Oceanography chap 4-5

​What marks the true division between continents and oceans? ​Abyssal plains ​Coastlines ​Coastal deep-sea trenches Granite-basalt transitions ​Alluvial fans

Granite-basalt transitions

​What is the most likely rock to be found in a drill core of a continental margin? ​Granite ​Carbonate ​Alluvial rock ​Basalt ​Shell

Granite

​Why is the average sediment thickness in the Pacific Ocean less than that of the Atlantic Ocean? ​The Pacific is smaller in area than the Atlantic. Ocean trenches trap sediments. ​More rivers feed into the Pacific. ​Lithification occurs more frequently in the Pacific. ​More areas of the Pacific have experienced glaciation.

Ocean trenches trap sediments.

deep-water open water (200-1000 m deep) zone bathypelagic inner sublittoral oceanic mesopelagic neritic

mesopelagic

Near shore open water zone. bathypelagic inner sublittoral oceanic mesopelagic neritic

neritic

Deep-water open water zone beyond the continental shelf bathypelagic inner sublittoral oceanic mesopelagic neritic

oceanic

Weight of ice on Antarctica has isostatically depressed the continent, and thereby increased the depth of water at the shelf break. True False

true

​Which particle size is transported the farthest by waves and currents? ​silt ​clay ​pebble ​cobble ​sand

Clay

What characteristic of continental crust accounts for more than half of Earth's solid surface being below sea level? ​Continental crust is denser than oceanic crust. ​Continental crust is thinner than oceanic crust. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. ​Continental crust is both less dense and thinner than oceanic crust. ​Continental crust is the same density and thickness as oceanic crust

Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust.

​Hydrothermal vents are only found in seawater. True False

False

​Neritic sediments are mainly comprised of biogenous sediments due to the proximity to the continental shelf. True False

False

​Oceanic crust contains a higher percentage of oceanic ridges than ocean basin floors. True False

False

​The epipelagic zone corresponds to the deep aphotic depths where light does not reach. True False

False

​The mix of rubble at the base of a rapidly eroding shore cliff is an example of a well-sorted sediment. True False

False

​The silica from the shells of diatoms dissolves at a faster rate than the calcium carbonate of foraminifera shells. True False

False

​The water temperature at the bottom of ocean trenches is very warm. True False

False

​What accounts for the offsets that occurs along the mid-ocean ridge lines? ​Faults ​Abyssal plains ​Subduction zones ​Seamounts ​Abyssal hills

Faults

​Deep-ocean sediments are typically composed of ____. ​Beach sand ​Silt ​Shells ​Biological oozes Fine clays

Fine clays

​What feature distinguishes a guyot from a seamount? Flat top ​Forms at spreading centers ​Moves with the seafloor ​Steep sides ​Rises above sea level

Flat top

_____ are seismically inactive areas of oceanic ridges that show evidence of past transform fault activity. ​Seamounts ​Hydrothermal vents ​Fracture zones ​Abyssal plains ​Abyssal hills

Fracture zones

​Where is the deepest region in the ocean? ​Aleutian Trench ​East Pacific Rise ​Mid-Atlantic Ridge ​Peru-Chile Trench ​Mariana Trench

Mariana Trench

​Which areas of the ocean is most likely to have the least accumulation of sediment? ​Abyssal plain ​Continental shelf ​Continental slope ​Deep-sea trench ​Oceanic ridge

Oceanic ridge

​What features of ocean basins are chains of basaltic rock that stretch more than 1.5 times Earth's circumference around the world at spreading centers? ​Abyssal plains ​Abyssal hills ​Seamounts Oceanic ridges ​Island arcs

