (holo) lives in the plankton community.
_____ are sub-surface waves.
Internal waves (10.7)
What inorganic nutrient is required for primary production?
Phosphorous
_________ is NOT a type of algae found in modern oceans.
Purpurophyta (purple algae)
hydrothermal vents
a spring of hot mineral and gas rich sea water found on some oceanic ridges in zones of active sea floor spreading
biodiversity
a term used to characterize the variety of organisms (i.e. number of different species) found within a specific habitat.
Breaking occurs when _____.
a wave becomes too high for its wavelength (10.6)
The atoms and basic molecules that compose life are fundamentally different than those of nonliving things.
false
A/An __________ is a substance that releases a hydrogen ion in a solution.
acid
Shells are dissolved by seawater at great depths because it contains more ______________ than seawater near the surface
carbon dioxide
This is opening up continental shelves to oil and gas exploration and providing a new seaway for transporting materials. Polar wildlife, however, is suffering from the change in the environment to which they were adapted.
carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is genterated by the burning of fossil fuels - oil, natural gas, coal, peat...
The prevailing wind direction shown in the diagram is generating:
coastal upwelling
While _____ provides the restoring force for very small waves, _____ provides the restoring force for larger waves.
cohesion (surface tension); gravity (10.2)
Superstorm Sandy was the result of a(n) _____.
collision between a nor'easter and a tropical storm
What type of oil is ultimately biodegradable?
crude
The lithosphere is part of which Earth layer(s)?
crust and the mantle
What type of organism can fix nitrogen into usable chemical forms?
cyanobacteria
Limiting factors quickly ___________.
decrease diversity within a habitat
If global atmospheric temperatures increase by a few degrees Celsius, the Florida Peninsula will:
decrease in size
The ocean floor is divided into
deep ocean basins and continental margins
the _______________ is a relatively dense aggregate of fishes, squid, and other animals that usually migrate up and down in synchrony with daylight
deep scattering layer (DSL)
What was the first echo sounder invented to do?
detect icebergs
In nature, very few populations reproduce at this maximal rate, however, because environmental conditions are rarely ideal and because limiting factors in the environment quickly slow the rate of population growth. The sum of the effects of these limiting factors in the environment is called _______________________.
environmental resistance.
Which zone corresponds with the lighted photic zone?
epipelagic
In our current economic system, prices _____.
do not reflect harmful costs to the environment
Plankton
drift or swim weakly, going where the ocean goes, unable to move consistently against waves or currents. Some, however can move vertically.
Chesapeake Bay is the body of water to the west of the Delmarva Peninsula. What type of estuary is it?
drowned river valley
In the diagram Net deposition is occuring at:
e, Wave refraction is discussed in chapter 10 on p. 313-314. It is occurring on Fig. 12.6, 12.16, 12.17, & 12.18. The most direct discussion is in the power point associated with the lesson on chapter 12. You may recall that the waves will be highest were the energy is concentrated where erosion occurs, while deposition occurs in the embayments.
What are the sources of the ocean's dissolved solids?
erosion and weathering of ocean basins and the contact of seawater with hot minerals at mid-ocean rifts. (terrestrial weathering and outgassing of the mantle)
James Hutton used what evidence to discount the biblical account of the creation of Earth?
erosion rates of streambeds
What are some of the pieces of evidence Wegener presented to support Continental Drift?
freshwater animal fossils have been found on both sides of the Atlantic and fossil ferns have been found in all of the Southern continents. The mountain belts of North America and Europe are fairly similar. The mapping of the mid-Atlantic Ridge came after Wagener's death.
The main factor in the formation of capillary waves is _____.
friction (10.4)
Evidence of global warming indicates an almost 1°C average temperature rise since 1800. The temperature rise is *least:*
in the oceans and in Antarctica Maps of global climate change (see lesson 18b) show that the heating is greatest on the continents and in high northern latitudes. The Antarctic glacier is keeping high southern latitudes cold. High specific heat keeps the oceans from warming very fast.
Where is most of the Earth's water located
in the rocky interior
The height of the tides __________ with distance from an amphidromic point.
increases
fault
is a fracture in the lithosphere along which movement has occurred
P waves can travel through both
liquids and solids.
The position and proximity of the _______, is the biggest factor causing the tides.
moon
Multicellular algae are best described as _____________?
nonvascular
In general, the amount of carbon 'fixed' in a unit area per unit time; specifically, the number of grams of elemental carbon bound into organic material per square meter per year is known as:
primary productivity
Seaweeds and marine plants are not only diverse but also effective ______________.
primary producers.
all of the surface currents occur in about 10% of the water in the world ocean. Most surface currents move water above the ______________, the zone of maximum density change per unit depth of water.
pynocline
__________ do not move laterally through the water, but appear as alternating crests and troughs in a fixed position.
standing waves
Plankton collection methods depend on the size of the
target organism
The pile of sediments at the end of the glacier is called a _____________.
terminal moraine
Martha's Vineyard near the peninsula of Cape Cod, Massachusetts is composed primarily of?
terminal moraine deposits
In general, the flatter the beach, _____.
the smaller the particle size found there (12.3)
Where g is the acceleration due to gravity - which on Earth is 9.8 meters per second2. Both g and π (pi) are constants, so this equation can be rewritten: C=√(gL/(2n) C= 1.249L√
the speed, C, of deep water waves is dependent only on the *wavelength*, L.
The ITCZ centers on the meteorological equator because _____.
there is more landmass in the Northern Hemisphere (8.4)
Orbits in an orbital wave _____.
transmit wave energy across the ocean surface (10.1)
Ionic bonds are _______________.
Where one ion with a deficit of electrons is attracted to ions with excess electrons.
Where are oceanic ridges widest?
Where they are most active.
What is the fastest-growing energy alternative to oil?
Wind Power
Competition can occur _____________.
between populations or within a single population.
If the picture represents the water column out in the deep Atlantic a few hundred miles from shore, far above the North Atlantic ridge (above the CCD) what dominant type of sediments would you expect to see on the sea floor?
biogenous - The drawing shows some diatoms, no foraminifera, so it might be silicate ooze. More likely there are foraminifera that were not in the picture and coccolithophores that were too small to draw and carbonate ooze is accumulating.
A greater proportion of Deep Sea sediment is of __________?
biogenous origin
_____ is the process by which energy from a chemical reaction is transformed into light energy.
bioluminescence (14.4)
The level of synthetic organic chemicals in seawater is usually very low, but some organisms at higher levels in the food chain can concentrate these toxic substances in their flesh. This form of _________________ is especially hazardous to top carnivores in a food chain.
biomagnification
The level of synthetic organic chemicals in seawater is usually very low, but some organisms at higher levels in the food chain end up with substantial concentrations these toxic substances in their flesh. This form of ______________ is especially hazardous to top carnivores in a food chain.
biomagnification
What is the process by which organisms at higher levels in the food chain concentrate toxic substances in their flesh?
biomagnification
divergent plate boundary
a line along which two plates are moving apart and at which oceanic crust forms. (A region where plates are moving apart and where new ocean or rift valley will eventually form. A spreading center forms the junction.)
Red tides are dangerous (harmful algal blooms) when the phytoplankton that generate them release __________.
a neurotoxin that kills fish and may cause people to get sick as well.
transform fault
a plane along which rock masses slide horizontally past one another
Energy is the ________ .
capacity to do work
which of the following elements is least likely to be a limiting factor in the production of living tissue?
carbon
Which is the most common distribution pattern often seen in small areas where conditions for growth are optimal such as cracks in an intertidal rock?
clumped
In general, the ___________ the sediment particle size, the _____________ the beach slope.
coarser/steeper
Internal waves form between ocean layers that have differences in:
density
Along the Atlantic coast of the Delmarva Peninsula, what type of coast is present?
depositional
Shallow-water wave velocity is a function of_____________. (Note: wave velocity is often abbreviated C, for celerity.)
depth
The separation of pure water from seawater is called:
desalination
Which type of interference destroys or cancels waves?
destructive (10.5)
Which estuary is characterized by little vertical mixing?
fjord estuary (12.6)
Sea Otters and Sea Urchins are found in which community?
kelp forests
Langmuir circulation is caused by _____.
steady winds (9.4)
Cohesion
where multiple molecules of water can stick together.
The ocean's greatest depths occur
where two oceanic plates are converging
Continental margins may be active or passive depending on what?
whether the margin is also a plate boundary
What plays the biggest role in deciding the ultimate fate of a star?
the initial mass of the star
The big industry that you would most expect to find lobbying the US Congress in favor of regulatons on greenhouse gases is:
the insurance industry When disasters occur it is the insurance industry that will go bankrupt.
Why do cyclones in the Northern Hemisphere spin counterclockwise?
the interaction of the large low-pressure system and the Coriolis effect (8.5)
The two types of cyclonic storms?
tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones
How is a free wave different from a forced wave?
A free wave is formed and then propagates across the sea surface without the further influence of the force that formed it. A forced wave is maintained by its disturbing force.
piston corer
A seabed-sampling device capable of punching through up to 25 meters (80 feet) of sediment and returning an intact plug of material.
hydrogenous sediment
A sediment formed directly by precipitation from seawater; also called authigenic sediment.
The colored plots, labeled with Earth's greenhouse gases is a plot of (vertical axis versus horizontal axis):
Absorption vs. Wavelength This is all about which gases absorb which wavelengths of radiation.
Technological advances in robotic control are making what kind of extractions practical?
Abyssal mining
Which of the following are important (together they make up over 95% of) *gasses dissolved* in seawater? (dissolved gasses)
Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon dioxide.
The net direction of longshore drift in this figure is from:
Northwest to Southeast
What is the relationship between population and community?
Populations make up a community
The highest concentration of dissolved gases is found in what type of water mass?
Polar (7.3 garison)
What is the greatest source of oxygen in deep water?
Polar waters that have descended from the surface (O2 is increasing because the deep waters were generated where surface temperatures were very cold and, thus O2 was more soluble and O2 concentrations were high.)
Earth is an oblate spheroid, the depth to the center of Earth is greater at the equator than at the poles.
Radius is greater at the equator than at the poles.
Most famous transform boundary
San Andrea's Fault
In the diagram, the sandy area indicated by B is a(an):
Sand Split
nodule
Solid mass of hydrogenous sediment, most commonly manganese or ferromanganese nodules and phosphorite nodules.
Why can algal blooms be dangerous?
Some dinoflagellate species synthesize toxins. (14.4)
A Northeasterly wind blows towards the _____________.
Southwest; Winds generally are named for the direction that they came from and not the direction they flow towards.
What is special about the coast of Maine on the U.S. Atlantic coast?
The coast of Maine is still experiencing isostatic rebound. (12.7)
The Nile River Delta is an example of what kind of delta?
Wave-dominated delta; Refer to discussion of wave-dominated deltas in the lecture - where I discuss the Nile River delta.
oblique angle
an angle that is not 90 degrees
Tiny particles of an iron-bearing magnetic mineral called magnetite occur naturally in?
Magma
_______ is/are a type of vascular plant found in tropical to subtropical estuaries that binds sediment with its roots.
Mangroves are vascular plants and are found in tropical to subtropical shorelines. Kelp are not vascular plants, but instead multicellular algae found in temperate to subpolar waters.
What occurs in a mass extinction?
Many species die off simultaneously.
The relationship between sea anemones and anemone fish is one of:
Mutualism
Which of the following people developed the Dynamic Theory of Tides?
Pierre-Simon Laplace
Which of the following is not a type of reef defined by Charles Darwin in 1842?
Pinnacle reefs. (Charles Darwin (one of the inventors of the theory of Evolution) described a classification system for reefs in 1842, that is still in use today! He describe *three types of reefs: fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls.* )
What does a hypsometric curve represent?
The percentage of the planet above a certain elevation (or depth).
The Hydrologic Cycle
Water moves from the ocean to the atmosphere, from the atmosphere to the land, and from the land to the ocean and to the atmosphere. it is driven, primarily by solar energy.
A single-celled marine organism is placed in a solution with a salinity of 70‰, what will happen (Hint, what is the average salinity of the ocean?):
it will shrink (13.8 fig 13.22)
Tides are actually ___________ waves.
planet-sized (11.2)
A depression that forms between diverging tectonic plates.
rift valley
What factors cause well-mixed estuaries?
slow-flowing river and high tidal range (12.6)
Population density is defined as:
the number of individuals of a species per unit area (or volume)
How old are the oldest sediments preserved in the Pacific Ocean basin?
180 million years
What is La Niña?
A colder than normal circulation event (9.5)
air mass
A large mass of air with nearly uniform temperature, humidity, and density throughout.
Zooxanthellae are:
A type of dinoflagellate that lives as a symbiont within coral polyps.
Which of the following is not used to prevent erosion of beaches?
Addition of clay.
The "High Seas" are defined by the 1982 United Nation Draft Convention on Law of the Sea as:
All Ocean areas outside the EEZs.
The shapes of the gyres shown in the figure is controlled by:
All of these: Ocean basin configuration due to the distribution of land masses Wind Circulation Patterns The Coriolis Effect Ekman Transport
Tsunami are generated by:
All of these: Earthquakes. Landslides. Asteroid impacts. Volcanic Eruptions.
Which of the following best describes a berm?
An accumulation of sediment that runs parallel to the shore, marks the normal limit of sand deposition due to wave action and, also, the height of the last high tide.
terranes
An isolated segment of seafloor, island arc, plateau, continental crust, or sediment transported by seafloor spreading to a position adjacent to a larger continental mass; usually different in composition from the larger mass.
The four major grain size classes are __________, ________, _________, __________.
Clay, silt, sand, gravel.
An S-shaped population curve develops due to:
Environmental Resistance
What planetary bodies do we think have liquid water today?
Europa, Ganymede, Earth, Enceladus,
T/F: Thermohaline currents are driven entirely by the wind.
False;
What are the units of density?
Mass per unit Volume
Paleomagnetic data that shows symmetrical magnetic stripes on the sea floor are indicative of what phenomena?
Mid-ocean ridges are spreading centers
What factor determines the velocity of a tide?
Ocean depth (11.3)
Where does sediment usually accumulate the thickest packages of material?
On the continental rise.
calcareous ooze
Ooze composed mostly of the hard remains of organisms containing calcium carbonate.
siliceous ooze
Ooze composed mostly of the hard remains of silica-containing organisms.
Pelagic deposits are deposited in deep marine settings. They are dominated by biogenous sediments. What kinds of sediments would you expect?
Oozes and some hemipelagic clays
Pelagic Zone
Open water divided into two subsections
The largest source of oil pollution is:
Operational discharge from large ships (The largest source of oil is natural seeps, but humans do not influence that. The next largest is... Refer to table 18.1)
Heterotrophs are __________?
Organisms that consume primary producers
Bycatch is defined as:
Organisms that were unintentionally killed while collecting desirable organisms.
atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is not in a form that most life forms can use. N2 has to be fixed - converted to nitrates by bacteria or cyanobacteria. In terms of organic compounds, Nitrogen is a common component of proteins, amino acids and DNA. It is found in three forms in the oceans:
Part of organic compounds in the bodies of organisms As dissolved N2 gas (48% of the dissolved gases in seawater) Dissolved organic nitrogen DON
Water suitable for drinking is __________water.
Potable
What is the best explanation for why an ocean is not present on Mars today?
Previously high levels of carbon dioxide have decreased
What is the largest change to the chemistry of the ocean and atmosphere?
Production of Oxygen from photosynthesis.
Plankton productivity as measured by amount of chlorophyll in the surface waters. Off of the coast of Peru during El Niño years:
Productivity decreases due to strengthening of the thermocline.
The diagram shows a sketch of fish with the label "respiration". What does the label mean?
Respiration refers to fish eating carbohydrates and obtaining dissolved oxygen as part of their metabolic activity. It results in the release of carbon dioxide to the water column.
Tides are a type of ____________, as their wavelengths are half the circumference of the Earth, and so they never develop in oceans deep enough to exhibit circular orbits. They are also a type of ___________, because they are always under the influence of the force that forms them.
Shallow-water waves, forced waves
The place where ocean meets land is called _______ and the term ________ refers to the larger zone affected by processes that occur at this boundary.
Shore, coast
_______ is the influential book that Rachel Carson published in 1962.
Silent Spring
Terrigenous sediments are composed of:
Silicate minerals including clay that were derived from terrestrial sources
An example of a fjord in the continental U.S. is the _________.
Strait of Juan de Fuca, Washington
Volcanic arcs are found next to ___________?
Subduction zones
Repeated abrasive turbidity currents are thought to form what feature?
Submarine canyons
During a Norther Hemisphere Winter, the Southern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun. What season are people who live in the Southern Hemisphere experiencing?
Summer; The Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun. They experience Summer conditions, while the people of the Northern Hemisphere experience winter conditions.
San Francisco Bay is an example of a:
Tectonic Estuary
Assuming that the chemical composition of the asthenosphere and the lower mantle are the same, what factor is responsible for separating them into two distinct layers?
Temperature
The spectrum of energy that any body (e.g., the sun, Earth, a squirrel) emits is a function of it's:
Temperature
latent heat of vaporization
The amount of energy needed to break the hydrogen bonds in order to vaporize liquid water -Water has one of the highest latent heat of vaporization of any known substance - 540 calories per gram at 100°C. (see garrisons fig 6.8)
polar cell
The atmospheric circulation cell centered over each pole.
Hadley cell
The atmospheric circulation cell nearest the equator in each hemisphere. Air in these cells rises near the equator because of strong solar heating there and falls because of cooling at about latitude. See also trade winds. Remember that the Hadley cells abut the equator.
What does Newton's gravitational model consider when determining influences on tides?
The attraction of the moon, sun, and Earth (11.1)
What is the definition of refraction?
The bending of waves as the velocity of the medium changes.
Where did all of the Hydrogen in the universe come from?
The big bang
front
The boundary between two air masses of different density. The density difference can be caused by differences in temperature and/or humidity.
stratigraphy
The branch of geology that deals with the definition and description of natural divisions of rocks; specifically, the analysis of relationships of rock strata.
disturbing force is the energy that causes a wave to form.
The disturbing force for wind waves is *wind* The disturbing force for tsunami is *seismic disruption or landslides* The disturbing force for tides is *gravity*
The amount of energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules is called:
The energy is heat, the movement itself, and the speed of the movement is temperature.
Why does the density of pure water decrease as it approaches its freezing point?
The hydrogen bonds become rigid, allowing it to expand slightly.
What event marks the transition from protostar to star?
The initiation of nuclear fusion
Why can S-waves travel through the inner core, but not the outer core?
The inner core is a solid. S-waves can only travel through solids. The outer core is liquid -- s-waves cannot pass through it.
What is the part of the Earth that the plates of plate tectonics float on?
The lithosphere is made up of rigid plates. The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the very uppermost part of the mantle. These plates ride above the more plastic asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is part of the upper mantle.
______________ is the zone located between the highest high tide and lowest low tide.
The littoral zone Remember (from Chapter 13) that littoral refers to the belt of land running parallel to the shore which is bounded by the maximum inland reach of the highest high tide and by the minimum inland reach of the lowest low tide.
The moon has a greater pull on tides than the sun due to what factor?
The moon is closer to Earth than the sun. (11.1)
Wave frequency is measured as:
The number of waves passing a fixed point per second.
ife is said to have originated in the ocean. What are some of the characteristics of water that suggest this? (Choose all that apply)
The ocean dissolves many compounds -- so these are sources of nutrients for life. It also tends to moderate temperature.
Why do tsunami move fast in the open ocean?
The open ocean is deep. (10.11)
The two photos are of the Muir glacier in Alaska. Which statement below is most correct?
The photo on the left was taken in the late 1800s and the one on the right was taken in the early 2000's. This is a fairly typical before and after picture. In 200 years the glacier has disappeared from this spot.
Why doesn't the ocean boil away at the equator and freeze solid near the poles?
The reason is that water itself is moving huge amounts of heat between tropics and poles. Water's thermal properties make it an ideal fluid to equalize the polar-tropical heat imbalance. Water's heat capacity moves heat pole-ward in ocean currents, but water's exceptionally high latent heat of vaporization (540 calories per gram) means that water vapor transfers much more heat (per unit of mass) than liquid water. *Masses of moving air account for about two-thirds of the poleward transfer of heat; ocean currents move the other third.*
Tidal datum and zero tide levels
The reference level to which tidal height is compared is called the tidal datum. The tidal datum is the zero point (0.0) seen in tide graphs such as Figures 11.12 and 11.13. This reference plane is not always set at mean sea level, which is the height of the ocean surface averaged over a few years' time. On coasts with mixed tides, the zero tide level is the average level of the lower of the two daily low tides (mean lower low water, or MLLW). On coasts with diurnal and semidiurnal tides, the zero tide level is the average level of all low tides (mean low water, MLW).
