oceanography exam 2 ch. 4-8

when would you expect the low-pressure cell over the North Pole to be most developed?

during the Norther Hemisphere winter

what drives Hadley cell circulation?

heating from the Sun

what must break in order for water to change from solid to liquid to gas?

hydrogen bonds between water molecules

what causes the balloon to deflate?

the higher pressure inside the item forces the air out into the lower pressure of the room

which attributes of the water molecule arise from the unique bend in its geometry?

the hydrogen end has a positive charge, and the oxygen end has a negative charge

what caused the object filled with water to respond the way it did when it was subjected to the flame?

the water absorbed the heat away from the surface of the container.

why is it colder in winter than in summer?

when the northern or southern hemisphere of earth is tilted away from the sun its winter because that part of the earth receives more direct sunlight

in which direction would winds move at the poles if earth rotated in the opposite direction?

wind from the north pole would move to the southeast, and the wind from the south pole would move to the northeast

the Coriolis effect is ___ at the equator and is ___at the poles

zero; strongest

how many types of prevailing winds are there among earths global wind patterns other than trade winds?

2

how much heat energy is needed to turn 1 gram of water at 100 degrees Celsius into water vapor?

540 calories of heat energy

how much heat energy is needed to melt 1 gram of ice?

80 calories of heat energy

why does air tend to rise in equatorial regions?

Equatorial regions receive more direct sunlight than other areas.

what happened when the two slats were pulled out?

The blue water sank to the bottom and the red water rose to the top.

why is water able to dissolve salt?

Water molecules are polar and are attracted to the electrically charged ions that form salts.

how can water vapor become ice?

Water vapor can become liquid water through the release of heat energy, and then become ice through the release of more heat energy. Water vapor can also become ice directly through the release of heat energy.

what common household item is used in this video to demonstrate a technique used by oceanographers to measure seawater salinity?

a light bulb

what depth in the ocean does the ekman spiral extend?

about 100 meters

As a whole, the pH of surface waters of the ocean is slightly __________.

alkaline

which areas of earth experience the most precipitation?

areas near the ITCZ

what common household item is used in this video to demonstrate differences in heat capacity?

balloons

the depth at which calcite dissolves rapidly in the ocean is called the

calcite compensation depth or CCD

carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Calcite-secreting organisms such as __________ and __________ live in the ocean's sunlit surface waters and form the basis of most marine food webs.

coccolithophores; foraminifers

why does wind between the equator and 30 degrees south come out of the southeast?

cooled air moves north toward the equator and is deflected toward the west by the Coriolis effect

two objects were subjected to a flame from a lighter. the object that was filled with air___ and the object that was filled with water___?

exploded; had no change

as compared to a substance with low heat capacity, when an equal amount of heat is applied to both, the high heat capacity substance will?

heat up much more slowly

air always moves from ___ atmospheric pressure regions to ___ atmospheric pressure regions

high to low

the pH scale is a measure of the ___ ion concentration of a solution

hydrogen

where are Hadley cells found?

in the atmosphere near the equator

what happened when a new (green) water mass was introduced into the system?

it came to equilibrium in the middle of the tank

what do we call the energy used to melt ice once the ice becomes water?

latent heat of water

as shown in the video demonstration, air has___ electrical conductivity and metal key has electrical conductivity?

low; high

as demonstrated by the fluids shown in the video, the higher the salinity of a fluid, the ___ the light lit up

more

what physically breaks hydrogen bonds between water molecules as ice melts?

movement of water molecules

what mechanism is primarily responsible for the observed surface salinity in the low latitudes?

rates of evaporation are high, cause surface salinity to be high

what mechanisms are primarily responsible for the observed surface salinity near the poles?

rates of evaporation are low and rates of ice melt are high, causing salinity to be low.

even though it's on the same spinning planet, the Coriolis effect influences moving objects and diverts them to the ___ of their intended direction in the Northern Hemisphere and to the ___ of their intended direction in the Southern Hemisphere.

right; left

in the northern hemisphere the ekman spiral moves layers of water to the ___ of the wind direction and ekman transport (the overall direction of water movement) is tho the ___

right; left

what processes increase surface salinity?

sea ice formation

which way would wind travel in the region between 30 and 60 degrees latitude if earth stopped rotating?

south in the southern hemisphere and north in the northern hemisphere

what are the two controlling factors that affect water density?

temperature and salinity

what term is used to describe the effect on air movement produced by earths rotation?

the Coriolis effect

how does the location of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) change over time

the ITCZ migrates south of the equator in Northern Hemisphere winter and north of the equator in Northern Hemisphere summer

why does temperature NOT initially increase as energy is added after ice begins to melt?

the added energy is used to break hydrogen bonds between water molecules

what is allowing electrical current to pass through tap water from one electrode to the other?

the amount of salt. (dissolved substances)

in which fluid did the bulb shine the brightest?

the beaker filled with seawater

what happened when the two slats were pulled out?

the blue water sank to the bottom and the red water rose to the top

of the three different colored waters separated by slats, which one has the highest density?

the cold (blue) water, which has the lowest temperature.

of the three different colored waters separated by slats, which one has the highest density?

the cold water (blue, which has the lowest temp

what two features are many of earths deserts associated with?

the subtropical highs and cool ocean currents found along the west coasts of continents.

what is the air that sinks at latitudes of 30 degrees north and south like?

this air is cool and dry

why does the water molecule have polarity?

water is geometrically bent to give one side or pole, a positive charge and the opposite side a negative charge