Oceanic ridges

​A poorly-sorted sediment would most likely be found in a(n) _____. ​lake bed ​eroding shore cliff ​deep-ocean basin ​oceanic ridge ​abyssal plain

eroding shore cliff

​Active margins typically are located in the Atlantic Ocean. True False

false

​Continental crust is both thicker and denser than oceanic lithosphere. True False

false

​Segments of a lithospheric plate on either side of a transform fault move in the same direction as one another. True False

false

​Spreading centers at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge spread at a faster rate than those at the East Pacific Rise. True False

false

​The Gulf of Mexico is located at an active margin. True False

false

​The deepest part of the ocean is in the Pacific's Peru-Chile Trench. True False

false

cosmogenous sediment glassy nodule quartz-sand ooze manganese nodule silt

glassy nodule

​Sediments that are gray in color tend to be ____. ​biological in origin ​oxidized ​high in iron high in silica ​high in manganese

high in silica

ocean bottom near shore zone bathypelagic inner sublittoral oceanic mesopelagic neritic

inner sublittoral

authigenic sediment glassy nodule quartz-sand ooze manganese nodule silt

manganese nodule

​Which is classified as cosmogenous sediment? ​evaporites ​ooliths ​microtektites ​manganese nodules ​siliceous ooze

microtektites

​Hydrothermal vents typically form chimneys of _____. ​basaltic rock ​granitic rock ​carbonate mineral deposits ​sediments

mineral deposits

​Approximately how much of the world's estimated oil and gas reserves are deposited within the sediments of continental margins? one-third ​one-half ​two-thirds ​three-quarters ​one-fourth

one-third

biogenous sediment glassy nodule quartz-sand ooze manganese nodule silt

ooze

​Abyssal plains are relatively rare in the Pacific Ocean. True False

True

Manganese nodules can grow to exceed 1 meter in diameter within about 100 years.​ True False

False

Manganese nodules have successfully been commercially mined in the ocean.​ True False

False

The rate of sediment deposition is fairly consistent throughout the ocean.​ True False

False

​What region of a continental margin blends into the deep-ocean basin? ​Continental slope ​Continental shelf ​Continental basin Continental rise ​Continental plain

Continental rise

​What zone is represented by sediment and water from the bottom of the deep ocean? ​Pelagic ​Neritic ​Oceanic Benthic ​Subpelagic

Benthic

​What zone is classified by its location in the open water? ​Benthic zone Pelagic zone ​Bathyl zone ​Abyssal zone ​Littoral zone

Pelagic zone

​What is an example of authigenic sediment? ​Quartz sand Phosphorite deposits ​Volcanic dust ​Diatomaceous ooze ​Tektite spheres

Phosphorite deposits

What is the most likely source of sediment collected from an abyssal plain? ​Biological activity in ocean Terrestrial ​Magma ​Mineral deposits at vents ​Spreading centers

Terrestrial

​The ____ comprise the highest percent of ocean area, but contain the lowest percent sediment volume. ​continental shelves ​continental slopes deep-ocean floor ​continental rises ​submarine canyons

deep-ocean floor

What type of deep ocean sediment is most common in the deep-ocean basins surrounding Antarctic? ​authigenic deposits ​diatom ooze ​calcareous ooze ​turbidic deposits ​hydrogenous deposits

diatom ooze

​Deep-sea drilling helped to give rise to the science of _____. paleoceanography ​geological oceanography ​physical oceanography marine geology ​sedimentary oceanography

paleoceanography

​Sediments of the slope, rise, and deep ocean floor that originate in the ocean are called ____. ​neritic sediments ​pelagic sediments ​terrigenous sediments ​well-sorted sediments ​authigenic sediments

pelagic sediments

​It is estimated to take _____ for the ocean's volume to circulate through the oceanic crust at spreading centers. ​1 million years 10 million years ​100 million years ​1 billion years ​10 billion years

10 million years

​_____ lie between the continental margins and the oceanic ridges. ​Spreading centers ​Shelves ​Slopes Abyssal plains ​Rises

Abyssal plains

​What is the best-known and oldest deep-diving manned research submersible now in operation? ​Trieste ​Jiaolong ​Challenger ​Alvin ​Shinkai