Restoring forces are the forces that return the water surface to flatness. The restoring force for capillary waves (ripple) is *surface tension. *
The restoring force for Seiche waves is *gravity* (see figure 10.6)
How do mangrove root systems help stabilize deltas?
The roots trap and hold sediments. (14.8)
What information is not needed to calculate the speed and direction of tidal current while at sea?
The roughness of the sea floor (11.3) What is needed: -The shape of the ocean basin below -The position of the ship relative to the amphidromic point -The position of the amphidromic point -The magnitude of gravitational forces and inertia
Why is the Pacific seafloor bumpier then the Atlantic?
The sediments in the Pacific are trapped in trenches.
What does the United States Exclusive Economic Zone exclude?
The sharing of high-seas resources
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms take inorganic (or possibly some organic material) material and precipitate a shell made up of minerals. Coccolithophores and Foraminifers secrete calcite. What happens when these tiny skeletons fall below the Calcium carbonate compensation depth?
The skeletons are dissolved and converted to bicarbonate HCO3- -Their skeletons are made up of calcium carbonate -- which below the carbonate compensation depth dissolves. The product of dissolution is bicarbonate. *refer to chapter 13.7 figure 13.15*
The dashed line (labeled C) is different from the colored curves. It represents:
The spectrum of radiation that Earth emits to space. ( This is the spectrum that the Earth emits.)
group velocity is:
The speed at which the wave train travels Half the speed of the individual waves in a wave train
What condition or conditions is responsible for large-scale global vertical ocean circulation?
Thermohaline circulation (9.6)
How do accessory pigments in seaweeds work?
They absorb dim blue light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll molecules.
A continental shelf is ________________________.
Thinned continental crust that is below sea level.
Where is the shallowest point in the ocean?
This one should be more about common sense -- the beach environment is the only shallow water environment given as an option.
colligative properties
Those characteristics of a solution that differ from those of pure water because of material held in solution.
How is group velocity different from the velocity of an individual wave within the group?
Though each individual wave moves forward with a speed proportional to its wavelength in deep water (C), the group velocity is only half that speed.
About how fast do plates move?
Though spreading speeds can reach a rate of 18 centimeters (7 inches) a year along parts of the Pacific plate, most plates move more slowly, about 3 centimeters (1.3 inches) each year.
Which of the following are important forces that combined act to generate tides (In the Equilibrium Theory of the Tides; Select all that apply)
Two forces are important - Gravity and Inertia. Their combination is called a *tractive force.*
Thermohaline circulation instead of wind friction drives the mid to deep ocean currents. This type of circulation is driven by _________ ?
Variations in water Density. -Deep water circulation is driven by density - which is dependent on both water temperature and salinity
Geostrophic Currents are defined by their characteristics and their position within a geostrophic gyre. 3 types:
Western Boundary Currents - *deep, fast*, move *warm* water away from equator towards the poles, Eastern Boundary Currents - Transverse Currents -
Eddies are usually produced by:
Western boundary currents.
Which of the following is a deep sea benthic community?
Whale-fall community
The latent heat of fusion is the heat removed from a liquid during freezing (or added during thawing) that produces _______________________.
a change of state but not a change in temperature Figure 6.6 illustrates that the latent heat of fusion produces a change in state but no change in temperature.
How are oozes named?
after the dominant remnant organism constituting them.
Coccolithophores
an important type of *single-celled, eukaryotic, protista* found in the phytoplankton. They were very common in the geologic past - especially during the Cretaceous Period. In fact, the name Cretaceous comes from the massive deposits of chalk that were deposited during this time - *the chalk is mainly composed of the tiny calcareous disks that coccolithophores secrete. The White Cliffs of Dover in southern England are an example of these chalk deposits.* By the way Cretaceous is derived from the Latin word for chalk, creta. - they are generally spherical cells with a coating of tiny *calcium carbonate disks* with ornate patterns.
Temperature
an object's response to an addition (or subtraction) of heat. Measures how rapidly the molecules are vibrating (Heat on the other hand is a measure of both how rapidly the molecules are vibrating and how many molecules are vibrating).
Darwin's theory of natural selection include all of the following points except:
an organism adapts to its specific environment, then passes on favorable changes to its offspring.
Apetite (biogenous sediment) secreting vertebrates
animals like fish and marine mammals (whales, dolphins, seals, otters, etc.). -Volumetrically, however, apatite is not an important constituent of biogenous sediments.
Bycatch is best defined as _____.
animals unintentionally killed while collecting desirable organisms
Phytoplankton
are photosynthetic autotrophs and contribute to primary productivity.
Youngest oceanic rock is located where?
at the active ridge center and gets older farther from the center.
The climate is particularly dry:
at the horse latitudes -Where the air is falling the climate is dry. There are 4 places where the air is falling. figure 8.15
Where are the measurements of Chlorophyll the highest in the surface waters of the modern oceanic zones?
at upwelling zones
The universe was cool enough to permit the formation of _____ from energy and particles by approximately one million years after the big bang.
atoms
A ________ is a substance that combines with a hydrogen in a solution.
base
primary productivity is limited by _________________.
both lack of nutrients and lack of light.
at 0 degrees Celsius water ___________.
changes state to a solid and also becomes less dense than liquid water.
For seabed communities in the aphotic zone, the primary producers must be capable of __________ in order to produce carbohydrates.
chemosynthesis
which of the following is a process that does not require light to create carbohydrates, but instead releases the energy held in the chemical bonds of hydrogen and sulfur containing compounds in order to construct glucose from carbon dioxide
chemosynthesis
________________ was the number one harvester of marine life in 2004.
china figure 17.4 (this question needs to be updated to 2011)
Other than hydrogen and oxygen, what are the most abundant *ions* in seawater?
chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, (see fig 7.4 in garison)
In a free-market economic system, buying and selling are based on pure _____.
competition
Water leaves the atmosphere by _____.
condensing and precipitating (8.2)
What process refers to organisms that evolve to look similar due to environmental conditions?
convergent evolution
Subduction occurs at _____________ plate boundaries
convergent plate boundaries
Tide waves are influenced by the Coriolis effect because a large volume of water moves with the waves. They move ____________ around the amphidromic point in the Northern Hemisphere and __________________ in the Southern Hemisphere. The height of the tides increases with distance from an amphidromic point.
counterclockwise, clockwise
_____________________ are the most common source of surface bioluminescence.
dinoflagellates
A disturbing force is a force that:
disturbs the surface of the water and generates waves.
the spreading center of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a
divergent plate boundary, a line along which two plates are moving apart and at which oceanic crust forms.
Heat
energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules. A water molecule in cold water vibrates less rapidly than those in hot water.
Extratropical Cyclones form:
from two air masses.
the atmospheric gases that absorb heat energy include:
methane chlorofluorocarbon water vapor ozone nitrous oxide carbon dioxide
___________ marine resources include transportation of people and commodities by sea, recreation, and waste disposal.
nonextractive
Deep sea basins are underlain by
oceanic crust (basalt)
Where did the earthquake take place?
off the coast of Sumatra
Earth does not continually expand with the production of new crust. Why is this?
older crust is subducted back into the mantle
The East African Rift
one of the newest and largest of Earth's rift valley systems formed by a divergent plate boundary separating.
neritic zone
one of the two subsections of the Pelagic zone, near shore, over the continental shelf
About _____ of known world reserves of oil and natural gas lie along continental margins.
one-third
Deep-ocean sediment containing at least 30% biogenous material is called a/(an) ___________?
ooze
For phytoplankton, the compensation depth is the depth where ___________________.
production equals consumption.
An organism's response to a particular pollutant typically depends on its sensitivity to the combination of _____ and _____ of that pollutant.
quantity; toxicity
Forchhammer's principle of constant proportions states that the ________________ of dissolved salts per unit volume of ocean water is nearly constant, even though the ________________ may change.
ratio (proportion), amount Refer to ch 7.2 where Forchhammer's principle is discussed in detail.
If a molecule is excited by energy of a specific wavelength, it next:
re-transmits that energy and returns to normal It does not stay energized. It sends out exactly the same wavelength of energy.
If a dam is built upstream of a beach, the beach may shrink because _____.
sediments traveling downriver are trapped by the dam (12.8)
what are fracture zones?
seismically inactive area marking the position of a once active transform fault.
Tectonic forces
shape the seabed
What factors are most likely to result in inaccurate depth-sounding readings?
ship location, salinity, pressure, water temperature
Diatoms are photosynthetic plankton, what mineral do they make their tests (shells) out of?
silica -See the discussion of oozes chapter 5
Continents can grow when ____________ carried on subducting plates are sheared onto the face of a continent.
terranes
What are the two most abundant and widespread types of marine sediments
terrigenous and biogenous
The name Cretaceous is derived from a Latin word for chalk, due to the massive deposits of chalk composed mainly of the tiny skeletons of this type of organism:
the White Cliffs of Dover are composed of chalk made up primarily of the tiny skeletons of coccolithophores.
Heat capacity
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. What you might not have realized is: Not all substances respond in the same manner to an identical input of heat by rising in temperature the same number of degrees!
What will greatly affect the height or timing of a meteorological tide?
the arrival of a storm surge (11.4)
How does the underlying asthenosphere react to continental crustal erosion?
the asthenosphere rises
The Ekman spiral is defined as _____.
the changing angle of motion of a column of water in response to surface wind (9.2)
Climate
the long term statistical sum of weather in a particular location or region.
A community is defined as:
the many populations of organisms that interact at a particular location
While segments of a lithospheric plate on either side of a transform fault move in opposite directions from each other,
the plate segments adjacent to the outward segments of a fracture zone move in the same direction
Newton's laws of gravity
the pull of gravity between two objects is proportional to the masses of the two objects and also inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the two objects. F= G(m1m2/r2)
The main source of energy for life on Earth is _____.
the sun
Daily tidal fluctuations are cause by gravitational influences and the relative position between:
the sun, moon, and the Earth.
Seasonal variations of climate on Earth are due to ___________.
the tilt of Earth's axis of rotation
Wave period
the time it takes a wave to move the distance of one wavelength (the horizontal difference between two successive crests (or troughs))
What was likely the greatest block to the acceptance of the continental drift hypothesis?
the view that the earths mantle was solid
A Sverdrup, symbolized by sv, is a measure of what?
the volume of seawater flow in ocean currents.
The Coriolis Effect causes objects in the Northern Hemisphere to veer off course _______, while in the Southern Hemisphere objects veer off course _____________.
to the right, to the left
Use the photos of Hydrothermal vent community (tube worm and giant clams) for questions 77-80 Considering that the seawater coming from the basalt may have temperatures in excess of 100°C and the temperature of deep and bottom waters (from chapter 6 & 9), the individuals that live here are most likely:
tolerant of a large temperature range (eurythermal - tolerant of a very wide temperature range)
Coral bleaching has been seen to occur when:
tropical surface waters stay hotter than normal high temperatures
Which layer of atmosphere comprises most of its mass?
troposphere (8.1)
The greenhouse gas that responds to the widest range of wavelengths of energy that Earth emits is:
water vapor Water vapor responds to all of the wavelengths that the earth sends out. But for the wavelengths that it sends out the most energy, the likelihood that it will get excited is low, whereas at the extrememe ends, the liklihood is 100%, as you can see from the blue curve. You can see a larger image in the lesson, 18b.
Coastal erosion is largely dependent on exposure to____.
wave activity (12.2)
What maintains the hill of water in the middle of the North Atlantic?
wind energy (9.2)
The three factors that affect the growth of wind waves are _____.
wind strength, wind duration, and fetch (10.4)
Holoplankton
zooplankton that spend their entire lives as part of the plankton community. -(think holo or Whole life)
What is the density of average *seawater*
*average seawater* has a density of 1.02 to 1.03 g/cm3
The ocean's most productive phytoplankters are very small cyanobacteria - they operate in the ________________.
"microbial loop" picoplankton -
Continental shelves
% of total ocean area - 9% % of Total Volume of Marine Sediments - 15% Avg. Thickness - 2.5 km (1.6 mi)
Continental rises
%of Ocean Area - 6% % of Total Volume of Marine Sediments - 31% Avg. Thickness - 8km (5 mi)
the most abundant type of detectable matter in the universe is
(H) Hydrogene
the area of the continental shelves is What percent of Earth's ocean area?
7.4%
Eastern Boundary Currents
- found on the eastern edge of the ocean basins (along the western coastlines of continents). - carry *cold* water towards the Equator - tend to be *shallow (but broad)* currents - sometimes up to 1,000 kilometers across - Five of them; ~~~~The Canary Current (North Atlantic), ~~~~Benguela Current (South Atlantic), ~~~~California Current (North Pacific), ~~~~West Australian Current (Indian Ocean), ~~~~Humboldt or Peru Current (South Pacific)
Transverse currents
- partly derived from the Trade winds (at the fringes of the tropics) and the Westerlies (mid-latitudes) - flow either east to west or west to east and link the western and eastern boundary currents together - North Equatorial current and the - South Equatorial Current are trade-wind driven ~~~~ moderately shallow and broad and they each transport ~30 sv westward - The mid-latitude transverse currents are driven by the westerly winds and flow eastward ~~~~ tend to be slower and wider than the transverse currents driven by the Trade winds
Theoretically, how many phytoplankton (1st trophic level) are needed to produce each kg of tuna (5th trophic level)?
10,000kg
The saltier the water:
- the lower the freezing point as well as the point of maximum water density. - Remember for pure water, the maximum density of ~1 g/cm3 was reached at a temperature of ~4°C. - *Normal seawater has a density of 35‰ (this is 35 parts per thousand or 3.5%, or parts per hundred).* - *At this salinity, the freezing point is decreased to -1.91°C and the maximum density occurs at the freezing point.* - In fact the *maximum density and freezing point correspond for water with a salinity of 24 ‰ or more*. - *The crystals formed from freezing of seawater are pure water ice. The dissolved solids remain with the water that hasn't frozen yet, increasing its' salinity.*
Western Boundary Currents
- they are found on the western sides of the gyres (along the eastern coasts of the continents) - *deep, fast*, move *warm* water away from equator towards the poles, -Because there are five geostrophic gyres, there are also *five western boundary currents *; ~~~~Gulf Stream [North Atlantic], ~~~~Japan or Kuroshio Current [North Pacific], ~~~~Brazil Current [South Atlantic], ~~~~Agulhas Current [Indian Ocean], ~~~~East Australia Current [South Pacific]). *(see table 9.1 Boundary currents in the Northern Hemisphere)*
If Earth was a "black body" (no atmosphere, but entirely black in color) its' average temperature at the surface would be about ____ °C.
-18 Very cold, despite being black. Read about it in Lesson 18b. The Black Body Earth problem.
Calcareous, (biogenous sediment) secreting organisms
-2 types of single cell organisms include: coccolithophorids (tiny, single-celled, plant-like organisms) and foraminiferans (tiny, single-celled, animal-like organisms), -also small drifting mollusks called pteropods -major animal groups secreting calcite and argonite include: sponges, corals, mollusks (like clams and snails), and echinoderms (like starfish and sea lilies).
Atoms:
-Are composed of electrons, protons and neutrons. -Are elements, which are substances composed of identical particles. -Are characterized by the atomic number and atomic mass. -React with other atoms to form molecules.
Which of the following are types of marine resources? (select all that apply):
-Biological resources -Marine energy resources -Nonextractive resources. -Physical resources
In general the concentration of chlorophyll (measured by satellites) increases as you: (select all that are true)
-Get closer to upwelling zones, where cold, nutrient rich water is brought to the ocean surface waters. -Get closer to shorelines where runoff provides nutrients (see figure 14.12 and 14.14 in ch 14.7 "Phytoplankton Productivity Varies with Local Conditions")
How do neritic sediments differ from pelagic ones?
-Neritic sediments consist primarily of *terrigenous* material. -Deep-ocean floors are covered by finer sediments than those of the continental margins, and *a greater proportion of deep-sea sediment is of biogenous origin*. -Sediments of the slope, rise, and deep-ocean floor that originate in the ocean are called pelagic sediments.
Biogenous sediments are derived mainly from the skeletal material of marine organisms, especially of marine plankton (floating, mainly tiny organisms). What are three major kinds of minerals secreted by organisms:
-Silica (SiO2), (2 types: radiolarians and diatoms) -Calcite/Aragonite (CaCO3 - calcium carbonate -Calcareous-secreting) -Apatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 - (mainly secreted by vertebrates)
Average water and land temperatures:
-The coldest spots Earth are on the land and have temperatures around -90°C. -The hottest spots on land have temperatures ~50°C. The temperature range on land is 140°C. -The corresponding values for the surface temperatures of the ocean are: -2°C (in areas where sea ice is forming) and 32°C (in the tropics) or a range of 34°C.
Why is the continental shelf below water today?
-The continental crust is thinner, so it floats lower (deeper). -Sea-level is high because we're not in an ice age.
__________ is (approximately) in thermal equilibrium. (select all that apply)
-Venus with 96.5% of it's atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide and a surface temperature of about 730°K (about 500°C). -The black body Earth in the astrophysicist's calculation of average Earth temperatures without greenhouse gases. -Earth one million years ago, with greenhouse gases and no human impact on the atmosphere. (We have added greenhouse gases to the atmosphere so rapidly that thermal equilibrium has not yet been reached. The sun is generating energy through nuclear fusion, it is not in thermal equilibrium. The other 3 are.)
Greenhouse gases are gases that become exited (their electrons jump to higher energy states) when they are impacted: (select all that apply)
-by radiation that Earth emits -by infrared wavelength radiation A greenhouse gas is a gas that gets excited by radiation that Earth is emitting. Because if Earth's temperature that is infrared radiation. The rest do not excite greenhouse gases.
Rainwater is naturally slightly acidic, as rainwater combines with some atmospheric Carbon Dioxide to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). What happens because of this? (Select all that apply).
-dissolution of limestone, -buffering of natural waters and -the production of other carbonate species like carbonate and bicarbonate. Because it is an acid, it will *decrease* the production of limestone in the ocean water.
zooplankton
-drifting animals (and heterotrophic single-celled protists) consume phytoplankton (which include diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores). This miniature food web forms the base of the larger scale food web that supports much larger organisms (fish, whales, etc.), the "official loop". -Zooplankton consume primary producers (phytoplankton).
Which of the following are NOT renewable resources?
-manganese nodules -hydrocarbons -metalic sulfides
Models of Global Warming also predict sea level rise. The sea level rise is a result of: (select all that apply).
-melting of glaciers -increased ocean temp Warmer water is less dense because the water molecules are vibrating faster. That is, it takes up more space, so sea level rises. Glaciers store a lot of water on land, when they melt that water goes back to the ocean. The Arctic ice cap is sea ice. It is already in the ocean and when it melts it does not change sea level. Increasing CO2 concentrations in the oceans does not, in itself impact the volume of the oceans.
If a CO2 molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled D there is a __% chance that it will get excited.
0 The yellow curve shows the absorption spectrum for CO2 molecules. This curve is zero at arrow D, so there is about a 0% chance that it will get excited by that wavelength of radiation. If it was impacted by the wavelengths indicated by arrows G it would respond 100% of the time to that energy. At F it is closer to 20%. Please read lesson 18b.
geographical equator
0 degrees latitude, an imaginary line equidistant from the geographical poles.
*Density* of Air
0.0012 g/cm3
At what current velocity would a particle of size 0.06 mm be deposited?
0.7 cm/sec (lesson 1 on sediments in elearning - The Hjulstrom diagram )
The ocean mixes on what approximate time scale?
1,600 years
Place the following classes of tropical cyclone in order of maximum windspeed (from lowest (1) to highest (3)).
1- tropical depression, 2-tropical storm, 3-tropical cyclone (hurricane or typhoon)
What is water's heat capacity?
1.00 cal/g/°C
Ships transport to market nearly ___________ of the world's crude oil production.
1/2
About ____________ of the world's table salt is currently produced from seawater by evaporation. In 2005 the United States produced by evaporation about 3.9 million metric tons (4.4 million tons) of table salt with a value of about US$60 million.
1/3
Surface Currents occur in what percent of the water in the world ocean?
