Oceanography chapter 5

Of the following statements about the PH of seawater, which are true?

-Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. -The PH of sewater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3 -In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline.

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which are true?

-An increase in salinity increases seawater density. -A decrease in temperature increases seawater density.

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater?

-Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. -Pass electrical current through the water.

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which are true?

-Seawater salinity averages 35% -The 2 most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. -An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity.

Which increases the salinity of seawater?

-The formation of sea ice. -Evaporation

In the open ocean, average seawater salinity is ____

35%

The density of seawater increases with ____ in temperature and ____ in salinity.

A decrease; an increase

Where is the salinity of ocean surface waters highest?

About 25 degrees north or south of the equator

Of the following properties of water, which is caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules?

All 5

Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which are true?

All except "As the temperature of water decreases from 20 to 4 degrees Celcius, its density also decreases."

Of the following statements about waters latent heat and changes in state, which are true?

All except "In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds."

If you were an explorer stranded in the arctic ocean, what methods could you use for creating fresh drinking water?

All except "Melt recently frozen seawater."

Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which are true?

All except "There is a thermocline in high latitudes." and "there is a pycnocline in high latitudes."

The Baltic sea has ______ because of _______

Brackish water; large amounts of runoff

Each hydrogen atom shares its single electron with electrons in the oxygen atom. Which type of bond is this?

Covalent bond

The process of purifying seawater by removing most of its dissolved substances is called

Desalination

Which of the following increases the salinity of seawater?

Evaporation of seawater

In the high latitudes, there is a prominent and well developed thermocline (T/F)

False

The heat capacity of water is lower than that of most other substances (T/F)

False

Which of the following terms describes a rapid change in salinity with depth?

Halocline

There is no pycnocline in _______ latitude regions because ________

High; the water column is uniformly cold and dense

Which type of bond holds adjacent water molecules together?

Hydrogen bond

What accounts for all the unique properties of water?

Its unique geometry

In an atom, the nucleus is composed of _____ and _____, and the _____ orbit very quickly around the nucleus.

Protons; neutrons; electrons

A layer of rapid change of ocean density with depth is called a

Pycnocline

The fact that ice is less dense than water- which causes ice to float- is due to _______

The molecular packing of bulky ice crystals

In water vapor, there is no interconnectedness of individual water molecules. (T/F)

True

Latent heat can be absorbed or released only as water undergoes the process of changing state (T/F)

True

Most processes that affect the ocean's salinity occur _______

at the ocean surface

The red sea has ______ water because of large amounts of _______

hypersaline; evaporation