Alvin

​Where are abyssal plains most common?​ Atlantic Ocean ​Indian Ocean ​Southern Ocean ​Pacific Ocean ​Arctic Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

​Passive margins are also referred to as ____. ​Converging-type margins ​Pacific-type margins Atlantic-type margins ​Basin-type margins ​Inactive-type margins

Atlantic-type margins

​What is a typical characteristic of passive margins? Volcanic activity​ ​Coincide with plate boundaries ​Narrow continental shelf ​Broad continental shelf ​Deep trenches

Broad continental shelf

What occurs below the calcium carbonate compensation depth? ​Calcium carbonate begins to precipitate into a solid. Calcium carbonate begins to dissolve. ​The rate of calcareous sediment accumulation is greater than the rate of dissolution. ​Seawater becomes less acidic. Calcareous oozes start to form.​

Calcium carbonate begins to dissolve.

​What is an important factor in shaping the sediments of the continental rise? ​Earthquakes Deep ocean currents ​Shelf breaks ​Sea level changes ​Subduction

Deep ocean currents

​How is the surface water above a deep trench in the ocean floor distorted as a result of the trench? ​Downward distortion ​Upward distortion ​Sideways distortion ​Vortex distortion ​No distortion

Downward distortion

​Where was the first hydrothermal vent discovered? ​Mid-Atlantic Ridge East Pacific Rise ​Gulf of Mexico ​Sea of Cortez ​Juan de Fuca Ridge

East Pacific Rise

​What instrument used during the early part of the twentieth century improved the accuracy of ocean depth measurements compared to the rope and weight? ​Remotely operated underwater vehicle ​Acoustic Doppler current profiler ​Satellite ​Autonomous underwater vehicle Echo sounder

Echo sounder

Biological sediments are the most abundant sediments in total volume in the ocean due to the high productivity of organisms along the continental shelf.​ True False

False

Calcareous oozes are common at deep-ocean depths below 4,500 m.​ True False

False

What do satellites measure that provides data for seafloor topographical mapping? ​"Pings" reflected from seabed Sea surface height ​Sound pulses from ships ​Seawater density ​Wave energy

Sea surface height

​What explorer's expeditions used rope with a weight attached to determine ocean depths? ​Eratosthenes ​Ferdinand Magellan ​Sir James Clark Ross ​Christopher Columbus ​James Cook

Sir James Clark Ross

​What process gives trenches their unique arc-shaped depressions? ​Spreading ​Volcanic eruptions ​Subduction ​Turbidity ​Erosion

Subduction

​What geological feature is often found at active margins? ​Alluvial plain Subduction zone ​Salt dome ​High sedimentation ​Broad shelves

Subduction zone

​What is a characteristic of Earth's oceans? ​The height of Mt. Everest is greater than the depth of the deepest ocean trench. ​Alluvial fans make up a large portion of ocean basins. ​An ocean basin is shaped like a giant bathtub. ​Abyssal plains are located within continental margins. The average ocean depth is greater than the average elevation of continents.

The average ocean depth is greater than the average elevation of continents.

_____ faults are most typically found at spreading centers. ​Strike-slip ​Transform ​Normal ​Reverse ​Oblique

Transform

Clays can remain suspended in the water column for decades before settling due to their small size.​ True False

True

Lithification is a pressure-induced process. True False

True

Past sea surface temperatures can be determined from fossils found in deep ocean sediments.​ True False

True

The compression of small biological particles into fecal pellets increases the rate at which they sink to the bottom of the ocean.​ True False

True

​Multibeam echo sounders radiate multiple beams of sound pulses to give a larger coverage pattern on ocean floors compared to the original single echo sounders. True False

True

​Neritic sediments are mostly eroded from land. True False

True

​Sediment in deep-ocean basins can be up to 5 kilometers (3 miles) thick. True False