10%
All of the compounds that we have discussed so far are chemicals that can dissolve in seawater - but what about pollution from particulate sources? Solid waste like plastic can also be harmful to marine organisms. Every year 120 million metric tons of plastic is produced and about ______% ends up in the oceans. Although oil spills get more attention as a potential environmental threat, plastic is a far more serious danger. Oil is harmful, but unlike plastic, it biodegrades relatively quickly.
10% (12 million metric tons)
Review question, what is the average pH of the ocean?
7.8-8.3
Near shore, if wave crests are 200 feet apart, the wave will "feel bottom" when the water depth is about __________? (in other words, if the wavelength is 200 ft, at what water depth will it feel bottom)
100 ft *When the depth of the water is less than half the wavelength (in this case the wavelength is 200ft so water depth would be 100ft or less), the wave "feels" bottom*
Using the actual data (the blue curve), estimate the maximum high tide (in feet relative to MLLW):
2.6ft
*Density* of basalt
2.9 g/cm3
Since the formation of Earth, the planet has made _______ trips around the galactic center?
20
How many discrete, differently named, atmospheric circulation cells exist in each of Earth's hemispheres, north or south of the equator?
3, Hadley cells, Ferrel cells, Polar cells. The North and South Hemispheres each have three cells. From the equator poleward, these are: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, and the Polar cell.
What is the average temperature of normal bottom ocean water?
3-4 C or (37-39 F)
The density of average lithospheric mantle is?
3.3 g/cm3
Average seawater has a salinity of _________.
3.5‰. (Note the difference between % and ‰)
Temperature at which water reaches its Maximum density of 1 g/cm3 ____________?
3.89C or 39.16F
Ferrel Cells are found between ______ latitude.
30° and 60°
What is the age of the Earth?
4.5 billion years old
according to the carbon cycle, when a marine animal consumes carbon containing organisms it typically incorporates _______________% of the available organic carbon for growth.
45%
The approximate amount of plastic that settles to the sea floor - where it can smother benthic organisms.
70%
cyclone
A weather system with a low-pressure area in the center around which winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. *Not to be confused with a tornado, a much smaller weather phenomenon associated with severe thunderstorms.* See also extratropical cyclone; tropical cyclone.
What evidence exists for a massive asteroid impact about 65 million years ago?
A worldwide iridium-rich layer
What state in the ocean enabled life to develop on Earth?
Absence of free oxygen
Extremophiles are:
All of the above Extremophiles are important chemosynthesizers. They are generally types of prokaryotic organisms like bacteria and archaea. They are found in extreme environments.
A niche is defined as:
An organism's "occupation" within a habitat.
Why is the atmosphere relatively calm at the equator?
Atmospheric pressure is low at the surface. (8.4) (At the boundaries between circulation cells, the air is moving vertically and surface winds are weak and erratic. Such conditions exist at the equator (where air rises and atmospheric pressure is generally low) or at latitude in each hemisphere (where air falls and atmospheric pressure is generally high). Places within these circulation cells where air moves rapidly horizontally across the surface from zones of high pressure to zones of low pressure are characterized by strong, dependable winds.)
Which of the following is not a type of estuary?
Atolls
The density of average ocean crust is?
Average ocean crust is made up of basalt, which has a density of 2.9 g/cm3.
Which type of sediment covers the greatest seabed area?
Biogenous sediments cover the greatest area of seabed, *but their total volume is less than terrigenous sediments*.
Dinoflagellates are responsible for two specific marine phenomena:
Bioluminescence and Red Tides.
Estuarine organisms need to tolerate ___________ water, which is composed of __________.
Brackish, mix of seawater and freshwater Brackish water is a mixture of freshwater and seawater, because of this it tends to have lower salinity then seawater.
Carbon dioxide at middle depths in the ocean originates from which source?
Breakdown of the remains of organisms (Below the top 1000 meters there is little life and no photosynthesis. CO2 is increasing due to dissolution of calcium carbonate shells and the little respiration that is going on.)
Eastern Boundary currents are characterized by:
Broad, shallow, cold currents
What group of substances acts to stabilize the pH of any given solution?
Buffer
Which of the following are pathways that organisms use to convert inorganic substances to organic substances?
Chemosynthesis, photosynthesis
What organisms are responsible for energy production in hydrothermal vent communities?
Chemosynthetic bacteria
____ is example of a drowned river mouth estuary.
Chesapeake Bay
of all *ions* in seawater, which one is the most abundant?
Chloride (see fig 7.4 in garison)
The greenhouse gas that was not present in Earth's atmosphere 100 years ago is:
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) CFCs (and HFCs) are synthetic organics. The rest are naturally occurring. Some have been greatly influenced by human activities, but they were in the atmosphere before Homo Sapiens evolved some 100,000 years ago.
With remote sensing techniques, Oceanographers map the distribution of a specific compound in the ocean surface waters (by satelite) and use it as a proxy for primary productivity. Which compound is used?
Chlorophyll
The White Cliffs of Dover are constructed mainly of ______ tests.
Coccolithophores
Limestone is a rock made from calcium carbonate ooze. Which of the following sets of organisms may be the source of biogenous sediment for the limestones?
Coccolithophores, foraminifers
What is the structural difference between oceanic lithosphere and continental lithosphere?
Continental lithosphere is less dense
Why don't continental plates subduct into the mantle?
Continental plates are made up of continental crust and underlying mantle lithosphere. This material is less dense than the asthenosphere -- so they essentially float above the asthenosphere and will not subduct into it.
neritic sediment
Continental shelf sediment consisting primarily of terrigenous material.
Put these in order from most dense(1) to least dense (5).
Core, Mantle, Crust, Ocean, Atmosphere.
Eventually some of the cyclones travel far enough west to reach the mainland. What causes the poleward movement of most Atlantic Cyclones (hint: the cyclones are deflected to the right)?
Coriolis effect
The greatest explorers of the ancient world were?
Cretans
Corals in modern reefs have a type of symbiont that generates carbohydrates and oxygen that the coral uses. Which group of plankton do these symbionts belong to?
Dinoflagellates (zooplankton)
At the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth, there is complete:
Dissolution of calcareous biogenous sediment like foraminifer or coccolithophorid tests
A fjord is a:
Drowned U-shaped valley that had been carved into a U-shape by glaciers.
Eutrophication is the set of processes by which one species reproduces at exponential rates due to the increase in the supply of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous. What secondary impact do they have on the other species living in the area?
During the night, photosynthetic algae that make up the algal bloom use up much of the oxygen in the water column - this causes other organisms to suffocate.
During a Northern Hemisphere Winter, how is the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth oriented?
Earth is tilted away from the Sun in Northern Hemisphere winter.
diatom
Earth's most abundant, successful, and efficient single-celled phytoplankton. Diatoms possess two interlocking valves made primarily of silica. The valves contribute to biogenous sediments.
Two tidal bulges result from what in the Earth-moon system?
Earth's motion around the center of mass of the Earth-moon system (11.2)
Tidal friction of the moon with the Earth results in what?
Earth's rotation slowing (11.3)
The "__________ Zone" is the oceanic zone where nations hold sovereignty over resources, economic activity, and environmental protection.
Exclusive Economic Zone
What is a characteristic of Antarctic Bottom Water?
Extremely high density (9.6)
If a CFC molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled ___ there is a 100% chance that it will get excited.
F The red curve shows the absorption spectrum for several CFC molecules. Because the curve reaches the top of the plot at arrow F, there is 100% chance that it will get excited by that wavelength of radiation. If it was impacted by the wavelengths indicated by arrows D, E, G or H it would not respond to that energy. Please read lesson 18b.
Earth's early atmosphere was tolerable to human life.
False
T/F: Biodegradation refers to the damage done to organisms influenced by pollution.
False (Biodegradation is the breakdown of chemical compounds by organisms - it produces compounds that are safer than their parent compounds.)
T/F: In the absence of the greenhouse effect, Earth's average temperature would be about -18 degrees Celsius. Life as we know it would not have had any problem evolving in this environment.
False At these temperatures water would freeze and life, as we know it, would not have evolved.
This principle states that the total amount of dissolved solids may change from location to location across the world ocean, however the ratio of major salts remains constant at all of these locations.
Forchhammer's Principle.
(https://elearning.wmich.edu/d2l/common/dialogs/quickLink/quickLink.d2l?ou=230994&type=coursefile&fileId=images+Kominz+2014%2fe4-2_SL.png) Use this image of sea level changes in millimeters for question 71-72 What process is considered to be the culprit behind the rapid increase in sea level over the past 120 years?
Global warming which has heated the oceans and melted glaciers adding meltwater to the ocean basin. (Global warming, which causes glaciers to melt -- releasing that water back into the oceans. Warmer water also expands, taking up more space and causing sea level rise.)
Turbidites are:
Graded layers of terrigenous particles
What is the average composition of continental crust?
Granite
Tides are the result of what factors?
Gravitational pull of the sun and moon, and Earth's rotation (11.1)
A maritime climate exists in England because of the _____.
Gulf Stream (9.3)
There are six atmospheric circulation cells. Three on each side of the Equator. What are their names?
Hadley, ferrel, polar.
The following type of pollution is best described as having high toxicity, high quantity and low persistance:
Harmful algai blooms
Which U.S. President expanded the limits of the nation's control over marine territory from the traditional 5 kilometer limit to the area encompassing the coastal shelf?
Harry Truman
What process defines the greenhouse effect?
Heat is trapped in the atmosphere.
Based on the Miller-Urey Experiment, what seems to be the critical requirements for life to have started on Earth? (Choose all that apply)
Heat, time, lightning, and a lack of oxygen. It would also be necessary to have the right kind of compounds in either the atmosphere or the early ocean -- namely carbon. Carbon dioxide and methane took care of that.
Organisms that manage to establish themselves in an area far from their home waters, by hitching a ride in the ballast waters of a ship (or even attached to the outside of the ship in some cases) are called _________________.
Introduced Species or Invasive species
The following type of pollution is best described as having low toxicity, high quantity and high persistence:
Invasive species
What is the primary disadvantage of using tidal power?
It would generate, at most, 1% of the world's power needs. (11.6)
If a species was brought into a new environment where there were no environmental limits on its reproduction, what would the curve of number of individuals as a function of time look like?
J-shaped
Unlimited, unchecked, and unbridled exponential growth of a population of organisms, prior to their feeling the effects of limiting factors, is associated with what "letter-shaped" graphical curve?
J-shaped curve
Mariculture is the growth and farming of __________ organisms for commercial purposes, such as food and pearls.
Marine Aquaculture is the more general term for farming and growth of aquatic organisms. Mariculture is more specific and refers to the farming and growth of marine organisms.
In mixed tide coastlines, what does the tidal datum reference?
Mean lower low water (11.3)
Wave height is the distance:
Measured vertically from crest to trough.
Do most sediments consist of a single type? (That is, are terrigenous deposits made exclusively of terrigenous sediments?)
Most sediment deposits are a mixture of biogenous and terrigenous particles, with an occasional hydrogenous or cosmogenous supplement. The dominant type gives its name to the mixture.
The symbiotic interaction between a type of dinoflagellate called zooxanthellae and coral polyps is a form of _____________.
Mutualism, in which both creatures benefit from the relationship.
Active margins are ________
Narrow, and often associated with faulting, varied topography, little sedimentation, volcanism
The most common and successful type of parasite in the modern oceans is/are:
Nematodes Nematodes are the most successful parasites in modern oceans (and on land).
Kelp are usually found in what environment
Neritic Temperate to Subpolar Latitudes. -Kelp live below low tide in the sublittoral zone (the neritic zone) on the shelf.
What are forms of Nitrogen that all plants can use?
Nitrite, Ammonia, Nitrate
Which of the following are the four major elements used by organisms?
Nitrogen. Oxygen. Carbon. Hydrogen
How does chemosynthesis differ from photosynthesis?
No sunlight is required for chemosynthesis.
Why are the various hypotheses about what happened before the Big Bang not subject to the scientific method?
None of the hypotheses have produced testable predictions.
What is the only alternative source of energy that currently produces significant amounts of power?
Nuclear energy
3 kinds of plate convergences
Ocean to continental crust- west coast of South America Ocean to ocean - northern Pacific Continent to continent - Himalayan mountains (india - Eurasia)
Why do oceanic plates subduct into the mantle?
Oceanic lithosphere (which comprises the subducting plate) is cold and dense. It is also more dense than the hot asthenosphere.
Of the World's oceans 6 great current circuits, how many are not peripheral geostrophic gyres?
One
sediment
Particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated form.
What is the definition of sediment?
Particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated manner.
what kind of margin is the southern margin of Australia?
Passive margin. It has the broad flat continental shelf characteristic of passive margins. If you go to fig. 3.15 you see that it is, in fact, a passive margin.
If the Earth's orbital axis was oriented perpendicular to its rotational axis, at the equator, light would hit the Earth's surface at what angle?
Perpendicular to the Surface (90°)
What are the three type of algae found in modern oceans?
Phaeophyta (brown algae) Rhodophyta (red algae) Chlorophyta (green algae)
The thin film of sun-lit water at the top of the ocean surface is called the ___________.
Photic zone See discussion of photic zone on pg. 197.
Which one of the following is the source of the ocean's dissolved oxygen?
Photosynthetic activity of plants Photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton The diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere
In which zone does density increase with increasing depth?
Pycnocline zone - (changes in density are mostly related to changes in water temperature. Temp decreases over the pycnocline zone. The zone of temp change is referred to as the thermocline. ) -It contains about 18% of all sea water.
The sun's _____ phase will cause Earth to be engulfed.
Red Giant
As waves approach the shore they:
Refract and the wave crests become nearly parallel to the shore.
What factor will not change the salinity of a particular region of ocean?
Saturation of oxygen
The process of formulating scientific theories and laws follows the _____.
Scientific Method
sand
Sediment particle between 0.062 and 2 millimeters in diameter. (Between 62.5 micrometers and 2 millimeters)
clay
Sediment particle smaller than 0.004 millimeter in diameter; the smallest sediment size category.
How did large barrier islands form?
Sediments accumulated on submerged rises parallel to shore. (12.4)
ooze
Sediment of at least 30% biological origin.
Halite (salt) forms after 90% of the seawater is evaporated.
See discussion of evaporite minerals in the lecture. Salt (halite) does precipitate out of seawater after 90% of the seawater has been evaporated.
Extreme tides in some restricted basins can cause resonance of water movement in the basin. What is the type of wave called?
Seiche
____________ currents are wind-driven movements of water at or near the Ocean's surface. ______________ currents are the slow, deep currents that affect the vast bulk of seawater beneath the pynocline.
Surface, Thermohaline
Maximum ________ is the maximum amount of each type of fish, crustacean, or mollusk that can be caught without impairing future populations.
Sustainable Yield we need to leave behind enough individuals to maintain a stable breeding population that also provides enough surplus that we can harvest. The maximum sustainable yield is estimated to be between 110 and 150 million metric tons annually. Current harvesting is well beyond the upper limit of the maximum sustainable yield.
Water from waves washing onto a beach is called the ____________. It carries particles onshore, increasing the beach's foreshore.
Swash
What is the deep scattering layer (DSL)?
The DSL is a dense aggregate of animals that migrate up and down in synchrony with daylight.
How was the Moon formed?
The Earth collided with a planet the size of Mars.
The two hightest tides are not at the same time on the two days shown. The one on 8/02 is nearly an hour later than the one on 8/01. Why is that?
The Moon is orbiting around Earth in the direction of Earth's spin.
What happens to light as it travels down into and through the water column?
The color of light becomes more blue as depth increases The intensity of light decreases as depth increases
Where is the deepest point in the ocean?
The marianas trench
intertidal zone
The marine zone between the highest high-tide point on a shoreline and the lowest low-tide point. The intertidal zone is sometimes subdivided into four separate habitats by height above tidal datum, typically numbered 1 to 4, land to sea.
Ferrel cell
The middle atmospheric circulation cell in each hemisphere. Air in these cells rises at latitude and falls at latitude. See also westerlies.
Why do satellites such as Geosat measure the height of the ocean surface with such great accuracy?
The precise position of the satellite is known.
What factor is least responsible for the existence of Earth's ocean?
The presence of several supernovae close to the solar system
The colligative property of osmotic pressure is related to what factor?
The pressure exerted on biological membranes from salinity differences outside the cells (sec 7.2 garison)
Neap tides
The time of smallest variation between high and low tides occurring when *Earth, moon, and sun align at right angles.* -Neap tides alternate with spring tides, occurring at 2-week intervals.
How is the speed of sound affected by temperature and pressure when entering seawater?
The speed of sound decreases as temperature and pressure decrease. -The speed of sound in seawater increases as temperature and pressure increase. Sound travels faster at the warm ocean surface than it does in deeper, cooler water. Its speed decreases with depth, eventually reaching a minimum at about 1,000 meters. Below that depth, however, the effect of increasing pressure offsets the effect of decreasing temperature; so speed increases again.
How much faster is the speed of sound in water than in air?
The speed of sound is almost five times faster in water than in air, about 1,500 meters per second.
You are most likely to find turbidites accumulating beneath letter:
The trenches present around the Pacific margin would trap turbidites so that they are not deposited beneath B, a or F. Between A and F is a passive margin. Sediments shed off of the shelf and travel down the slope as turbidity currents.
What did the Polynesians use to determine if an island was near, but could not be seen? (Choose all that apply)
The types of marine life clustering near the boat The temperature and salinity of the water The change in the rhythmic set of waves against the hull The smell of the water The flight tracks of birds at dusk
The location of a coast is, in part, a result of what factor?
The volume of water in the ocean (12.1)
Reference Invasive marine species hotspot image (questions 68-70) The home waters of lionfish are in the Indo-Pacific region around Indonesia and in the shallow waters as far West as Madagascar and as far North as the Red Sea. They have become established in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Florida. In their native environment, they are found in water depths up to 1000 feet and in just about every type of bottom environment (reefs, shipwrecks, mangroves settings, sea grass settings). Lionfish are active predators; they are known to prey on at least 50 species of fish in their native habitat. What factor is likely responsible for their ability to survive and prosper in the Caribbean Sea?
They are a type of cosmopolitan species - meaning they can tolerate wide ranges in environmental conditions including their choices in food sources. They are a type of cosmopolitan species -- they can tolerate wide ranges of environments.
Why do these cyclones initially travel to the west?
They flow with the prevailing winds - Trade winds
How do salinometers measure salinity?
They measure the electrical conductivity of seawater samples.
How do motile animals respond to wave shock?
They move to protective overhangs or crevices.
Why do larger waves disperse first?
They travel faster. (10.4)
two plates slide laterally past each other.
Transverse plate boundaries
What are the deepest places on earth?
Trenches 3-6km deeper than the ocean basin
The Ganges-Brahmaputra system is an example of what kind of delta?
Tide-dominated delta
astronomical tides
Tides caused by inertia and the gravitational force of the sun and moon.
Ooids form under these conditions:
Tropical marine settings with warm, slightly basic seawater
Chondrites are a primitive type of asteroid that shows us the composition of the nebula the solar system formed from.
True
Latitude can be found using a sextant and the north polar star.
True
Nations hold sovereignty over resources, economic activity, and environmental protection within their exclusive economic zone (EEZ). By agreement among the most powerful countries in the world, the EEZ extends 370 KM (200 nautical miles) from a nation's shoreline.
True
T/F: When societies face a choice between increased economic growth and short-term gains over long-term preservation of the environment, usually short-term gains and economic growth prevails.
True
T/F:A tidal bore is a steep wave moving upstream that is generated by the action of the tidal crest in the enclosed area of a river mouth.
True
t/f Ocean water circulates through the crust of mid-ocean ridge system.
True
T/F: Biotourism is an important nonextractive resource.
True A lot of people go on marine boating tours to watch whales and other animals in their natural habitat. Diving on coral reefs to look at the community of organisms that make up the reef is another great example of biotourism. (just for the record, no where is it referred to as "bio"-tourism, however it is referred to as "eco"-tourism, which I guess is synonymous)
What is the difference between wave refraction and wave diffraction?
Wave diffraction depends on an interruption in a wave train. (10.6)
The powerful force of crashing waves is called ___________.
Wave shock
How does the wavelength of a wind wave affect its speed?
Wavelength and wave speed are proportional in deep-water waves—the longer the wavelength, the greater the wave speed (C).
Gulf Stream is an example of what type of current?
