Oceanography Midterm

Match the description of the plate boundary in the column on the left to the type of boundary in the column on the right 1. two plates move away from one another 2. two plates colliding with one another 3. two plates sliding past one another

1. Divergent Boundary 2. Convergent Boundary 3. Transform Boundary

Match the name of the marine sediment in the column on the left to the correct description in the column on the right. 1. Terrigenous/Lothogenous 2. Biogenous 3. Hydrogenous 4. Cosmogenous

1. Erosion of land, volcanic eruptions, and blown dust 2. Organic accumulation of hard parts of marine organisms 3. Precipitation of dissolved minerals from water 4. Dust from space, and meteorite debris

Which of the following statements are true about the unique density property of water? 1. It becomes less dense when it freezes. 2. It is the more dense than all other liquids at any temperature. 3. Its density fluctuates with even the smallest temperature change. 4. The density does not change even when the matter state changes.

1. It becomes less dense when it freezes.

Match the plankton name in the column on the left to the composition of their shells in the column on the left. 1. Radiolarians 2. Diatoms 3. Coccolithopores 4. Foraminiferans

1. Silica 2. Silica 3. Calcium 4. Calcium

A nautical mile is equal to how many land miles?

1.15

If all conditions are favorable what is the deepest that light can penetrate into water in meters?

1000

Which of the following statements are false about the density property of seawater? 1. Density increases with decreasing temperature. 2. Density increases with increases salinity. 3. Decreasing pressure increases the density. 4. Increasing pressure increases the density.

3. Decreasing pressure increases density

What is the average salinity of the ocean as a percentage?

3.5%

What is the average depth of the world ocean in meters?

3800m

We believe the process that created all the objects in our solar system is called what?

Accretion

An _______ is a boundary between the continent and the ocean that is also a tectonic boundary

Active margin

Where globally would you expect to find warmer waters in the ocean?

At or near the equator

What color on the visible light spectrum can penetrate the deepest into the ocean?

Blue

Which material has the longest residence time?

Chloride

_________ bonds hold together the hydrogen to the oxygen within one water molecule. __________ bonds hold together one water molecule to another molecule.

Covalent Hydrogen

What is the name of the process that separated the layers of our planet by their densities?

Differentiation

Coastal waters appear green because of the high amount of minerals that wash into the ocean.

False

Isostasy is the numerical measurement of how thick a layer of the Earth is.

False

Lines of latitude are parallel to the prime meridian

False

Modern GPS is useful but only accurate to find large objects like buildings and are only accurate within 1 mile.

False

The scenario for the formation of the moon is called what?

Giant impact Hypothesis

What does GPS stand for?

Global Positioning System

Where would you most likely expect to find Siliceous Ooze?

In deep cold ocean waters

In which of the following regions would you expect to find the lowest salinity values?

In shallow waters closest to the continents.

What is the deepest part of the ocean?

Marianas Trench

The lines that run perpendicular to the lines of latitude are called what?

Meridians

Which of the following are not one of the major dissolved gasses in the ocean?

Methane

Where would you expect to find hydrothermal vents?

Near divergent boundaries

Where would you most likely find Isothermal and Isopycnal waters?

Near the poles

What do scientists call the gas cloud of dust that is believed to be the beginning of all solar systems?

Nebula

What is the name of the process in which gasses were released in to the atmosphere from beneath the surface of our planet?

Outgassing

One of the most important pieces of evidence in concreting the idea of plate tectonics as a theory is the discovery of what?

Paleomagnetism and the alignment of the mineral grains.

What was the name given to the super continent that existed approximately 200 million years ago?

Pangea

A _______ is a boundary between the continent and the ocean that is far away from a tectonic boundary.

Passive margin

Fill in the blanks with the correct seismic wave names. _______ waves travel faster and can travel through solid, liquid, or gasses ________ waves travel slower and can only travel through solid matter

Primary Secondary

What is the most common mineral found in lithogenous sediment due to its durability.

Quartz

What type of map projection do we use for data presentation?

Robinson planisphere projection

How do we know what Earth looks like?

Scientists studied the seismic waves that pass through the Earth

What device is typically used to measure the transparency of water?

Secchi Disk

Benthic

The hard bottom of the sea floor

Which of the following statements are true about the lines of longitude

The lines of longitude run through both the north and south poles

How is the density of a substance calculated?

The mass divided by the volume

If you were to do an experiment where you poured hot water and cold water very slowly into a single container describe what you would expect to happen immediately after each type of water was added.

The warm water would form a layer at the surface and the cold layer would sink.

Neritic

The water column from low tide to the shelf break

Oceanic

The water column from low tide to the water just above the bottom of the seafloor

Coral reefs go through a progression as they originally formed around volcanic islands then eventually the land masses subsided and the atolls were left behind.

True

Which of the following liquids have the highest specific heat? Alcohol Silver Copper Water

Water

Why do table mounts have flat tops?

Waves eroded them flat when they peaked out of the water

What was the theory that Alfred Wagner proposed in 1912?

continental drift

What process created the Hawaiian Islands

hot spots

The Pacific Ocean

is the largest ocean on our planet, located in both the northern and southern hemispheres

The Atlantic Ocean

is the second largest and is in both the northern and southern hemispheres.

Sailors in the ________ hemisphere used an instrument called an _____ to determine their latitudinal position by measuring the angle between the _______ and the north star

norther, astrolabe, horizon

Which statement(s) is/are true about dissolved gasses in the oceans? 1. There will be higher concentrations of dissolved gasses at or near the surface of the ocean, 2. Deep water in the Pacific contains more dissolved CO2 that deep water in the Atlantic. 3. The deeper the you go into to the oceans you will find the higher concentration of dissolved gasses. 4. Deep water in the Atlantic contains more CO2 than deep water in the Pacific.

number 2 and 3

The outer most layer of our planet is called the crust, it is divided into two distinctive types based on their composition. The ________ crust is very dense and mainly composed of basaltic igneous rock The ________ crust is less dense and mainly composed of granitic igneous rock

oceanic continental

Arctic Ocean

the smallest ocean located only in the northern hemisphere.

The Indian Ocean

this ocean is the third largest and is located mostly in the southern hemisphere.

Southern Ocean

this whole ocean is located only in the southern hemisphere.