Oceanography chapter 1

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. Adriatic B. Black C. Caspian D. Indian E. Mediterranean

D. Indian

Conditions on Earth influenced evolution and how biodiversity changed through time. Place the following events in order from first to last.

cambrian explosion, dominance of amphibians, earth hit by a large carbonaceous meteorite, extinction of giant mammals like mastodons

mantle

contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification

lithosphere

crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer

The European "Age of Discovery" ended with:

Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe

___is the extinction event tied to the demise of the dinosaurs and is visible in the rock record as a thin layer of sediment that could be found worldwide

KT boundary

In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation?

Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle.

____may have caused a global cooling event as suspended dust blocked the sun. Without the sun's energy, many plants would have died. Without plants to feed on, many creatures would also have died

a carbonaceous meteorite

What is a nebula?

a large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space

the four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the:

atlantic, pacific, indian, southern, and Arctic oceans

Oceanic crust is primarily:

basalt

Which of the following statements is supported by the nebular hypothesis regarding the formation of our solar system?

the sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began

Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?

thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse

In general, the salinity content of ocean water has remained constant throughout the majority of Earth's history.

true

Radiometric dating is used to determine the ages of rocks.

true

In a year 19s time, the constellation the sun will be projecting on is

virgo

On the day shown in the image, the constellation ___ is located in the sky nearest the sun

virgo

____ may have caused global warming, which would have warned the oceans, decreasing the amount of dissolved oxygen and increasing the number anaerobic bacteria present in the ocean...

volcanism

Of the following events, which occurred during the Age of Discovery in Europe?

-ferdinand magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe -christopher columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world"

Based on the concept of isostatic adjustment, which of the following would result in the uplift of Earth's surface?

-lithosphere that was made to be less dense -lithosphere that was heated by hot asthenosphere -lithosphere that was thickened by mountain building

About 2.2 billion years ago, a significant amount of oxygen appeared in the atmosphere. How does this relate to life on Earth during this time and after?

-significant amounts of oxygen in the atmosphere contributed to the formation of ozone. This protected life from ultraviolet radiation -photosynthesis became a successful way to convert energy from the sun, and oxygen was a significant by-product

Review the accompanying diagram showing the shepherd moons Ophelia and Cordelia in orbit around the planet Uranus. Imagine that a large asteroid collides with Ophelia and knocks it out of the Uranian system. What would be the impact on the Epsilon ring?

-the Epsilon ring would expand toward the space once occupied by Ophelia's orbit -the epsilon ring would get wider

Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true?

-the asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock -the asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles)

Chemical analysis on a rock specimen has shown a ratio of 1:3 for radioactive parent to stable daughter product. If the radioactive isotope in this rock has a half-life of 10,000 years, how old is this rock?

20,000 years

the average depth of the world's ocean is approximately

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

Imagine you are an oceanographer using an echo sounder on a research vessel. Can you determine the water depth based on the amount of time it takes a sound pulse to travel to the ocean floor, reflect off the ocean bottom, and bounce back up to the recorder on the vessel?

45000

When did our Solar System begin to form?

5 billion years ago

How did our Solar System begin to form?

A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. oxygen B. water vapor C. carbon dioxide D. methane E. ammonia

A. oxygen

Imagine that Earth has been traveling around the sun for 5 months after the day illustrated. At that time, the constellation ___ will be near the sun

Aquarius

is experiencing the greatest gravitational force

Asteroid A

the asteroid experiencing the least gravitational force is

Asteroid B

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. Vasco de Gama B. Ptolemy C. Christopher Columbus D. John Cabot E. Ferdinand Magellan

B. Ptolemy

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. observation B. hypothesis C. belief D. theory E. testing

C. Belief

The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:

Eratosthenes

Which of the following best describes why the 2010 earthquake in Chile caused a large tsunami while the 2010 earthquake in Haiti only caused a small and local tsunami?

The earthquake in Haiti was the result of motion on a transform boundary, which does not produce any vertical motion of the sea floor, whereas the Chilean earthquake was the result of motion along a convergent plate boundary, which does.

Vikings

established impermanent settlement in North America and the first Europeans to explore Iceland and Greenland

Christopher Columbus established trade routes from Europe around Africa to India.

false

Vikings led by Thor Heyerdahl established temporary colonies in North America.

false

Balboa

first European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean

Eratosthenes

first determination of Earth's circumference

the ___was a massive extinction event in which 90 percent of marine life and 70 percent of vertebrate land species were wiped out, creating niches that dinosaurs would eventually fill

great permian extinction

the gravitational force asteroid A is _____ the gravitational force Asteroid C experiences

greater than

the gravitational force on Asteroid C is ___ that on Asteroid B

greater than

A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:

hypothesis

___ thrived in the millennia following the extinction at the KT boundary

mammals

during the electron capture, the ___ remains unchanged

mass number

the___ period marks the extinction of dinosaurs and many other species

mesozoic/cenozoic

The water in Earth's oceans came

mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets

The mechanism by which populations evolve and new species develop is called:

natural selection

The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a:

nebula

the __ is characterized by the extinction of 90% of marine life

paleozoic/mesozoic

asthenosphere

plastic (capable of flow) portion of the upper mantle beneath the lithosphere

during the ___ the first organisms with shells developed

precambrian, proterzoic

In beta particle radioactive decay, the nucleus will end up containing one more ___

proton

In electron capture, when an electron and a proton combine to form an additional neutron, the nucleus will now cone one less __. This affects the ___ by a decrease of 1

proton, atomic number

If 1:7 is the ration of radioactive parent atoms to stable daughter atoms, there is one parent for every ___ daughter atoms and ___ half lives have passed

seven, three

the extinction of ___ was likely the result of rapid climate changes associated with the impact of a large carbonaceous meteorite

the dinosaurs

How are the materials that make up Earth's interior stratified (layered) in relation to their densities?

the highest density materials are concentrated at Earth's core, while lower density materials are located closer to Earth's surface

Using what you've learned about the solar day, what would happen if you could reverse the direction of Earth's rotation?

the solar day would be shorter