Western Boundary Current
oceanic ridge
Young seabed at the active spreading center of an ocean, often unmasked by sediment, bulging above the abyssal plain. The boundary between diverging plates. Often called a mid-ocean ridge, though less than 60% of the length exists at mid-ocean.
Which of the following describes a cyclone?
a huge, rotating low pressure storm (8.5)
What does the term plankton describe?
a lifestyle
Seawater density tends to increase with a.__________, and b.____________.
a. increasing salinity and b. decreasing temperature (the molecules vibrate slower so they pack together tighter).
Many marine autotrophs use ________ to obtain energy from light that penetrates deeper into the photic zone than red light (used by chlorophyll).
accessory pigments
________________ is a large body of air with nearly uniform temperature, humidity, and therefore, density throughout. Air pausing over water or land will tend to take on the characteristics of the surface below.
air mass
Sandy beaches tend to be lower in diversity than rocky intertidal settings. What factor(s) might explain this?
all of the above: -abrasive sand particles -wave energy that moves particles around -tides and the problem of exposure and desiccation (All of these factors are important factors in explaining the low diversity on sandy beaches.)
What is the mechanism in the atmosphere for transfer of heat from the equator to the poles?
atmospheric convection currents (8.3)
phytoplankton
autotrophic plankton that produce glucose by photosynthesis.
Not all producers are drifters. Seaweeds and mangroves are important ____________ as well.
autotrophs
Which of the following is such a large category that it is considered a domain, according to the current classification system?
bacteria
The Long linear islands along the Atlantic Coast of the Delmarva Peninsula are likely to be:
barrier island
In the diagram the sandy area south of letter C is a(an):
bay mouth bar (same image as above)
in shallow water, motion of water particles
become back and forth near the bottom generating elliptical orbits.
How old are the oldest known fossils of life on Earth's?
between 3.4 and 3.6 billion years old
The Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, is the site of Charles Darwin's famous observations and study of __________ and ____________, which made him develop a revolutionary theory of evolution.
birds and reptiles
Modern coral reefs are heavily influenced by environmental change. One of the most devastating results is coral _____________ - where corals expel their symbiotic dinoflagellates (called zooxanthellae). This has been observed in both the Caribbean Sea and in the tropical Pacific.
bleaching Another important problem that is probably also related to bleaching, is rising ocean acidity. So remember that carbon dioxide diffuses into the ocean from the atmosphere because it is highly soluble in water (Table 13.2). Over the past 200 years a great amount of carbon dioxide has been introduced to the atmosphere as a byproduct of the industrial revolution.
According to the theory of Ekman transport, ocean surface currents in the southern hemisphere will?
both b and c; be deflected left, will have a net deflection in a direction 90 degrees to surface winds.
What form of carbon dioxide do many marine organisms use to build shells and skeletons?
calcium bicarbonate CaCO3 - CO2 moves quickly from atmosphere to ocean, but more slowly from ocean to atmosphere. This is because some dissolved CO2 forms carbonate ions, which combine with calcium ions in seawater to form *CaCO3* the calcium carbonate used by many marine organisms to build shells and skeletons.
The shelter and high productivity of a kelp forest can help provide a near-ideal environment for animals. For example, sea urchins in a kelp bed can absorb ___________ that leak from algae, they also gnaw on the stipes and hold fasts with their "teeth". Too many urchins can destroy a kelp forest by breaking the kelp from their hold fasts.
carbohydrates
which are important *gasses dissolved* in seawater? (together they make 95% of dissolved gasses in seawater.)
carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen
What process maintains the average pH of seawater (7.8 to 8.3) at a roughly constant level?:
chemical buffering
What is the pigment used in photosynthesis?
chlorophyll
_______ is the major pigment used in photosynthesis by cyanobacteria and plants?
chlorophyll
The heat capacity of water, freezing temp, evaporation rate, and osmotic pressure, all change with a change in salinity. These properties that change with salinity are called ________________.
colligative properties
In ____________, the symbiont benefits from the association while its host neither benefits nor is harmed.
commensalism
Food webs and their related interactions usually define _________.
communities
Oceanic crust is more dense than
continental crust
What are some of the ocean's features? (Choose all that apply).
continental shelves, continental rises, continental slopes, abyssal plains, abyssal hills, trenches, seamounts, fracture zones, etc.
Limestones and other types of rocks are uplifted during mountain building events. Which general type of plate tectonic setting is responsible for the uplift?
convergence
Experiments in the laboratory have created complex compounds, but not life.
true
Some of the earliest fossils are thought to be evidence of ____________.
cyanobacteria.
A ______________ is huge rotating masses of low-pressure air in which winds converge and ascend. A ________________ is a much smaller funnel of fast-spinning air associated with severe thunderstorms.
cyclone, tornado
In the diagram Assume that the wave pattern shown is representative of the general approach of waves on this coast. If you erect a groin at A you would expect net:
deposition northwest of A and erosion southeast of A
Compensation depth is always below the _____.
depth of greatest productivity (14.6) -At a certain depth, the production of carbohydrates and oxygen by photosynthesis in a day will exactly equal the consumption of carbohydrates and oxygen by respiration. This break-even depth is called the compensation depth. Compensation depth usually corresponds to the depth to which about 1% of surface light penetrates; it marks the *bottom of the euphotic zone.*
What causes an amphidromic point?
destructive interference (11.3)
The study of the relationships of organisms and their interactions within communities is called _________.
ecology
What was the most important motivation driving the European age of discovery?
economic
The following type of pollution is best described as having low toxicity, high quantity, and low persistance:
excess sediments (Think about it... are HAB's very toxic? what about excess sediment (when human activity on land results in more sediments brought down in rivers, which may not be good for some organisms), what about heavy metals? and invasive species? That should eliminate a couple of options... Now consider quantity. Which of the ones that are not very toxic are present in high quantities? And which of these are not persistent? They dissipate naturally.)
Which of the following marine pollutants actually encourages growth of autotrophs, ultimately choking the waterway and sapping it of available oxygen.
fertilizers, get into the water from runoff.
plants use sunlight as a form of energy to ____________ carbon dioxide and nitrogen as they convert nonliving compounds into usable chemical forms of living tissue.
fix -To "fix" an element biologically is to convert it into stable, non-volatile compounds that are easy for organisms to assimilate. Nitrogen and carbon are the most common biologically "fixed" elements. Also refer to pg. 400 and the discussion of Nitrogen fixation.
Nitrogen must be _____ into usable chemical forms by specialized organisms.
fixed (Living organisms require nitrogen to build proteins and other important biochemicals, but the vast majority of them cannot use the nitrogen gas in the atmosphere and ocean directly. It must first be bound, or fixed, into usable chemical forms by specialized organisms.)
Due to the combined effect of wind friction, Coriolis Effect, Ekman Transport, land masses, and the pressure gradient (gravity), ocean currents tend to:
flow along the periphery (outside) of ocean basins.
Diatoms secrete a siliceous shell called a:
frustule
The cell wall of the diatoms is called a __________ - it is made up of silica (SiO2 - a quasi-crystalline form like window glass). The frustule is perforated with tiny pores and is usually made up of two matched halves - that look like tiny petri dishes.
frustule
Primary productivity is measured with what units?
gC/m2/yr
The atmosphere is composed of:
gases, water vapor, and airborne particles
Coral reefs tend to develop in tropical settings with ___________ wave and or current energy, which provides a constant supply of nutrients to the corals.
high Corals are filter feeders, so they filter food particles out of seawater. High wave energy provides a constant stream of nutrients to these animals.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are among the most abundant and dangerous examples of:
hologenated hydrocarbons - synthetic organics
If you were to use Linnean classification to classify yourself, what would be your scientific name?
homo sapiens
A rift valley forms when _____.
hot magma pushes up the continental crust from below and pulls them apart
The thermocline is a zone of rapid temperature change that generally corresponds to the:
i don't know, I answered Surface zone and Pycnocline. and i got it wrong. maybe try Halocline? "The halocline often coincides with the thermocline, " from the text book.
The only place on Earth where a mid-ocean ridge appears above the ocean's surface is:
iceland
If adequate nutrients are present, primary productivity depends on _____.
illumination (14.5)
electrostatic attraction that exists between ions that have opposite charge.
ionic bond
The Equilibrium theory assumes that the Earth:
is completely covered by a uniform layer of water. (Newton's theory does not account for the landmasses present on the Earth - instead the Earth in his model is covered by a uniform layer of water.)
Transpiration
is evaporation of water from plants - which transfers water back to the atmosphere.
Inertia:
is the tendency for a moving object to continue moving in a straight line.
Surface water conditions depend on ________, ______________, and ________________.
latitude, salinity and temperature.
One chapter of Grotius's work De Jure Praedae, which defended free ocean access for all nations, was reprinted in 1609 under the title Mare Liberum. Mare Liberum formed the basis for all modern international _________________.
laws of the sea
the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is _________ that of the CO2 concentration in seawater (e.g. in comparison to N2 gas)
less than
This is a fairly typical before and after picture. In 200 years the glacier has disappeared from this spot.
light / heat
Which of the following does *not* describe a non-conservative constituent of seawater?
long residence times
What causes the formation of a storm surge underneath a cyclone?
low atmospheric pressure (10.9)
One characteristic of an El Niño event is _____.
low atmospheric pressure intensifying over the eastern Pacific (9.5)
Tidal day (lunar day)
lunar tides, tides caused by gravitational and inertial interaction of the moon and Earth, complete their cycle in a tidal day (also called a lunar day). A complete tidal day is 24 hours 50 minutes long, because the moon, which exerts the greatest tidal influence, moves through about of its orbit in a day. A point on Earth needs to move a bit more to be underneath it the next day, and this takes about 50 minutes (Figure 11.8). Thus, the highest tide also arrives 50 minutes later each day.
Which of the following are among the major components of the *dissolved solids* in seawater (in weight %)?
magnesium, sulfate, chloride, sodium
Which of the following are types of marine vascular plants?
mangrove, Seagrasses (Thalassia) *NOT* kelp, or seaweeds
The following are nonextractive resources *except*:
mariculture
the English word galaxy comes from the greek word galaktos which means?
milk
A ________________ is a pattern of wind circulation that changes with the seasons. Areas subject to these seasonal winds (most pronounced in Asia and India) generally have wet summers and dry winters.
monsoon
Warm air can hold __________ water vapor than cold air.
more
Which of the following *is* required for evolution?
more offspring than can mature to adulthood environmental stress genetic mutations that can be passed on to offspring by reproduction
water molecules in a deep-water wave
move in circular orbits
in freshwater a marine animal would respond osmotically to its surroundings. The freshwater would ____________ the marine animal through its cell membranes.
move into
What is the most effective way to increase the variation of genetic traits in a population?
mutation
The tube worm riftia (photo on the right) and the giant clams Calyptogena (photo on the left) have endosymbiontic bacteria living within their tissues. We discussed a similar symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae and corals. What is this type of symbiotic relationship called?
mutualism (Mutualism - both the host and the symbiot gain from their interaction.)
Which of the following are types of symbiotic relationships? (select all that apply):
mutualism commensalism parasitism
where were most Guyots formed?
near spreading centers and transformed outward and downward as the seafloor moved away from the spreading center and cooled.
The lower atmosphere is a nearly homogeneous mixture of gases, the most plentiful is _________ at 78.1% followed by ___________ at 20.9 %.
nitrogen, oxygen
Macro algae are: (select all that apply)
non vascular classified based on their color photosynthetic (for the record, I guessed on this and got it right. I found no mention of "macro algae" in his lesson or in the textbook. There is, however, a brown algae called "macrocystis". Further, his feedback saying refer to pg 430-431 yielded diddly squat, unless you want to know more about starfish, and the figure 14.19 is of a map of kelp vs mangroves.)
Evidence of global warming indicates an almost 1 degree Celsius average temperature rise since 1800. The temperature rise is greatest:
on the continents and in high northern hemisphere latitudes Maps of global climate change (see lesson 18b) show that the heating is greatest on the continents and in high northern latitudes. The Antarctic glacier is keeping high southern latitudes cold.
oceanic zone
once of the two subsections of the Pelagic zone, deep ocean, beyond the continental shelf
In which of these zones do environmental factors favor large numbers of organisms from a species?
optimal range
Heterotrophs
organisms that consume autotrophs, as their source of food. Primary Consumers (Also known as Herbivores) eat autotrophs. Secondary Consumers (Carnivores) eat primary consumers and/or other secondary consumers.
______ is *not* a dangerous heavy metal being introduced to the ocean.
oxygen (but tin, copper, lead, and mercury are!)
Parasitic symbiosis
parasitism, is where the symbiont benefits at the expense of the host's well-being. This is the most common type of symbiotic relationship. Usually the parasite doesn't kill its host, instead it tends to reduce the host's feeding efficiency, which then saps the host of energy, decreases its resistance to disease and decreases its reproductive potential. Round worms like nematodes are probably the most important parasites.
What causes Stokes drift?
particle speed decreasing with depth (10.1)
A piston core sample taken of sediments directly beneath letter D would most likely be composed of:
pelagic "red" clay (Green is the oldest seabed, red is the newest)
Sediments of the Continental slope, rise, and deep-ocean floor that originate in the ocean are called ___________?
pelagic sediments
Sound is transmitted through a medium by rapid_____.
pressure changes in any medium
Nutrient availability and Light Availability are important limiting factors for ____________________.
primary productivity.
What type of analysis involves an estimation of plankton in a volume of water?
quantative
Which of the following are the three types of marine deltas(Select all that apply)
river-dominated wave-dominated tide-dominated
During times of such rapid growth (usually in springtime), concentration of these microscopic organisms may briefly reach 6 million per liter (23 million per gallon)! At night, the huge numbers of bioluminescing dinoflagellates in an HAB (sometimes called a "red tide") can cause breaking waves to glow a bright blue (Figure 14.10c). HABs can be dangerous because some dinoflagellate species synthesize potent toxins as by-products of metabolism. Among the most effective poisons known, these toxins may affect nearby marine life or even humans. Some of the toxins are similar in chemical structure to the muscle relaxant curare but are tens of times more powerful. Humans should avoid eating certain species of clams, mussels, and other filter feeders during summer months when toxin-producing dinoflagellates are abundant in the plankton. If shellfish from a particular area are unsafe, a state governmental agency will issue an advisory, which may remain in effect for 6 weeks or more until the danger is past.
red tide
in reference to tides, mean lower low water (MLLW) serves as a _______________.
reference tidal datum
the amount of a substance dissolved or suspended in a body of water divided by the rate at which the substance is added or removed from the system is called ______________.
residence time
two distinct water masses with the ________ density, but __________ temperatures and salinity will combine at a convergence to produce a new water mass of greater density. This mixing-and-sinking process is called caballing.
same, different
Regarding some introduced marine species as "pollutants" is an arguable point; nevertheless, some introduced species, such as the chinese mitten crab and Potamocorbula amurensis, cause great damage to the environment into which they are transported (much like the Europeans into America). Which estuary is considered the world's most invaded place by exotic marine species?
sanfransisco bay??
What feature would be expected along an erosional coast?
sea caves (12.2)
What is the source of energy in a cyclone?
solar energy (8.5)
Which of the following are states of matter found on the Earth (select all that apply):
solid, liquid, gas
the ___________ usually a liquid, is always the more abundant constituent; the ___________ often a dissolved salt or gas, is the less abundant.
solvent, solute
Cyanobacteria are thought to be responsible for a specific type of sedimentary structure called:
stromatolites
Additions of salts to the ocean from the mantle or from the weathering of rock are balanced by _____.
subtractions of minerals being bound into sediments
Which of the following is/are major components of the dissolved solids in seawater? (select all that apply)
sulfate, magnesium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate,
Capillary waves have wavelengths less than 1.73 centimeters. What is the dominant restoring force on capillary waves?
surface tension/ cohesion
A ____________ is equal to 1,000,000 cubic meters per second.
sverdrup; special unit that quantifies water flow.
The passive-margin shelves of the Atlantic Ocean are remnants of _____.
the break-up of Pangaea
The pH scale measures _____.
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
What pieces of information did Eratosthenes use to calculate the size of the earth? (Choose all that apply)
the distance between Alexandria and Syene the lack of shadow at noon on the longest day in Syene in a vertical well. the shadow cast at noon on the longest day in Alexandria
A shadow zone in the ocean is a result of _____.
the divergence of sound waves (see section 6.9)
Wavelength
the horizontal distance measured between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave.
Wind
the horizontal movement of a mass of air
Adhesion
the property by which water sticks to other materials - allows water to stick to solids (and paper towels to absorb spills).
The following are nonextractive resources:
tourism transport of cargo transport of passengers coastal real estate
Plates on the surface of a sphere can move in ______ different directions relative to each other.
three - divergent, convergent and transform
Place the following waves in order of decreasing wavelength. (1=largest)
tide seismic wave (tsunami( seiche wind wave capillary wave
What scenario in the very top layer of the ocean can inhibit photosynthesis?
too much light
An airplane traveling due west from Washington D.C. to Los Angeles California is being deflected _______ by the Coriolis Effect.
towards the north - It is in the northern hemisphere so it is deflected to the right... which way is that?
Which of the following are climatic belts that are distributed latitudinally, i.e. we only find them at certain latitudes? (select all that apply):
trade winds (easterlies), horse latitudes, polar easterlies, doldrums, prevailing westerlies, polar front, -see table 8.1
At which type of plate boundary is crust neither created nor destroyed?
transform plate boundary
Western boundary currents _____.
transport heat towards the poles (9.2)
Who paid for the GEOSAT satellite?
u.s. Navy
Current projections suggest that hydrocarbon (oil, natural gas, coal) demand will go __________ in the next 20 years.
up
In Hadley cells, air moves _____.
up at the equator and down at the subtropics (8.3)
although nutrients in surface water are often depleted by the rapid growth of organisms, deep water is often rich in nutrients. When ___________ occurs, deep waters rise towards the surface and biological productivity increases.
upwelling
During an El Niño event, _____ occurs off the coast of Australia.
upwelling (9.5)
What type of feature is found at convergent plate boundaries?
violent geological activity
The Gulf Stream is ______ while the corresponding eastern boundary current (Canary Current) is ________.
warm and deep / cool and shallow
Why is deep-water wave speed reduced as waves enter shallow water?
wave "feels" bottom wavelength. (10.3)
Waves with longer wavelengths travel faster from their area of origin than short wavelength waves, separating them into groups that have similar wavelengths and speed: these groups of waves are called ________________.
wave trains (Progressing groups of swell with the same origin and wavelength are called wave trains. ) -Remember that speed is directly proportional to wavelength in deep-water waves: C=L/T
Water in the oceans and water vapor in the atmosphere transfer great quantities of heat from the tropics to the poles. Atmospheric circulation accounts for _____ of the transfer, while ocean circulation accounts for _______.
(2/3, 1/3) -Even though a given volume of seawater has greater heat carrying capacity than the same volume of vapor-rich air, the atmosphere is much more mobile than the sea so air currents can transfer heat (latent heat of vaporization at 540 calories/gram) at a much faster rate than the sea currents.
Match the photos with the coastal classifications below.
(Hint: I didn't realize this at the time, but if you hover over the photo, it will tell you the location, ie: cape cod) 1. Fjord (Iceland) 2. Moraine (Cape Code) 3. Drowned river (Chesapeake Bay) 4. Delta (Nile) 5. Volcanic (Hawaii)
Which type of sediment covers the greatest area of the ocean basin:
*Biogenous* The dominant sediments over much of the modern seafloor are oozes - siliceous and calcareous oozes are made up of biogenous sediments. *remember terrigenous sediment is greater in quantity, but biogenous is greater in area*
In the diagram The breaking waves are highest at letter:
*NOT A* (the waves will be highest were the energy is concentrated.)
Sediment on the Continental Shelf are called ____________?
*neritic sediments (consisting primarily of terrigenous sediment)*
What is the density of *pure water*?
*pure water* has a density of 1.00 g/cm3
The Antarctic Circumpolar Current:
1. Is not an example of a geostrophic current 2. Flows eastward around the continent of Antarctica
cyanobacteria
-picoplankton (picoplankters) -photosynthetic, single-celled prokaryotes (bacteria - organisms that do not have a cell nucleus, which separates them from eukaryotes (Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists)). -Cyanobacteria can be colonial - the colonies are shaped like filaments. -Cyanobacteria secrete a mucus-like material that is used to glide the filament through sediment in a beach environment. On beaches, these cyanobacteria will form a thick mat. Over time sediment sticks to the mat of cyanobacterial filaments. The cyanobacteria glide to the surface (as they need sunlight) and the mat reforms. More sediment is glued to the mat and the process repeats over time to form a layered sedimentary structure called a stromatolite.