True

​Sediment on the continental slopes has an average thickness that is greater than sediment on the continental shelves. True False

True

​Sediments of white or cream color tend to be of biological origin. True False

True

​Most geologists believe that submarine canyons have been formed by ____. ​Stream erosion ​Subduction ​Volcanoes ​Sea level changes ​Turbidity currents

Turbidity currents

deep-water open water (1000-4000 m deep) zone bathypelagic inner sublittoral oceanic mesopelagic neritic

bathhypelagic

​The west coast of South America is known for its seasonal upwelling. What kind of sediment is likely to be abundant in this area? ​terrigenous ​hydrogenous biogenous ​cosmogenous ​authigenic

biogenous

​What is the particle size distribution from largest to smallest? ​cobble -boulder -granule -pebble ​coarse silt -granule -fine silt -clay ​coarse sand -granule -medium sand -fine sand boulder -granule -coarse sand -coarse silt cobble -granule -pebble- coarse sand​

boulder -granule -coarse sand -coarse silt

​An abundance of foraminifera shells would be described as what type of sediment? ​turbidic sediment calcareous ooze ​siliceous ooze ​evaporitic sediment ​diatomaceous earth

calcareous ooze

Which is an example of an evaporite? ​manganese nodule ​phosphorite ​oolite calcium carbonate ​tektite

calcium carbonate

​Which particle size has the fastest settling velocity in still water? ​clay ​fine sand coarse sand ​silt ​coarse silt

coarse sand

​The White Cliffs of Dover in England were formed as a result of which marine organism? oolite​ ​diatom ​radiolarian ​turbidite ​coccolithophore

coccolithophore

​Which oceanographic sampling device played a large role in verifying the plate tectonic theory? ​boxcore sampler ​clamshell sampler piston corer ​seismic profiler ​acoustic Doppler profiler

piston corer

​An area that experiences a high rate of erosion, such as a near shore cliff, will have which type of sediments in the surrounding waters? ​well-sorted sediments poorly-sorted sediments ​one size of sediment ​mostly gravel sediment ​mostly clay sediment

poorly-sorted sediments

coarse terrigenous sediment glassy nodule quartz-sand ooze manganese nodule silt

quartz sand

​What is the main source of terrigenous sediments to the ocean? ​volcanic eruptions ​rivers ​dust and ash ​cosmic dust ​marine snow

rivers

Most marine sediments are composed of what size of particles? ​boulders ​sand, silt, and clay ​cobbles ​pebbles ​cobbles or granules

sand, silt, and clay

Mud-sized sediment glassy nodule quartz-sand ooze manganese nodule silt

silt

​Which geological processes explains why the ocean floors are so young? ​sea floor spreading subduction ​volcanic activity ​rift formation ​mountain formation

subduction

What is the primary origin of most neritic sediments? ​calcareous ​terrigenous ​hydrogenous ​cosmogenous

terrigenous

​What is the most abundant marine sediment in total volume? ​cosmogenous ​authigenic ​biogenous ​hydrogenous terrigenous

terrigenous

​What type of marine sediment is derived from igneous rock? terrigenous ​biogenous ​hydrogenous ​cosmogenous calcareous​

terrigenous

​Robots can be used in the ocean to measure water salinity. True False

true

Which deposits are the result of gravity-propelled currents that produce graded layers of sediment deposits? ​oozes ​lithified nodules ​tektites ​oolites turbidites​

turbidites​

​Which statement is true of sediments in the ocean? Biogenous sediments comprise a larger area than terrigenous sediments. ​Terrigenous sediments comprise a larger area than biogenous sediments. ​Hydrogenous sediments cover more volume than biogenous sediments. ​Cosmogenous sediments cover more volume than biogenous sediments. ​Terrigenous and biogenous sediments are equal in area and volume.

​Biogenous sediments comprise a larger area than terrigenous sediments.