Oceanography Ch 11

What percentage of Germany's electricity comes from renewable sources?

12 percent

On average, how long does it take people in Germany to get their money back after they install solar panels?

12 years

About how long have wastewater treatment plants been in existence?

120 years

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends:

200 nautical miles from the coast

Approximately what percentage of people in Uganda has access to electricity?

3 percent

At the current rate of wood use, in _____ very little of China's natural forests will remain.

50 years

China is home to _____ cows, pigs, and chickens.

9 billion

Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment?

Carbon dioxide

Which country is the world's largest agricultural producer?

China

Which of the following solutions would best address the threat posed to arctic wildlife as a result of drilling for oil?

Create a comprehensive arctic treaty that oil companies must obey.

What solution would best address the problem of water pollution in Guatemala's villages?

Create trash sites away from the river where people can dump their waste.

How does wealth affect food consumption in Beijing?

Diets change from vegetables to meat.

Why are farmers in Mexico diversifying their crop production?

Farmers can sell other crops while coffee is growing.

Which city has the title: "Solar Capital of Europe"?

Freiburg

a layer of water in which the temperature changes rapidly with changes in depth

thermocline

Why are countries like Russia, Canada, and the United States interested in securing legal rights to the arctic?

they want to access oil and natural gas found in the arctic

Why are researchers from the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland setting off explosions in an area of the arctic?

to determine whether the Lomonosov Ridge is joined to the Canadian/Greenland continental shelf

What is the purpose of the DFCU Bank and the Uganda Energy Fund?

to provide financial support to small and medium-sized businesses

mercury

toxic metals

Biomagnification of toxic substances means that __________.

toxic substances become increasingly concentrated in the tissues of organisms in each higher level of the food web

Which of the following solutions would most effectively reduce air pollution in London?

widen and create more bicycle lanes

Why is energy known as the "engine for development" in Uganda?

It enables entrepreneurship and helps meet social needs in rural areas.

How is positive feedback affecting the arctic?

It is causing arctic temperatures to rise faster than areas of lower latitude.

What is the major problem with London's water system?

It was designed and built 150 years ago.

an example of a bar-built estuary is

Laguna Madre

What is different about how waste is processed in Beijing?

Many poor people in Beijing recycle waste they find to make money.

When less saline water enters a marginal sea above a return flow of saltier water, the circulation pattern is called:

Mediterranean circulation

Which country is the principal supplier of the world's organic coffee?

Mexico

How does the availability of food in London compare with that in Beijing?

Most food in London is imported, and in Beijing it is grown locally.

What is a challenge to producing organic products in the rural areas of Uganda?

Organic certification is expensive.

Of the following statements about ocean ownership and the Law of the Sea, which is/are true?

The Law of the Sea Treaty, which establishes the rights of nations in ocean ownership, was ratified by the required 60th nation in 1993.

What is one obstacle to building a large wind power array in London?

Wind power is much more expensive than other forms of electricity.

The coastal wetlands of Louisiana are being lost primarily because of __________.

a combination of subsidence and rising sea level

Of the following types of estuaries, which one has a relatively shallow mouth but is often narrow, long, and extremely deep? Select only one answer.

a drowned glacial valley called fjord

What is an "exclusive economic zone"?

a marine area where countries have the right to explore and extract resources

Reasons for the loss of coastal wetlands include all of the following except:

all of the above

What could be considered by some a positive outcome of the changing climate conditions in the arctic?

an increase in coal mining profits on the islands near the arctic

One major problem associated with the Chesapeake Bay due to increased human pressure is:

an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling or benthic animals.

Why has Mauritius seen an increase in demand for electricity?

an increase in tourism

The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by:

calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die.

Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the:

chlorination of the liquid effluent.

What does the Kanapaha Wastewater Treatment Facility use to disinfect the treated water?

chlorine

Which of the following diseases has been all but eliminated from the United States because of wastewater treatment plants?

cholera

Where does settling of solids occur at a wastewater treatment facility?

clarifier

Which energy source is the biggest polluter in London?

coal

Which conventionally grown agricultural crop uses more pesticides than any other?

coffee

The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of:

collision and/or sinking of oil tankers.