Which of the following are renewable resources? (select all that apply):
-potable water -table salt (Water and salt are considered renewable because there is so much of it that it cannot really be diminished.)
Which of the following are examples of physical marine resources? (select all that apply):
-salts -oil and natural gas -sand and gravel -manganese nodules (physical resources include solid minerals (something we discussed in Chapter five - remember hydrogenous sediments?), oil and natural gas, sand and gravel, salts, and freshwater.)
The following complications affect the predicted heights of the high tides in the equilibrium theory of the tides.
-the relationship between the sun, moon, and the earth. -the tilt of the Earth's spin axis compared to the moons orbit around the Earth.
Refraction is the bending of waves. When light from the atmosphere enters a medium of greater density, like water, at an oblique angle its __________.
-velocity slows down and the angle changes. Light and sound are both types of waves. The important thing to remember about refraction is that light (or sound) waves travel at different speeds in different media. What essentially happens is that when the light wave leave a medium of one material (say for example air) and go into another medium (say water) at any angle other than 90°, the wave's path is bent. The speed of light in water is about 75% of the speed of light in air - so it slows significantly upon entering water.
Geostrophic Gyres are defined as:
1. Gyres in balance with pressure gradients and the Coriolis effect. 2. Gyres constrained by both patterns of driving winds and the current configuration of the continents.
What processes contributed to the heating and density stratification of the early Earth? (While the sun was a "protostar"; Choose all that apply)
1) Heating of the Earth by the Sun. 2) Friction caused by the motion of materials as they moved up or down during density stratification. 3) Heating caused by decaying radioactive elements. 4) Heating caused by the multiple impacts that formed the Earth. 5) Volume loss due to the gravitational compression of Earth. 6) Heating caused by burning of primitive organic compounds in the early Earth.
What three factors affect the growth of wind waves?
1. First, the wind must be moving faster than the wave crests for energy transfer from air to sea to continue, so the mean speed, or *wind strength*, of the wind is clearly important to wind wave development. 2. A second factor is the length of time the wind blows, or *wind duration*; high winds that blow only a short time will not generate large waves. 3. The third factor is the uninterrupted distance over which the wind blows without significant change in direction, the *fetch*
Place the following water masses in order of increasing depth (from shallowest = 1, to deepest = 5). Deep Water Bottom Water Surface Water Intermediate Water Central Water
1. Surface water 2. Central water 3. Intermediate water 4. Deep water 5. Bottom water
Most oil platforms are located in water depths less than __________. (choose the option closest to this depth).
100 meters
Between the last ice age (when there was an ice sheet covering Kalamazoo) and the 1800 the increase in carbon dioxide was about 100 ppm (parts per million). Between 1800 and 2014 the increase in carbon dioxide (due to human activities) was about _____________.
100ppm We have actually increased concentrations in the atmosphere about as much (actually a little more) than the natural change from glacial to interglacial climates. Carbon dioxide is genterated by the burning of fossil fuels - oil, natural gas, coal, peat.
To be called a hurricane or a typhoon, a tropical cyclone has to have winds speeds that are at least:
119 km/hr (74 miles/hr). -To qualify formally as a hurricane or typhoon, the tropical cyclone must have winds of at least 119 kilometers (74 miles) per hour.
Earth's average temperature at the surface is about ___________ C
15 (288 degrees K) Earth's average temperature at the surface is about 15°C, or it was before "Global Warming".
Tidal ranges in the eastern part of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia on the Atlantic coast of Canada are some of the world's largest. They reach maximum spring tidal ranges of __________.
15 meters
How old are the oldest sediments preserved in the pacific ocean basin?
180 million years old
When was sea floor spreading first proposed?
1960
Moderately sized Wind waves in an open ocean have a maximum ratio of wave height to wavelength ratio of approximately _______________, before they break.
1:7 -During their formation, moderate-sized wind waves in the open ocean exhibit a maximum 1:7 ratio of wave height to wavelength (Figure 10.10c); this ratio is the wave steepness. Waves 7 meters long will not be more than 1 meter high, and waves with a 70-meter wavelength will not exceed 10 meters of height. The angle at their crest will not exceed . A peaked appearance usually indicates the continuing injection of wind energy. If a wave gets any higher than the 1:7 ratio for its wave-length, it will break, and excess energy from the wind will be dissipated as turbulence—hence the whitecaps or combers associated with a fully developed sea.
Excess solar heat is transported from the equator to the poles. Atmospheric circulation accounts for _____ of the transfer and oceanic circulation accounts for _____ of the transfer.
2/3, 1/3
Human demand now exceeds Earth's natural replacement capacity by at least _____.
20%
Determine the wave speed when the wavelength is 200 meters and the period is 11 seconds.
200m/11sec = 18.2 meters/second
Please calculate the wave velocity c with the following equation, with the knowledge that both g and π are constants for a deep-water wave. The following information may be useful: the period between waves is 13.5 seconds.which simplifies to: C=gT/2π which simplifies to C=1.56T
21.1 m/sec -The period is the T in equation. Multipy 13.5 seconds with the constant 1.56 to get the speed C. Note the proper units for C in this form of the equation are meters/second or m/sec.
Please calculate the wave velocity c with the following equation, with the knowledge that both g and π are constants for a deep-water wave. The following information may be useful: the length between successive crests is 300 meters, the period is 13.9 seconds? C=√(gL/2π) which simplifies to C=1.249√L
21.6 meters/second -this equation only requires that the wavelength L is known - in this example that is the length between successive crests or 300 meters. Take the square root of 300 and multiply it by 1.249 to get the wave speed C. *or divide 300 by 13.9!!!!* -Note the proper units should be meters/second or m/sec.
Oceanic ridges and their associated structures account for how much of the worlds solid surface area?
22%
What are the percentages of elements created by Big Bang Nucleosynthesis? (Choose all that apply)
25% Helium, 75% Hydrogen. By mass.
How much of Earth's surface is exposed land?
29%
Earth's average temperature at the surface is about ____ °C higher than it would be if it was a a "black body" (no atmosphere, but entirely black in color).
33 33°K is a whole lot of heat, and the difference between liquid oceans and a ball of ice.
Marine protected areas cover _____ of U.S. marine waters.
36%
What is the average depth of the ocean?
3682 meters
What is the total mass of the primary producer of with a primary productivity 500 grams carbon/m2/yr?
5,000 grams of primary producers/m2/yr -The *total mass* of a primary producer is assumed to be about 10 times the mass of the carbon it has bound into carbohydrates. Thus, a primary productivity of represents the yearly growth of about 1,000 grams of primary producers for each square meter of ocean surface (see Figure 14.2). Since 35 to 50 billion metric tons of carbon are bound into carbohydrates in the ocean each year, between 350 and 500 billion metric tons of marine plants and plantlike organisms are produced annually. Each year this vast bulk is consumed by the metabolic activity of the producers themselves and by the consumers that graze on them. The component atoms are then reassembled by photosynthesis into carbohydrates in a continuous solar-powered cycle. (14.1)
If a H2O molecule is hit by energy of the wavelength indicated by the arrow labeled D there is a __% chance that it will get excited.
50 The blue curve shows the absorption spectrum for H2O molecules. Because the curve only goes about half way to the top of the plot at arrow D, there is about a 50% chance that it will get excited by that wavelength of radiation. If it was impacted by the wavelengths indicated by arrows H it would respond 100% of the time to that energy. At G it is closer to 5%. Please read lesson 18b.
At what current velocity would grain 2 millimeters in diameter be eroded?
50 cm/sec (lesson 1 on sediments in elearning - The Hjulstrom diagram )
Phytoplankton account for about ______ or slightly less of the world's primary production.
50%
About how much of humanity's nutritional protein needs are supplied by the ocean?
6%
Pure water (without any dissolved solids) has a pH of:
7
The above image is a tsunami travel time map. The contours are each 1 hour apart. How long does the tsunami take to get to the eastern side of the Island of Madagascar (the big island off the southeast coast of Africa) from its generation in Indonesia?
9 hours
Formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
9/5C+32=F or 5/9(F-32)=C
In theory, the net (average) direction of Ekman transport is ___________ to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere .
90 degrees, deflected right.
How much of the Earth's surface water is found in the oceans?
97%
seamounts
A circular or elliptical projection from the seafloor, more than 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) in height, with a relatively steep slope of 20 degrees to 25 degrees.
What is a climax community?
A climax community is a stable, long-established community.
magnetometer
A device that measures the amount and direction of residual magnetism in a rock sample.
What prevented explorers like Christopher Columbus from finding precise longitude?
A durable and precise clock
buffer
A group of substances that tends to resist change in the pH of a solution by combining with free ions.
Wave trains
A group of waves of similar wavelength and period moving in the same direction across the ocean surface. The group velocity of a wave train is half the velocity of the individual waves. (groups of swell with the same origin and wavelength.)
What is a gyre? How many large gyres exist in the world ocean? Where are they located?
A gyre is a circuit of wind-driven current flow around the periphery of an ocean basin. -There are six major gyres in the world ocean: ----North and South Pacific, North and South Atlantic, Indian Ocean, and the West-Wind Drift (Antarctic Circumpolar Current).
extratropical cyclone
A low-pressure, mid-latitude weather system characterized by converging winds and ascending air rotating counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. *An extratropical cyclone forms at the front between the polar and Ferrel cells.*
mineral
A naturally occurring inorganic crystalline material with a specific chemical composition and structure.
Cape Cod is a:
A partially drowned glacial moraine
This graph shows the following:
A plot of sea level change (in millimeters) for the past ~120 years
Manganese nodules are:
A potentially valuable form of hydrogenous sediment
convergent plate boundaries
A region where plates are pushing together and where a mountain range, island arc, and/or trench will eventually form; often a site of much seismic and volcanic activity.
A renewable resource is defined as:
A resource that is replenished naturally at rates faster than a human's life span.
clamshell sampler
A sampling device used to take shallow samples of the ocean bottom. (It is given its name due to its superficial resemblance to a clam.)
well-sorted sediment
A sediment in which particles are of uniform size.
poorly sorted sediment
A sediment in which particles of many sizes are found.
convection current
A single closed-flow circuit of rising warm material and falling cool material.
Which of the following best definition of a wave-cut platform:
A smooth, nearly level sea floor just seaward of a sea cliff.
Which kind of plate movement is related to tsunami and earthquakes
A subducting plate's periodic downward lurches cause earthquakes and tsunami.
Hot spots
A surface expression of a plume of magma rising from a stationary source of heat in the mantle.
turbidite
A terrigenous sediment deposited by a turbidity current; typically, coarse-grained layers of nearshore origin interleaved with finer sediments.
Why are earthquakes are more likely to occur along a transform fault than on a fracture zone?
A transform fault is a plate boundary, a fracture zone is not.
superplume
A very large mantle plume.
coccolithophore
A very small planktonic alga carrying discs of calcium carbonate, which contributes to biogenous sediments.
tropical cyclone
A weather system of low atmospheric pressure around which winds blow counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. It originates in the tropics within a single air mass but may move into temperate waters if the water temperature is high enough to sustain it. Small tropical cyclones are called *tropical depressions*; larger ones *tropical storms*; and great ones *hurricanes*, *typhoons,* or *willi-willis,* depending on location. *they are called, -hurricanes in the North Atlantic (caribbean), -Typhoons in the Pacific (western pacific), -tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean and -Willi-willis in the waters near Australia. * (Tropical cyclones have to have winds in excess of 74 miles per hour (110 kilometers per hour) to be called hurricanes or typhoons. There is a whole classification for tropical cyclones based on their wind speeds ) -A lot of the terminology used in earth science has been adopted directly from the language of the people where a specific feature or phenomenon is most common. Other examples of this borrowing from indigenous languages include: tsunami from Japanese, pahoehoe lava from Hawaiian, geyser from Icelandic, and fjord from Norwegian. Refer to the discussion of tropical cyclones for other terms used.
Continental margins near the edges of converging plates (or near places where plates are slipping past one another) are called
Active Margins (or Pacific type margins)
How does sonar work? What kinds of sonar systems are used in oceanographic research?
Active sonar, the projection and return through water of short pulses (pings) of high-frequency sound to search for objects in the ocean, - it is used to search for objects or ocean conditions of interest to researchers. -Side-scan solar is among the most useful active sonar devices.
Which of the following is not true of algin?
Actually, all of the statements are true. -It is an important commercial product. -It is produced from the mucus coatings of seaweed. -It is used in a wide variety of products such as ice cream, fabrics, salad dressings and beer. -The U.S. seaweed gel industry produces $220 million worth of algin every year
Spills of crude oil (unrefined oil) are usually large in volume (high quantity) and more frequent than spills of refined oil (lower in quantity). Most of the chemical components of crude oil do not dissolve in seawater. In what way do spills of crude oil harm life in the ocean?
All of the above -killing larvae -preventing free diffusion of gases -decreasing the sunlight available for photosynthesis -clogging adult organism's feeding strategy.
The Northwest Passage is a(n):
All of the above. -Area north of Canada. -Area that is now ice-free most of the time. -Trade route that was actively searched for in the early European exploration of North America. -Trade route that is now open due to climate change.
In the diagram, the dashed green line in the figure represents the:
All of these are true a. depth at which the incoming waves begin to slow down. b. depth at which the incoming waves begin to refract. c. depth which is equal to 1/2 of the wavelength d. separation between deep-water and intermediate water waves.
The center of Gyres are where:
All of these: -Calm conditions prevail -Accumulations of human trash like plastic and styrofoam collect. -Accumulations of floating seaweed like Sargassum collect.
What elements are ejected during supernovas? (Choose all that apply)
All the elements on the periodic table, so every element listed are ejected during supernovas.
What current state on Earth makes it unlikely that biosynthesis will occur today?
Altered oceanic and atmospheric conditions
Because Nitrogen has to be *fixed* before most organisms can use it, it becomes one of the limiting elements on the growth of plants and algae. Most organisms use one of three Nitrogen compounds:
Ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) It has to be bound with H2 or O2.
ophiolites
An assemblage of subducting oceanic lithosphere scraped off (obducted) onto the edge of a continent.
salinometer
An electronic device that determines salinity by measuring the electrical conductivity of a seawater sample.
conservative constituents
An element that occurs in constant proportion in seawater; for example, *chlorine, sodium, and magnesium.*
Nonconservative constituents
An element whose proportion in seawater varies with time and place, depending on biological demand or chemical reactivity. An element with a *short residence time*; for example, *iron, aluminum, silicon, trace nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and carbon dioxide.*
Which one of the following is NOT true about Copepods?
Answer: They are a type of phytoplankton. The following are true about Copepods: They are about a half millimeter in size. They are a type of crustacean. They are a type of zooplankton.
Which of the following is a type of picoplankton?
Answer: cyanobacteria Not picoplankton: -Diatoms. -Amoebas. -Foraminifers. -Coccolithophores.
Vascular plants need all of the following except:
Answer: e) a way to create nitrous oxide (laughing) gas. All the rest are thing the vascular plants need. a) A way to use conductive vessels to transport things like food and nutrients around the plant's body. b)A way to photosynthesize light energy to produce food in the leaves. c) A way to take some of the food produced in the leaves and transport it to the roots for the roots' use. d) A way to transport nutrients and water from the roots to the leaves. e) A way to create nitrous oxide (laughing) gas.
At what frequency (how often) do the tides occur at Honolulu during a lunar day? [That is, what is the duration of a tidal cycle?]
Approximately every 12 hours
Who was responsible for most of the progress in science and math after the fall of Rome?
Arabs
The North Atlantic Deepwater actually forms in the _____________ basin.
Arctic Ocean; -Freezing of the surface waters in the Arctic Ocean creates a dense, salty brine that sinks to the sea floor. This brine leaves the Arctic Ocean through submarine channels (between Scotland and Iceland, and between Iceland and Greenland) where it flows out into the Atlantic Ocean.
Fetch is the:
Area of water over which wind blows consistently.
amphidromic point
At this point, there are no tides - the tidal crest rotates around this point through a tidal cycle. -Tide crests rotating around them in the Northern Hemisphere - rotate counterclockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere - rotate clockwise. -The height of tides increases with distance from the amphidromic point.
__________ is not one of the top five countries in annual harvesting of marine organisms (measured in tonnes).
Australia Australia has a relatively low population. It is not a large fishery nation. Refer to figure 17.13a for the list of the top five harvesters and their hauls.
In the diagram the elongated sandy area to the southwest of letter E is a(an):
Barrier Island
What is the difference between fringing reefs and barrier reefs?
Barrier reefs are separated from land by a lagoon. (12.5)
A _______________ forms when a sand split attaches to a headland and narrows the entrance to a bay. It protects the bay from waves and turbulence and encourages the accumulation of sediments there.
Bay mouth bar
In the diagram, the sandy area indicated by A is a(an): *if logged into e-learning, this is the image. (https://elearning.wmich.edu/content/enforced2/230994-43703.201640/images/12p366_f18.html?ou=230994)*
Beach
How can sound be used to measure the temperature of an ocean?
Because sound travels more rapidly through warmer water, the temperature of the ocean can be monitored by measuring the time it takes for sound to travel a fixed distance. The extent of global warming can be gauged in this way.
Tidal Patterns Affect Marine Organisms
Because the tides are a constant companion of the organisms living in the oceans, many of these organisms have developed life cycles that are heavily influenced by the tides. In the littoral zone along a shoreline, organisms (such as barnacles, certain types of mollusks, etc.) experience periods of exposure followed by periods of submergence due to the tides. Distribution of organisms in the tidal belt ranging from organisms that need to be completely submerged most of the time, to groups of organisms that can tolerate short periods of emergence and exposure, to organisms that can be exposed to air most of the time. This kind of distribution is common on tidal flats.
Why is pacific spreading faster than atlantic?
Because there are more subduction zones. It is actually getting smaller.
The _____________ is a zone in which density increases the greatest for any unit change in depth.
Because we are talking about density, we are talking about the pycnocline. The rapid temperature change is called the thermocline and the rapid salinity change is called the halocline.
_____________ is the term for unintended organisms killed while fishing for desirable ones (catching dolphins in tuna nets, or albatrosses in long lines, for example).
Bycatch
The greenhouse gas that responds to a very narrow range of the spectrum that Earth emits a great deal of is:
CFCs The Earth emits most energy at the wavelengths that water is least excited by. Earth is not emiting a lot of energy at the wavelengths that excite methane. Earth is emitting a lot of energy at the wavelengths that excite CO2, but this is a pretty broad range of wavelengths. CFC's have the narrowest wavelength response, and Earth emits a lot of energy at these wavelengths.
The southward flowing current that intercepts water Outflowing from the Mediterranean sea and then flows past the West African coast is called the:
Canary Current (Eastern Boundary Currents are found on the eastern edge of the ocean basins *(along the western coastlines of continents.)*)
What kind of waves are the only waves that can be deep-water waves?
Capillary and Wind waves. (10.3) -(the following can *never* be deep water waves: seiche, seismic sea waves, tsunami, tides)
Surface tension of water tends to limit the size of _________.
Capillary waves -Capillary waves form when wind friction stretches the water surfaces - it tugs the water with the direction of the wind flow, generating small ripples. The surface tension of the water tries to restore the ocean surface to flatness. - capillary waves become wind waves when their wavelength increases past 1.73 centimeters
The first tiny waves to form as wind blows over the ocean surface are called ______________.
Capillary waves.
The atmosphere of Mars was once rich in which gas?
Carbon Dioxide
Ocean acidification is a result of increases in which of the following in the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide
What is the source of carbon that is made into carbohydrates by primary producers?
Carbon dioxide gas
Atmospheric circulation:
Carries two-thirds of the heat energy from the equator to the poles. See the discussion of heat transport on pages 185-186.
Who developed the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin, and Alfred Wallace
Bioluminescence is a process by which a compound called luciferin is activated by an enzyme called luciferase. What is the result of the activation?
Chemical energy is converted to light energy and the organism gives off a blue-green colored light.
In seabed communities in the aphotic zone, the primary producers must be capable of _________ in order to produce carbohydrates.
Chemosynthesis
Why would you observe high concentrations of chlorophyll in upwelling zones?
Chlorophyll is the dominant photosynthetic pigment and is characteristic of the vast numbers of phytoplankton found in an upwelling zone.
Place the following sediment size classes in order of in order accumulation rate from the fastest rate (1) to the slowest rate (4):
Clay is slowest followed by silicate ooze, carbonate ooze and turbidites are the fastest. See discussion in the Lesson plan.
Terrigenous sediments are composed of ______________?
Clays and silicate minerals are the dominant materials in terrigenous sediments. One important silicate mineral is Quartz.
the __________ form of marine community distribution is the most common one found in nature.
Clumped distribution; (The most common pattern of distribution is as small clumps or clusters scattered through the habit as a function of environmental factors. This is called a clumped distribution. An example of a clumped distribution is one where a group of organisms might take advantage of cracks in the intertidal zone for safety, or schooling of fish is another example. )
Why does deep water tend to contain more carbon dioxide than surface water?
Cold, deep water contains more gas at saturation.
The Gulf Stream forms in the equatorial belt and is a narrow, deep, warm water surface current. What influence does it have on climate?
Cold, dry air that flowed over North America during the winter months, picks up moisture as it crosses the Gulf Stream (Anyone familiar with Sherlock Holmes stories should know that England tends to be foggy during the winter months). The warm current also tends to make Northern Europe warmer as well and this region is characterized by a maritime climate.
When the wave crests and troughs of multiple wave trains are passing through the same point on the ocean and they align, the wave heights increase of the resulting wave exceeds the size of each participating wave. This is called:
Constructive interference
In which part of the ocean basin, should you expect to see the thickest average sediment accumulations
Continental rises are there because they are underlain by thick accumulations of sediment.
Why are continents above water?
Continents are thicker and less dense so they float higher
What maintains the permanent thermocline found at all low and mid-latitudes?
Continual upwelling (9.6)
island arcs form, continents collide, and crust recycles at which plate boundary
Convergent
two plates move toward each other and interact
Convergent plate boundaries
Oceanic crust is destroyed at
Convergent plate boundaries (denser oceanic crust is subducted below less dense continental crust, or if it is two oceanic crusts converging, the older of the crusts will be more dense and slip steeply below the newer, less dense crust.)
lithification
Conversion of sediment into sedimentary rock by pressure or by the introduction of a mineral cement.
Which type of sediment is rarest? Where does this sediment originate?
Cosmogenous sediments are very rare. They originate from interplanetary dust that falls constantly into the top of the atmosphere and rare impacts by large asteroids and comets.
Which of the following are important types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together to form molecules(select all that apply)?
Covalent and Ionic bonds
Each of the following are considered an inorganic physical resource except for ___________.
Crustaceans
as liquid water continues to cool its' density actually starts to ___________!
Decrease
Temperature and salinity give rise to masses (or zones of water) that are layered due to their density properties. Which of the following are types of density stratified water masses? (Choose all that apply).
Deep Zone Surface Zone Pycnocline
Oceanographers name currents and large bodies of water according to their relative vertical position in the water column. Which of the following is the water mass that resides below 1500 meters (5000 ft) to a depth of about 4000 meters (13000 ft).
Deep water
Which of the following are covered by the thinnest amount of marine sediment
Deep-Ocean floor
The graph shows that during an El Niño event the temperature profile of the water column shows a shift towards increasing surface water temperatures compared to the temperature in normal years. This reflects which of the processes below?
Deepening of the thermocline due to changes in atmospheric pressure in the Equatorial Pacific. (figure 9.25, section 9.5)
There are no large __________ along the Atlantic coast of the United States because sediments that arrive at the coast are deposited in the sunken river mouth or dispersed by tides and currents.
Deltas
The boundary between air masses of different _______________ is called a front.
Density (Remember that we are talking mainly about temperature differences in the case of air masses and the warmer the temperature, the lower the density. This is why the warmer air rises at the front.)
What process created the layers of the Earth? (The crust, mantle, and core).
Density Stratification
By which process did Earth's layers develop?
Density stratification
evaporite
Deposit formed by the evaporation of ocean water. -include salts that precipitate from seawater that evaporates from isolated arms of the ocean or form landlocked seas or lakes.
What property enables random movement of materials through a solution?
Diffusion (7.1)
Corals have a symbiotic relationship with a type of plankton that we described back in chapter 14. Which type of plankton is found as endosymbionts (lives within the tissue) of coral?
Dinoflagellates
Waves are classified due to their physical characteristics. Which of the following summarizes the three physical characteristics used in one classification scheme?
Disturbing force, restoring force, wave period.
Ocean basins form at which plate boundary
Divergent
3 types of interactions that happen at plate boundaries
Divergent boundaries experience extension (pull away from), Convergent boundaries experience compression (move toward), and transverse plate boundaries experience shear characteristics (move along sides). Convergent and Divergent are destructive and transverse are conservative.
Which two climate belts are characterized by light, variable winds (so that they were a hazard to early (wind-powered) shipping)?
Doldrums and Horse Latitudes -The Doldrums and Horse Latitudes both experience little or no wind because the dominant airmass movement is up and down respectively.
There are 3 Domains, name them.
Domain bacteria (simple single celled organism, no nucleus), Domain archaea (simple single celled organism, no nucleus, lives in extreme conditions), and Domain eukarya (single and multicellular life in which cells are complex, having a nucleus). (include Kingdom fungi, Kingdom animalia, Kingdom plantae, and Kingdom protista) We belong to the domain Eukarya.
What is the relationship of organisms in a trophic pyramid? (food web)
Each level consumes the level underneath for energy.
The Peru Current and Canary Current are both types of:
Eastern Boundary currents -They are both found on the eastern sides of their respective gyres and are characterized by cold, broad, shallow surface currents.
The Benguela Current is a(n): Question options:
Eastern boundary current
Which of the following are types of boundary currents? *(select all that apply):*
Eastern boundary, Western boundary, and Transverse currents.
Water rushing out of a basin due to a fall in sea level as the tidal trough approaches is called:
Ebb current
_________ are generated by loops in surface currents breaking off of the main current flow. This phenomenon is most associated with Western Boundary Currents.
Eddies
Who developed longitude and latitude?
Eratosthenes
A _________ coast is one where the dominant process is the removal of sediment. A _________ coast is one where the dominant process is the accumulation of sediment.
Erosional, depositional
What habitats are hardest hit by pollution?
Estuaries
Why is eutrophication bad for the ocean environment?
Eutrophication upsets the natural biological balance of an area.
How is nearly one-third of world's table salt produced?
Evaporation from seawater
Einstein's famous E=Mc2 equation deals with what?
Exchanging mass and energy.
T/F: Turtle Excluder Devices are used to capture just marine turtles as a way to harvest enough turtles to make lots of turtle soup.
FALSE!!! Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) are used to allow turtles to escape nets, while other organisms like shrimp or small fish are funneled into the net.
T/F: The Earth-Moon System's center of mass is at the Center of the Earth, and the Moon orbits this center of mass.
FALSE!!!! The center of mass is some 1,650 kilometers from the Earth's surface and is not at the center of the Earth.
T/F: Carrying capacity is the total number of species in a habitat.
False
T/F: The littoral zone is a benthic zone that describes the sea bed from the continental slopes down to the greatest ocean depths.
False
T/F: Tsunami move at speeds up to 750 km (470ft) per hour and are generally deep water waves.
False
T/F: Methane Hydrates freeze when they are brought to the surface, forming a solid composed of methane-laced ice.
False (When methane hydrates are brought to the surface they go from a higher pressure zone to a lower pressure zone (there is also a steep change in temperature). What happens is the methane-ice mix sublimates - it turns to gas and bubbles off of the associated sediments.)
T/F: The greenhouse effect and global warming are the same thing.
False Global warming refers to the human-generated impact of adding greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. The greenhouse effect is the response of any greenhouse gases (natural or otherwise) to infra-red wavelength radiation that Earth emits.
T/F: On average, of the energy that strikes and excites greenhouse gases almost all of it is re-transmitted back to Earth, effectively blocking it from going out to space and heating up the planet.
False Not true. It is a little bit more complicated than that. Read in the Lesson about the greenhouse effect and how it works.
T/F: All greenhouse gases respond to all the energy that the Earth emits.
False This is not true. Each greenhouse gases respond to a limited range of wavelengths. They are indicated by the colored regions in the graph for each of the greenhouse gases. If the color reaches the top, there is 100% chance that gas will get excited by that wavelength of energy, if it reaches half way there is only a 50% change that gas will get excited.
T/F The Kingdom is the highest level in our modern application of Linnean hierarchical taxonomy.
False -Modern taxonomists actually have a hierarchical level above the kingdom - the domain. Refer to discussion of Linnean taxonomy on pgs. 389-390.
T/F: Lionfish are native species of the Caribbean Sea that have prospered in the tropical part of the Indo-Pacific region after being released from aquaria.
False Lionfish are natives of the Indo-Pacific and have prospered in the Caribbean sea after being released from aquaria.
T/F: The photic zone is the portion of the ocean in which light does not penetrate.
False see next question.
T/F: The poles are characterized by a surplus of heat.
False (The surplus of heat at the *equator* drives both atmospheric and oceanic circulation.)
T/F: Celerity is a kind of vegetable.
False! (Celerity = velocity)
T/F: the rate at which humans are adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere has begun to decline over the last 10 years.
False!! There have been a lot of "agreements" to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, but the data show a pretty steady increase and no evidence of reduced rates of increase. See the lesson 18b for plots.
T/F: Krill are not a particularly important zooplankton species in the Antarctic ecosystem.
False!!! They are very important. -Krill are another important type of zooplankton found in all of the world's oceans. They are tiny crustaceans (like crabs, shrimp and lobsters). *In the Antarctic region, krill are the keystone species of the ecosystem.* Some very large animals like whales and some fish eat krill.
T/F: Sea Islands are narrow, exposed sandbars that are parallel to, but separated from the land. Unlike sea Islands, barrier islands contain a firm central core that was once part of the mainland when seal level was lower.
False!!!! It's the other way around. Replace Sea Island with Barrier Island, and Barrier Island with Sea Island!!!! ("Sea islands differ from barrier islands in that they have a core of firmer material that was part of the mainland before sea level rise occurred (unlike a barrier islands that are composed of sand)")
T/F: About 20% of oil released to the ocean is from natural seeps of crude oil.
False, almost half of oil released to the ocean is from natural seeps of crude oil. (This is an under-estimate. The amount of crude oil released to the oceans is about 600 thousand metric tons of oil per year - which is just under half the amount released to the oceans annually.)
T/F: Red light wavelengths penetrate deeper than any other color wavelength.
False, Blue light does.
T/F: A fracture zone is a plate boundary.
False, Fracture zone is an area of irregular, seismically inactive topography marking the position of a once-active transform fault.
T/F: Primary production in hydrothermal vent communities is accomplished by photosynthesis.
False. Chemosynthesis.
T/F: Amphidromic points are characterized by extreme tidal ranges.
False. no tide.
The core plays a critical role in plate tectonics.
False/Almost all plate tectonic activity occurs in the upper part of the mantle and the crust.
T/F: The Deepwater Horizon accident occurred in 2010 and contaminated most of the North Sea.
False: 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico
T/F: 53% of the ocean's total biomass is concentrated in the upper 500 meters of the water column.
False: *83%* of the ocean's total biomass is concentrated in the upper *200 meters* of the water column.
T/F: The largest fetch on Earth is the Noth Pacific ocean in a storm.
False: Antartic
T/F: Extratropical cyclones form at the boundary between the Hadley and Ferrel cells.
False: Extratropical (by "extratropical" we mean, outside of the tropics in the same way that "extraterrestrial" means outside of Earth) cyclones form at the boundary between each hemisphere's Polar and Ferrel cells, a zone called the Polar Front.
Whalers from Norway and Japan have stopped taking whales since the International Whaling Commission, an organization of whaling countries established to manage whale stocks, place a moratorium on the slaughter of large whales in 1986.
False: Japan still kills whales for "scientific purposes" and Norway kills Minke whales predominately.
T/F: Cold water flows to higher latitudes where heat is transferred to it, then it flows back to low latitudes and releases its heat before the cycle repeats.
False: Remember that the general trend is for warm waters to flow away from the Equator towards the Poles. Cold, Salty water tends to flow at depth from the Poles towards the Equator.
T/F: Storm Surges are a type of progressive wave.
False: Storm Surges are really a pulse of water pushed landward by an approaching storm.
T/F: biodiversity is a measure of the number of organisms per a unit area.
False: The number of individuals of a specific species per unit area (or volume) is known as the population density.
T/F: An estuary is a body of water partially surrounded by land where fresh water from a river mixes with ocean water. Estuaries are classified into two distinct types depending on their origins, 1) drowned river mouths and 2) tectonically-formed estuaries.
False: there are 4 types. 1. drowned river mouths 2. fjord 3. bar-built 4. tectonic
T/F: Deltas are classified based on the processes that dominate and shape them: wave-dominated, river-dominated and storm-dominated.
False; Wave-dominated, river-dominated, and tide dominated. *NOT* storm-dominated.
T/F: Kelp forests are the Earth's most uniform environment for a community to flourish.
False; Deep-sea floor
T/F: Corals that form coral reefs have endosymbionts. These endosymbionts limit corals to the aphotic zone.
False; Corals have endosymbionts like dinoflagellates. Dinoflagellates are photosynthetic and so are limited to the *photic zone.*
T/F: Marine resources can be classified as either renewable or nonrenewable. Oil, gas, and solid minerals are renewable resources.
False; Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources.
T/F: The Lunar day is shorter than the solar day.
False; Lunar day is longer than the solar day
T/F: The U.S. signed the 1982 United Nations Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea
False; The U.S. was among those who abstained from signing it.
T/F: In a mutualist symbiotic relationship, only the symbiont benefits
False; both the host and the symbiont benefit. ( Mutualism symbiosis - tiny dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) that live in the tissue of coral polyps. The dinoflagellates are photosynthetic, so they produce oxygen and carbohydrates, which the coral polyp uses. The coral polyp uses aerobic respiration, so it takes in oxygen and releases waste carbon dioxide. The waste carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis by the zooxanthellae.)
T/F: The net motion of the water down to about *1000 meters*, after allowance for the summed effects of Ekman spiral (the sum of all the arrows indicating water direction in the affected layers), is known as Ekman Transport.
False; down to about 100 meters, not 1000.
T/F: The most highly evolved and the most common symbiotic relationship is mutualism.
False; parasitism
A supernova is the only natural way to create elements heavier than _____? (Select the lightest element in the list below that correctly finishes this statement.)
Fe (Iron)
A pair of air circulation cells which exists between 30°N and 60°N latitude, and 30°S and 60°S are known as
Ferrel cells
Which of the following is not used as a type of desalination process?
Filtration (freezing, boiling (distilation), and reverse osmosis are all used forms of desalination)
Neap tides occur during which two phases of the Moon?
First Quarter and Third Quarter
The most valuable living marine resources are:
Fish, crustaceans and mollusks
Which one of the following describes an estuary that is characterized by a steep, glacially-eroded, U-shaped trough?
Fjords; another type of drowned valley - they are the U-shaped troughs carved out by glaciers. Many of these glaciers probably preferentially carved out pre-existing river valleys (deepening and rounding out the valley floor - i.e. converting it from more of a V-shaped feature to a U-shaped feature). The Strait of Juan de Fuca in Washington State is the best example of a fjord in the continental U.S.
Water moving into an enclosed basin due to an increase in sea level as a tidal crest approaches is called a ______________.
Flood current
What type of current relates to rising tides?
Flood current (11.3)
A Gyre is defined as _____________________?
Flow of surface currents around the periphery of an ocean basin.
A ___________ is a group of organisms linked by complex feeding relationships in which the flow of energy can be followed from primary producers through consumers.
Food web -The food web reflects the fact that a consumer may consume more than one food species on more than one level of the *trophic pyramid.* Food webs and tropic pyramids are a way to map out the relationships between primary producers and consumers.
What features would characterize an accretionary wedge?
Found near a trench and subduction zone, and contains lots of sediment.
Tidal power is the only marine energy source that has been successfully exploited on a large scale. The first major tidal power station was opened in 1966 in __________.
France The first tidal power plant was installed on the Rance River Estuary in France.
biological construction follows a specific pattern around subsiding volcanoes, what is the general pattern?
Fringing reef, barrier reef, atoll, undersea guyotes.
Granite Basalt Peridotite Water Air Iron
From densest to least densest: Iron, Peridotite, Basalt, Granite, water, air.
Arrange the layers of the Earth in order (surface to center) inner core, outer core, mesosphere, Asthenosphere, lithospere.
From outermost to innermost: Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inncer core.
Satellite remote sensing data of an upwelling zone would show the following:
High chlorophyll concentrations -- which reflect high numbers of phytoplankton. There are usually high abundances of zooplankton near here too. After all, the phytoplankton is their food source.
If this water column was at a tropical latitude, what kind of pattern should be observed in water temperature with depth?
High temperature (25°C) at the surface followed by a decline to 5°C at depths of 1000 meters and a constant temperature of 5°C below that depth.
A tropical cyclone is called: _____________ in the the Caribbean and _____________ in the Western Pacific.
Hurricane, Typhoon -A lot of the terminology used in earth science has been adopted directly from the language of the people where a specific feature or phenomenon is most common. Other examples of this borrowing from indigenous languages include: tsunami from Japanese, pahoehoe lava from Hawaiian, geyser from Icelandic, and fjord from Norwegian.
The depletion of ____ marks the beginning stages of the collapse of a star.
Hydrogen
oolite sand
Hydrogenous sediment formed when calcium carbonate precipitates from warmed seawater as pH rises, forming rounded grains around a shell fragment or other particle.
Commensalism symbiosis
In commensalism, the symbiont benefits from the relationship, while the host is neither is harmed or benefits from the relationship. An example of this relationship is provided by the relationship between Imperial Shrimp and Sea Cucumbers.
Which layers of the ocean are density stratified?
In order of depth - (also density increases with increasing latitude, north to south) Surface Zone (2% of the ocean - warm low density water) Pycnocline - (18% of the ocean - density increases rapidly) Deep Zone - (80% of the ocean - cold dense water)
What *dissolved gases* are most abundant in the ocean?
In order of their relative abundance, the major gases found in seawater are nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
Where are trenches most prevalent?
In the active Pacific
How do introduced species typically move around the globe?
In the ballast water of ships
Where is the largest marine community located?
In the deep open-ocean
What are the types of ocean waves, arranged by disturbing force and wavelength?
In wavelength order (shortest to longest): capillary waves, wind waves, seiches, tsunami, tides.
Plastic production has ________exponentially over the last 60 years, while recovery (recycling) has _______slightly.
Increased, increased
Addition of carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere has resulted in _____ CO2 concentrations in the oceans and has ______ the pH of the oceans.
Increased/lowered CO2 is highly soluble in seawater so the increased atmospheric concentrations have increased the concentrations of this gas in seawater. CO2 is a buffer for H+ in the oceans. Adding it releases H+ ions. This lowers the pH of seawater making it less alkaline.
What factors are responsible for solar bulges?
Inertia and gravitational attraction with Earth (11.2)
when salts dissolve they separate into two separate components that are technically no longer salts, but are called ______________.
Ions
____________ are only associated with ocean-ocean convergence?
Island arcs
When an oceanic ridge projects above water it form what?
Islands, such as Iceland, The Azores, and Easter Island
describes the balance between the lithosphere floating atop the asthenosphere.
Isostatic equilibrium
Which of the following are parameters that describe seawater?
It contains dissolved salts. It is a solution. The total quantity of dissolved solids in seawater is called its salinity.
What does measuring the concentration of chlorophyll in the surface water tell us?
It is a measure of primary productivity.
The western coast of North American is a(n) ___________________.
It is an active margin, including both convergent (north of San Francisco) and transform plate boundaries.
If the foraminifer and coccolithophore skeletons settle to the seafloor above the Calcium Carbonate Compensation depth, their shells survive (they may show partial dissolution) to form accumulations of lime sediment. Along with the skeletons, organic matter settles out as well (the bodies of these organisms). With heat and pressure what happens to the organic matter and what economic resource is generated?
It is cooked into a small variety of compounds that hold a lot of chemical potential energy, the resource is Oil and Natural Gas. (Basically the organic matter is converted into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas due to heat and pressure. Of course oil and natural gas are economic resources.)
Which planet has more water in the form of ice than Earth?
Jupiter
The shelter and high productivity of a(n) ___________ can help provide a near-ideal environment for animals.
Kelp forest
One important type of holoplankton are krill. Krill are_____________?
Krill are a type of tiny arthropod. Some types of whales have diets consisting almost entirely of krill.