What is the main obstacle to the installation of solar water heating systems in rural China?

cost

The _____ refers to the portions of Earth's surface where water exists in solid form.

cryosphere

Of the following techniques, which is the most commonly used for determining the concentration of pollutants that negatively affect the living resources of the ocean? Select only one answer.

death of more than 50% of a sample population following exposure to a known pollutant

Why are mudslides becoming more common in places like Guatemala?

deforestation and overgrazing

What is the Chinese government's response to the use of cars in Beijing?

develop public transportation

What human activity is the main source of air pollution in Beijing?

driving cars

What source of fuel is used by most Chinese farmers?

firewood

What is one assumption behind China's push for biogas production?

forests should be protected

What is the primary source of energy in rural areas of Uganda?

fuelwood

Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant?

generator

crude oil

hydrocarbons

What is the primary source of electricity in Uganda?

hydroelectricity

What is an effect of biogas production?

improved educational opportunities

What is one effect of biogas production?

improved literacy rates

An isothermal temperature profile from surface to seafloor may exist in coastal ocean waters __________.

in either low-latitude waters or high -latitude waters

Minamata disease is associated with:

ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish

Why do rural industries in Uganda have difficulty increasing production?

insufficient electricity to run machines

equal temperature

isothermal

During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity?

it almost always increases

How does the current fuel source used by many rural Chinese impact the environment?

it leads to soil erosion

What is one benefit of the new energy-efficient stove that has been designed for China's rural families?

it requires less wood

What is one effect of growing coffee organically?

less toxic waste water

What is threatening the ecology of China's northwest Yunnan province?

loss of natural forests

Of the following statements, which is/are included in the World Hearth Organization's definition of marine pollution?

marine pollution is human-made

What gas is a byproduct of agricultural production?

methane

China is the second largest importer of which of the following resources?

oil

What is one obstacle to methane fuel production on rural Chinese farms?

rural farmers are often poor

coastal wetland occurring at temperate latitudes that experience seasonal frosts

salt marsh

All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy.

solar

Based on the sources available to Uganda, what form of energy would be best for the rural areas of Uganda?

solar

What type of power is associated with photovoltaics?

solar

Which of the following groups in China is leading the shift to biogas production?

students

What is the main occupation for most villagers in Arua, Uganda?

subsistence farmer

An estuary produced by faulting or folding of rocks that creates a dropped-down section into which a river flows is called a:

tectonic estuary

Approximately how much of the world's oil and natural gas reserves are believed to be in the arctic?

1/4

Chinese rural residents have access to about _____ the energy made available to city dwellers.

1/2

What is the benefit of planting mangrove trees in Guatemala's river valleys?

All of the above are benefits of planting mangrove trees.

How do biogas digesters work?

Animal waste is broken down, producing methane gas, which is then piped into homes.

Of the following statements about coastal wetlands, which is/are true?

Coastal wetlands often serve as important nursery areas for many species of fish.

Why do plants grow so rapidly in Guatemala's river valleys, often blocking the flow of water?

Pollutants like phosphorus and other fertilizers lead to rapid plant growth.

How have coffee farmers in Guatemala changed their farming practices to be more sustainable?

They are recycling and purifying their water.

What is one problem with China's large-scale energy projects, like the Three Gorges Dam?

They ignore the needs of rural areas.

Why did German utility companies oppose the passage of the Renewable Energy Act of 1999?

They thought the laws were anticompetitive.

What was one effect of Germany's Renewable Energy Act of 1999?

Thousands of new jobs were created in the renewable energy sector.

Why is the Owen Falls Dam failing to meet Uganda's energy needs?

Uganda's population has grown rapidly

What source of energy would be best for the country of Mauritius?

bagasse

You accidentally flush your cell phone. Where will it most likely be found at a wastewater treatment facility?

bar screen

Lagoons that form behind barrier islands are examples of:

bar-built estuaries

a shallow lagoon separated from the open ocean by a bar deposit such as a barrier island

bar-built estuary

What source of fuel could sustainably provide electricity for China in the future?

biogas

Which of the following ferments animal and human wastes to produce energy in the form of gas?

biogas digesters

Which of the following products of a wastewater treatment facility is often put on farm fields as a fertilizer?

biosolids

What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel?

black

What would best address the problem of waste in London?

build more recycling facilities

What is the leading cause of deforestation in Guatemala?

need for firewood

Water in the eastern parts of Chesapeake Bay tends to be more saline than water farther west because __________.

ocean water entering the bay hugs the eastern shore because of the Coriolis effect

The greatest amount of oil pollution in the ocean from human sources is from __________.

petroleum consumption

What is one result of the changing conditions in the arctic?

polar bears must swim farther to find food

According to the video, what is the primary obstacle to the promotion of renewable energy sources?

political will

Why isn't solar panel installation as profitable in the United Kingdom as in other countries?

utility companies pay a lower price to buy electricity

Estuarine circulation associated with a shallow, low-volume estuary in which river water mixes evenly at all depths with ocean water would be called a:

vertically mixed estuary

shallow estuaries in which freshwater and salt water are completely mixed from the top to the bottom of the water column

vertically mixed estuary

Who were the first people to profit from arctic waters?

whalers