After an ENSO event, normal circulation sometimes returns with surprising vigor, producing strong currents, powerful upwelling, and chilly, stormy conditions along the south American coast. These contrasting, colder than normal events are given a contrasting name, what is it?
La Nina
What is a similar driver for both monsoons and land breezes?
Land heats faster than water. (8.4)
What change in Earth's atmosphere allowed for the development of large animals?
Large animals use aerobic respiration as their metabolic pathway -- this means that they need to take in oxygen and food in order to generate energy. The major waste products of that process are water and carbon dioxide. So this means, that the atmosphere had to become richer in oxygen.
Ice is ________________ dense than liquid water.
Less dense -This is because the solid structure of ice is more open than the tightly bonded (with hydrogen bonds) liquid water molecules. Once liquid water has changed state to solid water (ice) and it is further cooled, ice increases in density (the molecules are still vibrating, vibrating slower and slower as it cools). However the density of ice never increases enough so that it becomes as dense as liquid water. This is an important feature - it means that ice will always float at the water surface.
What characterizes the photic, euphotic, and disphotic zones?
Light illuminates the entire photic zone (during the day). The euphotic zone is the upper segment of the photic zone in which illumination is sufficient for photosynthesis to occur. The disphotic zone, while still lit, is too dark to support photosynthesis.
Who invented the form of taxonomy still in use today?
Linneaus
Mangroves are usually found in what environment?
Littoral, tropical to subtropical Latitudes. -Remember the terms littoral and neritic from fig. 13.24. -Mangroves do not live where they are totally submerged.
Which of the following is not a type of eustatic change?
Local changes like tectonic motions, isotostatic adjustments or local current and wave patterns (seiches, storm surges, wind waves, etc.).
Tide-dominated deltas tend to exhibit the following features:
Long, linear islands oriented parallel to river flow.
_____ transports sediment in the surf zone.
Longshore current (12.3)
The Law of the Sea was first described in a 1609 publication by Hugo Grotius called _____________.
Mare Liberum (it means "a free Ocean")
___________ is the name given to the practice of growing and farming of marine organisms, usually in estuaries, bays, or nearshore environments, or in specially designed structures using circulating seawater.
Mariculture - which is a portion of Aquaculture, or farming of marine organisms.
What is the difference between aquaculture and mariculture?
Mariculture is the farming of marine organisms specifically.
what are the size classes of plankton (plankter)
Megaplankton, Macroplankton, Mesoplankton, Microplankton, Nanoplankton, Picoplankton, Femtoplankton.
The Chicxulub Crater off the Yucatan peninsula is evidence of an asteroid impact that created mass extinctions after the _______________.
Mesazoic Era. *the largest mass extinction was at the end of the permian period*
Which of the following are layers of the atmosphere?
Mesosphere, Stratosphere, Troposphere.
Which one the following describes weather-related alterations to predicted tidal cycles, such as those associated with storm surge caused by tropical cyclones?
Meteorological Tides
Which of the following is *not* a major gas dissolved in seawater (that is, it is less than 1% of the gases dissolved in seawater)?
Methane CH4
What is the main problem with harvesting methane hydrate for energy use?
Methane hydrate is dangerous and costly to mine.
At present, _________ is/are not being utilized as a natural resources even though it is more abundant than other extractive energy resources.
Methane hydrates (Feedback: Oil and gas is being extracted as a marine resource. Tar sands are on land. The tides are being used but they are a non-extractive energy resource. Ooids are not an energy resource. Read about methane hydrates.)
This type of tidal pattern represents what kind of tidal cycle?
Mixed semidiurnal
Models of future climates based on various scenarios of greenhouse gas emission predict a global temperature rise of about _____ by 2100.
Models are predicting 2-6°C warming.
glacial moraine
Moraines are the drowned remnants of glacial deposits (When the glaciers retreated after the last ice age, sea level rose and these moraines were drowned forming islands. Cape Cod is an example of a drowned glacial moraine. Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are both parts of the moraine that forms Long Island, New York.)
The marine pollutant that can best be describes as highly toxic, highly persistent and very low quantity is:
Nuclear waste HABs and eutrophication are short lived, crude oil spills are also pretty short lived. In the 1960's some low-level nuclear waste was dumpped into the oceans, additionally, there was some nuclear waste that entered the ocean as a result of above-ground and atoll testing of atomic weapons. Finally, the recent Fukoshima tsunami resulted in the release of radioactive materials from power plants into the ocean. Concentrations are very low, but this is toxic material and it will be at least thousands of years before it stops emiting radation.
What were the major components of Earth's early atmosphere? (Choose all that apply)
Of the compounds listed, only water and carbon dioxide were thought to be present in appreciable quantities. It also had a lot of nitrogen gas (still the abundant today) and traces of ammonia and methane.
The map associated with these questions is included inside the back cover of your textbook. Use it to answer this question. The highest impact of humans on the oceans is:
On continental shelves near human population centers (The most impacted regions are on continental shelves near western Europe and off the coasts of China, Japan and Indonesia. The U.S. has some heavily impacted shelves, but it is not quite as intensely impacted as these areas.)
Diurnal tides are characterized by:
One high tide and one low tide per day.
What dissolved gases are present in seawater in significant amounts and where do they come from? (Choose all that are true)
Oxygen, produced from photosynthesis Carbon dioxide, produced from volcanic eruptions, respiration by heterotrophs and anthropogenic burning of fossil fuels. Nitrogen gas, enters the ocean by diffusion into seawater from the atmosphere (oxygen (byproduct of photosynthesis), nitrogen (diffusion from the atmosphere) and carbon dioxide (all those are real sources) are the big three that we will worry about.)
What group(s) of organisms are generally limited to the photic zone?
Photosynthetic organisms like phytoplankton, seaweeds and marine vascular plants, also zooplankton, but it wasn't an option.
_________________, fluids once widely used to cool and insulate electrical devices and to strengthen wood or concrete, may be responsible for behavior changes and declining fertility of some populations of seals and sea lions on islands of the California coast.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Primary producers use photosynthesis. Their relative contribution to primary productivity can be measured using satellite measurements of chlorophyll in the sea surface. Which of the following statements is true?
Primary productivity is measured with units of gC/m2/day Primary productivity is generally highest in regions of seawater upwelling *All of the above are true* Primary productivity is limited by amount of light Primary productivity is limited by nutrient availability (especially Nitrogen and Phosphorous)
If you drilled through the sediments directly beneath letter D and into the basalt crust, after drilling through the topmost sediment type you would find:
Red clay is currently accumulating on this is old, deep ocean floor, but beneath it will be silicate ooze that accumulated before the lithosphere cooled to below the silicate compensation depth and beneath that is carbonate ooze from when the sea floor was above the CCD. Look at the discussion in the Lesson for Chapter 5 on the *general distribution of pelagic sediments. *
Storm Surges are bulges of water associated with tropical cyclones. When the hit the east coast of the U.S. it the most damage occurrs:
Refer to Figure 10.25 and the discussion of storm surge in the textbook and in the Lesson.
As incoming waves bend around a headland (a protrusion in the shoreline) they change direction. This is called wave _______________.
Refraction
In conventional hydrocarbon exploitation, oil collects in ____________, (=zones of porous rock in the subsurface), which are overlain by _________ (=zones of impermeable rock).
Reservoirs / Seals
This resource, when derived from marine sediments, is about 1% of the total production of that resource. Most production is on land.
Sand and gravel are only important marine resources for island nations. The majority of sand and gravel production occurs on land (99%).
The list represents the progression of landforms created through the erosion of a headland.
Sea Caves, Sea Arches, Sea Stacks (Refer to diagram in the chapter 12 lesson that shows the progression of erosion on a headland - first sea caves, then sea arches and finally sea stacks.)
Which of the following are types of marine vascular plants? (select all that apply):
Sea Grasses like Thalasia Mangroves
Increased greenhouse gases and global warming could be expected to cause:
Sea level rise (lower pH of the ocean due to acidification, decreased thickness of polar ice) Be careful. pH is buffered by CO2 and increased CO2 drives it to become more acidic, lowering pH. Warming is generally associated with melting of ice on the poles, or elsewhere. And that melting (in addition to heating of the oceans) causes sea level rise.
Deep Sea vents are the product of:
Seawater circulation through ocean crust fracture systems. (Seawater infiltrates fractures in the crust at divergent plate boundaries (the crest of mid-ocean ridges). As it is cold water it is more dense and it sinks. Eventually that water starts to warm up due to interaction with hot rock or magma. The now hot water is less dense, so it rises through the fracture system towards the sea floor. While rising, the hot water leaches metals from the surrounding rock. Eventually the hot water is released to the ocean at deep sea vents, where the metals precipitate out as sulfide minerals around the vent.)
Seawater is more dense than pure water because_____.
Seawater is only 96.5% water
Period of wind waves usually expressed in units of?
Seconds
terrigenous sediment
Sediment derived from the land and transported to the ocean by wind and flowing water.
authigenic sediment
Sediment formed directly by precipitation from seawater; also called hydrogenous sediment.
biogenous sediment
Sediment of biological origin. Organisms can deposit *calcareous* (calcium-containing) or siliceous (silicon-containing) residue.
cosmogenous sediment
Sediment of extraterrestrial origin.
silt
Sediment particle between 0.004 and 0.062 millimeter in diameter.
pelagic sediment
Sediments of the slope, rise, and deep-ocean floor that originate in the ocean.
Continent-Continent Convergence
Since both plates are of approximately equal density, neither plate edge is being subducted; instead, both are compressed, folded, and uplifted, to form mounta
Which of the following people developed the Equilibrium Theory of Tides?
Sir Isaac Newton
abyssal hills
Small, sediment-covered, inactive volcano or intrusion of molten rock less than 200 meters (650 feet) high, thought to be associated with seafloor spreading. Abyssal hills punctuate the otherwise flat abyssal plain.
What's a SOFAR layer? A shadow zone?
Sound waves bend toward layers of lower sound velocity and so tend to stay within this minimum-velocity zone. Therefore, loud noises made at this depth can be heard for thousands of kilometers. The minimum-velocity layer has come to be known as the sofar layer.
Why does solar heating on Earth vary with latitude?
Sunlight strikes tropical latitudes at nearly 90 degrees.(8.3)
What was the main source of water for Earth's early ocean as it formed?
The condensation and cooling of water vapor
The shallow submerged extension of a continent is called ________?
The continental shelf
What does the Miller-Urey experiment provide evidence for?
The creation of the building blocks of life on Earth.
If photosynthetic organisms are limited to the photic zone, what controls their distribution?
The degree of turbidity of water The depth to which light penetrates The accessory pigments used by the organisms
calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCD)
The depth at which the rate of accumulation of calcareous sediments equals the rate of dissolution of those sediments. Below this depth, sediment contains little or no calcium carbonate.
In the case where the photic zone is supplied with abundant nutrients like Nitrogen and Phosphorous. What happens to dinoflagellates that live in those waters?
The dinoflagellates breed until they are present in massive numbers. They then secrete neurotoxins which poison other organisms. These events are given the special name "Red Tides". (If the dinoflagellates are not limited by the important micronutrients Phosphorous and Nitrogen, then they tend to overbreed. The high concentration of dinoflagellates leads to a condition called red tides. A byproduct of their metabolism may be the production of toxic neurotoxins.)
meteorological equator
The irregular imaginary line of thermal equilibrium between hemispheres. It is situated about 5 degrees north of the geographical equator, and its position changes with the seasons, moving slightly north in northern summer. Also called the thermal equator.
What is one reason for the great diversity and success of organisms in the rocky intertidal zone?
The large quantity of food available
On a sandy beach, the foreshore is characterized as:
The part of the beach between the berm and the low-tide mark.
If photosynthetic organisms are limited to the photic zone, then which of the following general statements is true:
The photosynthetic organisms use most of the carbon(as carbon dioxide) in the photic zone, so the photic zone tends to be depleted in carbon. (Photosynthetic organsisms use carbon dioxide during metabolism. This means that the amount of carbon dioxide in the photic zone is depleted because the organisms are using it.)
perigee
The point in the orbit of a satellite where it is closest to the main body; opposite of apogee. (the moon's closest approach to Earth)
perihelion
The point in the orbit of a satellite where it is closest to the sun; opposite of aphelion.
apogee
The point in the orbit of a satellite where it is farthest from the main body; opposite of perigee. (the moon's greatest distance from Earth) (The farthest approach that the Moon makes to the Earth.)
aphelion
The point in the orbit of a satellite where it is farthest from the sun; opposite of perihelion. (Earth's greatest distance from the sun)
What makes water effective at dissolving substances?
The polarity of the water molecule
Is the speed of sound the same at all ocean depths?
The speed of sound in seawater increases as temperature and pressure increase. Sound travels faster at the warm ocean surface than it does in deeper, cooler water. Its speed decreases with depth, eventually reaching a minimum at about 1,000 meters. Below that depth, however, the effect of increasing pressure offsets the effect of decreasing temperature; so speed increases again.
catastrophism
The theory that Earth's surface features are formed by catastrophic forces such as the biblical flood. Catastrophists believe in a young Earth and a literal interpretation of the biblical account of Creation.
During El Niño years, the trade winds are diminished. This causes changes in atmospheric pressure distribution and causes changes in oceanic circulation. Off the coast of South America what happens?
The thermocline moves down in the water column and upwelling is shut down. -This leads to a drop off in productivity. The fish that the local people harvest either die out or migrate away - this causes economic hardship throughout the region.
mixing time
The time necessary to mix a substance through the ocean, about 1,600 years.
spring tides
The time of greatest variation between high and low tides occurring when *Earth, moon, and sun form a straight line*. -Spring tides alternate with neap tides throughout the year, occurring at 2-week intervals.
What prevents North Atlantic Deep Water from moving on a large scale like the Antarctic Bottom Water?
The topography of the basin (9.6)
How does the water coming out of hydrothermal vents differ from the water going in?
The water coming from hydrothermal vents is enriched with metals.
In addition to being affected by land masses, the motion of ocean surface currents mirrors the major atmospheric circulation gyres. Therefore, the northern and southern equatorial currents of both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceanic gyres, along with the intervening equatorial counter-current:
The wind circulation patterns *converge north of the equator* at a maximum of 4 degrees north during June - August, returning toward the equator during December - February.Water of the oceans and water vapor in the atmosphere transfer great quantities of heat from the tropics to the poles.
What factors make wind energy an effective power source over the ocean?
The wind tends to be more steady.
Terranes do not subduct due to which of the following reasons?
Their low density
What condition restricts the use of a multibeam echo system for mapping the entire seafloor?
There are very few vessels that are actually outfitted with this system.
Why is a fracture zone so identifiable if it is not a plate boundary?
There is an age difference across the fracture zone.
The euphotic zone is the zone where ________________?
There is enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur.
Why does the Coriolis effect have little influence on a moving car?
There is friction between the tires and road surface. (8.3)
What is the advantage of using scientific names?
There is only one name per species.
Examine the Central Atlantic, most of the cyclones (hurricanes) form in this region off the coast of Africa at least 10° north of the equator. Why do they not form on the equator?
There is too little Coriolis effect.
Typically, what is the eventual fate of erosional beaches?
They become depositional beaches. (12.3)
T/F: On the Gulf of Mexico coast, the bycatch of shrimping is about 4 lbs. to every 1 lb. of shrimp caught.
True
microtektite
Translucent oblong particles of glass, a component of cosmogenous sediment.
What is the most valuable use of the ocean in place?
Transportation
Organisms that ingest plastic may experience intestinal blockages and may eventually die.
True
Seiches are generally found in confined basins.
True
T/F Primary productivity involves the synthesis of organic materials from inorganic substances by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Primary productivity is expressed in grams of C bound into organic matter per square meter of ocean surface area per year (gC/m2/yr).
True
T/F: 12 million tons of plastic find their way to the oceans annually. Some of this plastic accumulates as a floating mass of trash in the center of gyres.
True
T/F: A population is a group of organisms that belong to the same species and live at a specific location.
True
T/F: Deep waters tend to be characterized by nearly uniform temperature conditions (~2-5°C) through the entire water column.
True
T/F: Diffraction occurs when waves pass between islands.
True
T/F: Estuaries serve as nurseries for many pelagic species.
True
T/F: Eutrophication is a set of physical, chemical, and biological changes brought about when excessive nutrients are released into water. The most visible manifestations of eutrophication are the red tides, yellow foams, and thick green slimes of vigorous plankton blooms.
True
T/F: Hatteras island on the coast of North Carolina is an example of a barrier island.
True
T/F: Human activities release about 5 times as much mercury and 17 times as much lead into the ocean as natural sources of these two metals.
True
T/F: Increasing salinity causes a decrease in freezing point of seawater.
True
T/F: Ooids are an ingredient of Portland Cement.
True
T/F: Scientists use mathematical models of Earth's climate system to predict the impact of greenhouse gases on our future climate. The models are tested by comparing modeled climate with observed climate over the last 100 years.
True
T/F: Some pollutants come from both natural and human-related sources. But humans are always involved.
True
T/F: Sound increases in velocity as it enters water from atmosphere, while light decreases in velocity as it passes into water.
True
T/F: Storm Surges and Wind can enhance (or reduce) tides.
True
T/F: The Meteorological Equator changes its position seasonally.
True
T/F: The aphotic pelagic oceanic (bathypelagic) zone is almost devoid of life.
True
T/F: The ions of sodium and chloride in NaCl are held together by an electrostatic attraction that exists between ions that have opposite charge.
True
T/F: The oceans actually exhibit topography - for example, sea water piles up in western portions of the gyres in the Northern Hemisphere.
True
T/F: The thermocline and pycnocline usually occur in the same water mass.
True
T/F: There are isopods (small arthropods) that essentially replace the tongues of fish as an example of a parasitic relationship.
True
T/F: Tides are always shallow water waves, even thought their crest pass directly over the deepest parts of the ocean.
True
T/F: Two masses of water can have different temperature and salinity values and still have the same density
True
T/F: Each greenhouse gas responds to some of the energy within the spectrum that Earth emits.
True Exactly. Each greenhouse gases respond to a limited range of wavelengths.
T/F: On average, of the energy that strikes and excites greenhouse gases about half of it is re-transmitted back to Earth, heating up the planet.
True Exactly. It is a little bit more complicated than an actual, plant-growing greenhouse. In that case, all the infrared wavelength radiation is blocked by the glass.
T/F: Global warming is the response of Earth's climate system to increased greenhouse gases in the atmosphere as a result of human contribution
True Exactly. This is Global Warming. It is more specific than the Greenhouse Effect.
T/F: Some mariculture projects actually produce oysters that make jewelry-quality pearls.
True Oyster farms of the coasts of Japan, French Polynesia and Australia are producing pearls.
T/F: With a warmer Troposphere, we expect more frequent and severe storms.
True Storms are driven by latent heat. With more heat available, we should expect more intense and frequent storms.
T/F: Some times the best solution to cleaning up an oil spill is to do nothing.
True This is a paraphrase of a quote by Sylvia Earle, a scientist at NOAA, who was discussing that clean up of an oil spill can be worse than the spill itself. In particular chemical dispersants may kill the very bacteria that degrade crude oil.
T/F: It is generally agreed that greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere have increased as a result of human contributions.
True True. As far as I know, people have given up arguing that humans have not influenced greenhouse gas concentrations.
T/F: Greenhouse gases are gases that are excited by radiation that Earth is emitting
True True. This is what a greenhouse gas is.
T/F: Scientists use mathematical models of Earth's climate system to predict the impact of greenhouse gases on our future climate. These predictions suggest that some island nations will be flooded in the next 50 years.
True We should not build near sea level.
T/F: Most fisheries are curretly being harvested at or beyond the maximum sustainable yield.
True only 11% is fished below the max sustainable yeild.
T/F: Cold seeps are characterized by bacterial mats (chemosynthsizers) coating the sea floor.
True (-In this environment, hyper-saline waters enriched in H2S (hydrogen sulfide) and metals percolate upward from the seafloor. This encourages the growth of microbial mats - basically a layer of microbes on the sea floor - where chemosynthetic microbes metabolize the Sulfur-containing compounds (often methane). A few larger organisms are found in the environment as well, such as bivalve mollusks, pogonophoran worms and sponges.)
T/F: With the exclusion of Japan, Norway and a few other countries, most of the world has stopped harvesting large whales.
True (The International Whaling Commission banned large whale harvesting back in 1987. A few countries allow harvesting of whales for scientific research (which has been abused by the Japanese). The U.S. and Canada both allow very limited whaling for Native American communities.)
T/F: Photosynthetic organisms are one of the generators of dissolved oxygen in seawater.
True *Oxygen in seawater comes from two sources*: diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere into the ocean and from photosynthesis by marine plants and algae. *Both Oxygen and Nitrogen concentrations are a function of water temperature:*
T/F: Lakes like Lake Michigan experience small tides.
True - The Great Lakes exhibit small tides on the order of 1 to 4 cm.
T/F: Photosynthetic organisms are much more abundant in the photic zone than elsewhere in the ocean.
True,
T/F: Warm air can hold more water vapor than cold air.
True, cold air cannot hold as much water vapor as warm air. Remember that it takes a lot of energy to break the hydrogen bonds of liquid water moving from the liquid to the gaseous state. The warmer the air, the more energy available to do this and the more water vapor it can hold.
T/F: The meteorological equator is different than the geographic equator.
True.
T/F: Overfishing occurs when so many fish have been harvested that the remaining breeding stock is insufficient to replenish the species. Many marine species are overfished.
True. Overfishing occurs when so many fish have been harvested that there is not enough breeding stock left to replenish the species.
T/F: The Earth is an oblate spheroid. Its' polar radius is less than its' equatorial radius.
True: It is required by Earth's spin and it explains why an object or air/water mass traveling east or west on the Earth must deflect to the left in the Southern Hemisphere and to the right in the Northern Hemisphere.
T/F: Healthy coral reefs exhibit both construction and destruction.
True: Construction is through the growth of the corals. Destruction is through wave energy and storm events which act to break down parts of the reef creating a lot of rubble.
T/F: The term tsunami is a descriptive Japanese term combining tsu ("harbor") with nami ("wave"). Tsunami may also be called seismic sea waves when they are generated by submarine earthquakes.
True: Some tsunami are seismic sea waves (formed by submarine earthquakes).
T/F: The 9.3 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra in December of 2004 generated a tsunami that caused the most deaths in recorded history.
True: the death tolls were estimated to be up to 280,000 people.
T/F: In order to attain a fully developed sea for a specific wind velocity (speed), there must be sufficient duration and fetch.
True;
T/F: The movement of coastal sediments driven by wave action is referred to as longshore drift.
True; (Sand-size sediment is generally the dominant grain size in most beach settings (though silt and gravel are possible depending on the source of sediment and the energy of the waves). Most of this sediment is transported along the beach by wave action in a process that we call longshore drift. This actually occurs through two mechanisms: 1. Wave-driven movement of sand along the exposed beach and 2. Current-driven movement of sand in the surf zone just offshore. )
T/F: Langmuir circulation affects only the shallow part of the surface waters up to a maximum depth of 20 meters.
True; -Langmuir circulation rarely disturbs the ocean below a depth of about 20 meters (66 feet). Unlike the equatorial and coastal upwellings mentioned previously, Langmuir circulation operates within the surface layer and thus does not lift nutrients trapped within or below the pycnocline.
T/F: Because the Northern Hemisphere contains much less ocean surface than the Southern Hemisphere and because landmasses have a lower specific heat than the ocean, therefore atmospheric circulation between the two hemispheres is centered about the meteorological equator, not the geological one.
True; The Northern Hemisphere does actually have much less ocean surface than the southern hemisphere (i.e. North America and Eurasia take up a lot of space). These land masses do have lower specific heats than the surrounding waters. This does cause the perturbation of the meteorological equator away from the geographic equator.
T/F: Common features of erosional coasts include sea cliffs, sea caves, and wave-cut platforms just offshore.
True; (Offshore from the shoreline, the sea floor is usually characteristically shallow, smooth and nearly level - this is called a wave-cut platform and is where wave abrasion has removed the previous headland by the erosion shown above.)
T/F: Summer monsoons generate an astonishing amount of precipitation because these warm winds are very moist.
True; There are parts of India that receive 10 meters of rainfall during the Summer wet season - this precipitation is due to the monsoons.
A slurry of sediment and water that travels down the continental slope is called a(n):
Turbidity current
_______ account for most of the sediment that forms the continental rise.
Turbidity currents
The sun's surface temperature is about 6000°K. As a result it emits radiation at the following wavelengths: (select all that apply)
Ultra violet infrared Visible The Sun emits mainly visible wavelengths of radiation, but also infrared and ultraviolet.
Barrier islands are generally composed of:
Unconsolidated Sand. (loose sand)
The diagram shows an ocean current moving to the north and west - this is the Benguela Current and it is a cold-water current. Why might this region show high degree of productivity?
Upwelling of nutrient-rich cold water that mixes with the surface current.
In which environment would you expect to see abundant phytoplankton (a sink of CO2 - as these organisms take in CO2 and through photosynthesis convert it into carbohydrates).
Upwelling zones where cold, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface
Which of the following are sources of CO2 to the atmosphere?
Volcanic Outgassing, Aerobic respiration of animals, burning of fossil fuels (anthropogenic sources)
What are the sources of carbon dioxide for the atmosphere *and* the oceans (from your knowledge of the material in section 2 - not just from the diagram)?
Volcanic emissions Respiration by organisms Decomposition of organic matter Anthropogenic - derived from Human activities such as industry and residential activities. (All of the above are sources of Carbon dioxide in the modern ocean and atmosphere environments.)
_____ determines the size of the orbits of water molecules within a wave, but _____ determines the shape of the orbits.
Wavelength; water depth (10.3)
Place the following greenhouse gases in order from lowest (1) global warming potential (GWP) to highest (4) GWP. Also shown is the approximate current concentrations of each gas.
_1_Carbon dioxide _2_Methane _3_Nitrous Oxide _4_Chlorofluorocarbon The GWP is in inverse order of gas concentration. At 400 ppm (parts per million) CO2 is the lowest. This is followed by CH4 at 1700 ppb (parts per billion) and N2O at 320 ppb and CFCs have the highest GWP with concentrations in the parts per trillion. The more abundant the gas is naturally, the less is the effect of adding to it through human activities.
Place the following pollutants in order of increasing persistence (1 least persistent, 3 = most persistent).
_3_ synthetic _2_ crude oil spill _1_ eutrophication (Read about these. Which will naturally dissipate? Which actually enhance their own dissipation? Which have no naturally occurring means of dissipation?)
Place the following communities in order from those whose members need have only narrow tolerance limits (1) to those which must have the widest tolerance limits (4):
__1__ Deep benthic oceanic zone community __3__ Esturine community __2__ Coral reef community __4__ Rocky littoral community The more varied the environment the wider the tolerance ranges of the critters that live there. There is very little variety in the oceanic benthic zone, the coral reef community is consistently warm, clear, sunny saline... The esturaine community is often subject to wide fluctuations in salinity. The rocky littoral zone suffers huge fluctuations in salinity, temperature, exposure etc.
Place the following zones in order from shallow (1) to deep (3):
__2__ Disphotic zone __3__ Aphotic zone __1__ Euphotic zone
Place the following communities in order from those whose members need have the widest tolerance limits (1) to those which have the narrowest tolerance limits (4):
__4__Lower tide pool community within the rocky littoral zone __3__ Anemone and sea star community of the rocky littoral zone __1__ Uppermost rocky littoral zone community __2__ Mussel and gooseneck barnacle community of the rocky littoral zone (I got this wrong initially by placing a 3 in front of lower tide pool and 4 in front of anemone and sea star. Still not sure if this is correct. sorry)
Surface Tension
a property due to cohesion allowing water to bead up when poured out onto a surface in small amounts (note - too much water, then gravity takes over).
Continental margins have three main divisions:
a shallow, nearly flat continental shelf close to shore; a more steeply sloped continental slope seaward; and an apron of sediment—the continental rise—that blends the continental margins into the deep-ocean basins.
This map shows one of the factors that was considered in the construction of the "human impacts" map shown on the inside back cover of your textbook. This map shows the human impact of trawling for benthic fish. The main impacts that we see are probably a result of:
all of these - overfishing -habitat destruction -bycatch (We are fishing most fisheries at or above sustainability. And deep-water benthic fish tend to be longer-lived and slower to reproduce than shallow-water fish. So overfishing is a problem. Also, with the target fish being relatively rare, there is a lot of bycatch (unintended fish caught and, usually, killed). Bottom trawling is notoriously destructive of the entire ecosystem of benthic communities. That is, all of these.)
The impact of bottom trawling for benthic fish (e.g., orange roughy or shrimp) includes:
all of these -resuspension of sediment -extensive bycatch -habitat distruction
The atmospheric gases that absorb heat energy include:
all of these; water vapor cfcs carbon dioxide and more..
trench
an arch shaped depression in the ocean floor occurring where a converging oceanic plate is subducted. (Island arcs topped by erupting volcanoes)
of the following marine habitats which is most devoid of life?
aphotic pelagic (bathypelagic) zone
The above map shows the concentration of invasive marine species around the world. Dark red refers to widespread presence (i.e. very abundant and diverse assemblage of invasive species). Orange refers to medium presence. Of the following which is the most likely reason for the occurrence of the widespread presence of invasive marine species?
both A and B -They are located along coastlines with very dense human populations. -They are located along coastlines with major harbor systems with a high degree of shipping activity. (Roughly 40% of the world's population lives within 100 kilometers of the ocean. So the coastlines are densely populated. And of course coastlines are also the sites of ports and harbors where a lot of shipping occurs. So both help explain the pattern of invasive species occurrences.)
Humans have increased the amount of ________ gas in the atmosphere as a result of their demand for quick energy to fuel industrial growth.
carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is genterated by the burning of fossil fuels - oil, natural gas, coal, peat...
The greenhouse gas that humans influence and responds to a wide range of the spectrum that Earth emits a great deal of is:
carbon dioxide The Earth emits most energy at the wavelengths that water is least excited by. Earth is not emitting a lot of energy at the wavelengths that excite methane. CFC's have the narrowest wavelength response, and Earth emits a lot of energy at these wavelengths. Earth is emitting a lot of energy at the wavelengths that excite CO2, and this is a pretty broad range of wavelengths. This is the one we are looking for here.
Which chemical compounds are important buffers of seawater pH?
carbonic acid H2CO3, carbonate CO3-2, bicarbonate HCO3-, Carbon dioxide CO2. *Any/all of the Carbon species listed* are important buffers in marine systems.
The organisms at the base of the food web in this community utilize __________ to generate their food.
chemosynthesis (The microbes at the base of the food web rely on chemosynthesis. There is no sunlight in this environment.)
At a certain depth, the production of carbohydrates and oxygen by photosynthesis in a day will exactly equal the consumption of carbohydrates and oxygen by respiration. This break-even depth is called the _________________.
compensation depth. -Compensation depth usually corresponds to the depth to which about 1% of surface light penetrates; it marks the bottom of the euphotic zone.
The ____________ is underlain by the thickest sediment deposits.
continental rise
In a rocky intertidal community, what factor causes faunal zonation to develop with zones running parallel to the shoreline?
desiccation (Remember that the intertidal zone is defined as the belt of the shoreline that is between the lowest low tide extent and the highest high tide level. So organisms that live here need to be able to handle desiccation.)
Tidal waves are called _________ waves because they are never free from the forces that cause them.
forced
Diurnal Tides
exhibit one high tide and one low tide per day.
Demidiurnal Tides
exhibit two high tides and two low tides per day.
As an air mass rises, it _____.
expands and cools (8.2)
Mixed (or semidiurnal mixed)
experiences significantly different heights during successive high or low tides throughout the cycle.
Intertidal organisms sort themselves into horizontal bands with intertidal zones based on what primary factors?
exposure to varying amounts of submergence or emergence in water (11.5)
Picoplankton
extremely small organisms - they are 2 micrometers or smaller in diameter (0.002 millimeters)!
A scientific theory is simply a speculation about the natural world.
false
The first surface on Earth formed only about 1 billion years ago.
false
The ocean contains 50% of Earth's water.
false
The solar nebula that formed the solar system was made predominantly of carbon.
false
The various hypotheses about what happened 'before' the Big Bang are subject to the scientific method.
false
The young Earth did not interact with other planetary bodies such as asteroids or comets.
false
We know exactly how life first formed on Earth.
false
The big bang occurred about 5 billion years ago.
false (13.7 billion years ago)
T/F: Chesapeake Bay is an example of a river-dominated delta.
false: Chesapeake Bay is a type of estuary -- an example of a drowned river valley. But the tides and river are roughly equally strong, resulting in a "partially mixed" estuary.
Which one of the following marine pollutants actually encourages growth of autotrophs, ultimately choking the waterway and sapping it of available oxygen.
fertilizers
the Gulf Stream
flows northeast past the southern United States towards northwestern Europe - this one current can carry 550 trillion calories of heat energy per second.
What mechanism causes wind to produce coastal upwelling?
friction (9.4)
in a profile from the beach environment to deep-water, what general trend characterizes the sediment?
general decrease in sediment particle diameter
As waves approach the shore:
get taller and the water motion becomes horizontal ovals instead of circles ?
The Pacific Ocean basin is _______________.
getting smaller - think subduction!!
One of the unique organisms found at deep sea vents is:
giant tube worms
The average thickness of sediments in the Atlantic Ocean is _________ than in the Pacific Ocean.
greater ---
A specific boundary current of the Northw Atlantic Gyre tends to follow approximately the same northeasterly oriented path that the Hurricane tracks follow in the western side of the Atlantic. Which of the following is the name of that boundary current.
gulf stream
Some of the zooplankton pictured in the diagram include copepods and jellyfish. Zooplankton can be divided into those that spend their entire lives in the plankton community (_________) and those that spend just their juvenile stage in the plankton community (___________). Which two words fill in the blanks above?:
holoplankton, meroplankton
Which of the following are types of tropical cyclones?
hurricane, tropical storm, tropical depression etc
A glass of pure water (liquid) contains the following bonds? (select all that apply)
hydrogen covelent
What compounds can specialized archaea use to synthesize carbohydrates?
hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
Recent innovations in hydrocarbon exploitation, allows industry to extract oil and gas from ____________ using a method called ____________.
impermeable shales / hydrofracturing This is in the news. Hydrocarbons are extracted from impermeable shales using "fracking" or hydrofracturing. Look at the discussion in the Lesson.
The general trend in grain size of particles on a beach ___________ with _____________ slope angle.
increases, increasing
Salinity decreases with
increasing latitude. (i.e. towards the poles) -The low salinity at the equator is all about tropical rain showers (fig 6.14)
The speed of sound in the ocean increases with ___________ pressure and ___________ temperature
increasing/increasing
Earth's surface temperature is about 288°K. As a result it emits radiation at the following wavelengths: (select all that apply)
infrared (tricky question) The Earth emits only infra red radiation. We sense it as heat. The Sun emits mainly visible wavelengths of radiation, but also infrared and ultraviolet.
Short-wave energy striking Earth's surface is converted to _____.
infrared radiation (8.3)
In the diagram the break in the sandy area, just northeast of letter D, is a(n):
inlet,
Seiche is caused by _____.
rocking of water in a basin (10.10)
What limits productivity at high latitudes?
low sun angles (14.7)
Where are deltas most common?
low-energy shores of enclosed seas (12.4)
This map shows one of the factors that was considered in the construction of the "human impacts" map shown on the inside back cover of your textbook. The very broad impacts shown here are a result of addition of CO2 to the atmosphere. This map shows:
lowering of the pH of the surface oceans with red being the largest decrease (About 35% of the CO2 added by humans has been absorbed by the oceans. The result is a lowering of the pH (that is it has become increasingly acid). The pH is already low at high latitudes because the oceans are naturally cold, so the impact is greatest at low latitudes.)
paleoclimatic data
marine sediments record a great deal of information about Earth's climate at the time of deposition of those sediments (especially temperature information). -Marine sediments are important archives of paleoclimatic data.
Methane Hydrates consist of _______________?
methane laced ice (Methane if a type of hydrocarbon. It is present beneath the sea floor as methane hydrate, which consists of ice laced with methane. The ice of course is made up of water.)
Deep-ocean basins constitute how much of the earths surface?
more than half of Earth's surface
in the oceanic pelagic zone, there are both zooplankton and phytoplankton . In general the mass of zooplankton are ______________ compared to the mass of phytoplankton and the numbers of zooplankton are ____________________ compared to phytoplankton.
more, less (The turnover time for primary productivity in the oceans is very fast, so there is not as much phytoplankton biomass present at any one time as their position on the trophic pyramid suggests. But they are tiny so there are a lot of them.)
Where have hydrothermal vents been found?
near the Galapagos Islands, mid Atlantic ridge east of Florida, Sea of Cortez east and south of Baja California, and in the Juan de Fuca Ridge of the coast of Washington and Oregon. Also in freshwater in Lake Baikal in southern Siberia
What is the source for most of the sediment on the Pacific coast?
nearby mountains (12.7)
rift zones associated with oceanic ridges are sources of what?
new ocean floor where lithospheric plates diverge.
The home range of Caulerpa, a type of green algae, is in the waters around the Hawaiian Islands. It has managed to escape from tanks and colonize warm waters in the Mediterranean Sea, and off the coasts of Southern Australia and Southern California. Once it entered the Mediterranean Sea, Caulerpa carpeted the seafloor in many places and is outcompeting many native species of sea grass. One solution is to import a type of sea slug that eats Caulerpa and intentionally allow the sea slug to become established in the Mediterranean Sea. Having read the discussion of invasive species in the textbook and lectures, do you think intentionally allowing an invasive species to take hold in a region is a good idea?
no Intentionally introducing a new species to combat another invasive species tends to be generally counterproductive. In most cases, the new species becomes just as much a problem as the species it was meant to wipe out.
A southeasterly wind blows to the:
northwest -Winds are named for the direction that they came from and not the direction they flow towards.
The only alternative source of energy that does not produce carbon dioxide and currently generates nearly 20% of our electricity is _____________ energy.
nuclear Solar and biofuel comprise a much smaller %. The same is true for wind (though it is growing rapidly). natural gas produces carbon dioxide, though not as much as coal. Nuclear is the one.
This map shows one of the factors that was considered in the construction of the "human impacts" map shown on the inside back cover of your textbook. This "ocean-based pollution" map is probably mainly showing _______ pollution.
oil We are pretty much looking at transportation routes crossing the oceans. And we remember that most of the oil pollution is from ships at sea. Heavy metals and eutrophication / HAB (harmful algal blooms) are going to be found very near the coasts. Plastics are going to be seen mainly in the centers of gyres.
Global warming is decreasing the permanent sea ice in the Artic Ocean. This is good for _______ and bad for________.
oil exploration and transportation / polar wildlife This is opening up continental shelves to oil and gas exploration and providing a new seaway for transporting materials. Polar wildlife, however, is suffering from the change in the environment to which they were adapted.
In the diagram the wave energy is higher:
on the Beach at A than inside the embayments.
Which of the following are pathways that organisms use to convert inorganic substances to organic substances? (select all that apply):
photosynthesis chemosynthesis
Autotrophs
photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms that make their own food by converting inorganic substances to organic compounds using energy (light or chemical energy).
Temperature, pressure, and salinity are ____________ that determine the location and composition of a community.
physical factors
Which of the following organisms is responsible for 90-95% of surface water primary productivity?
phytoplankton
A(n) _____ causes damage by interfering directly or indirectly with the mechanical or biochemical processes of an organism.
pollutant
Biomagnification is the process by which the concentration of _____________ increases as one moves __________________ in the food web.
pollutants, higher
Siliceous, biogenous sediments are mainly secreted by two types of plankton:
radiolarians (tiny, animal-like, single-celled creatures) and diatoms (tiny, plant-like, single-celled organisms). These organisms' shells (called "tests" by the marine biologists and paleontologists who study them) look glassy, because that is what they are made of.
Weather
the state of the atmosphere at a certain time and place.
crust fractures and slides at which plate boundary
transverse or transform
Why are abyssal plains rare in the pacific ocean?
trenches trap most of the sediment flowing from the continent.
Femtoplankton mostly consist of tiny (less than 0.2 micrometers in diameter) organisms like:
viruses
Polar molecules
water is an excellent example of a polar molecule. The covalent bonds set up a condition where the shared electrons tend to be closer to the oxygen atom - making that end of the molecule slightly negatively charged. The two hydrogen atoms exhibit a slightly positive charge.
The opportunity for the natural exchange of nutrient-depleted surface water and nutrient-rich deep water is relatively high _____.
where there is little or no thermocline (14.5)
