Oceanography Midterm

Which of the following IS NOT a part of the scientific process? Observation and Inquiry Testable Hypothesis Controlled Experiements Data Analysis and Discussion Publication in News Magazines

Publication in News Magazines

According to geologists and physicists in the 1980s and 90s, identify three pieces of evidence that supports the theory that dinosaurs could have been killed off by an asteroid impact on Earth.

- iridium in sediments in high amounts - dinosaur fossils were found after the k-t boundary - asteroids that impacted Jupiter's surface

You are located at the intersection of the Prime Meridian and the equator. You travel 45 degrees to the north. Where are you?

0 degrees longitude, 45 degrees north latitude

You are located at the intersection of the International Date Line and the equator. You travel 40 degrees to the east. Where are you?

140 degrees west, 0 degrees latitude

How many calories must be added to 2 g of water at 10°C to heat it to 90°C?

160 calories

You are located at the 30 degrees North, 120 degrees West. You travel 45 degrees to the south, and 140 degrees to the east. Where are you?

20 degrees east longitude, 15 degrees south latitude

Identify all of the temperatures at which water boils at 1 atmosphere of pressure (sea level).

212°F 100°C

The Arctic and Antarctic Circles are displaced ________ degrees from their respective poles.

23½

If a clock is set to Greenwich Mean Time and the Sun is observed to reach its zenith at 10:00 A.M., what is the longitude?

30°E

Which set of coordinates best describes the location of Fullerton College?

33, -117

The average salinity of the oceans is about ________ parts per thousand (‰).

35

An average value for the salinity of seawater could be (pick the best choice).

35 g/kg

The average salinity of the ocean is

35 ppt

Fresh water has its maximum density at

4°C

Which substance has the highest density?

4°C liquid water

How many calories must be removed from 1 g of water vapor at 100°C to convert it into liquid water at 100°C?

540 calories

If a clock set to Greenwich Mean Time or Universal Time is moved to a location where noon, according to the Sun, occurs at 4:30 P.M. clock time, what is the longitude of the clock?

67.5°W

If the salinity of ocean water is 36‰, there are ________ g of salt left from evaporating 2 kg of seawater.

72

Which circle of latitude or longitude has the smallest circumference?

80°S

Which of the following are true about a scientific theory? - A theory is based on a large body of evidence. - A theory can only be created by a few elite scientists. - Experiments are designed to disprove or discredit a theory. - Experiments are designed to definitively prove a theory.

A theory is based on a large body of evidence. Experiments are designed to disprove or discredit a theory.

As a polar molecule, liquid water has special physical properties, including ________. - All of these are correct. - high surface tension - high dissolution properties - high heat capacity and latent heat - high cohesion

All of these are correct

If the paleontologists' old theory of dinosaur extinction was correct, which of the following would be true? - Dinosaur fossils would gradually disappear from the sediment record. - Dinosaur fossils would abruptly disappear from the sediment record. - Layers of iridium rich clay would surround dinosaur fossils. - There would still be a few dinosaurs on Earth as recently as the last Ice Age.

Dinosaur fossils would gradually disappear from the sediment record.

Match the name of the latitude to its proper location. Equator Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle

Equator = 0 degrees Tropic of Capricorn = 23.5 degrees South Tropic of Cancer = 23.5 degrees North Arctic Circle = 66.5 degrees North Antarctic Circle = 66.5 degrees South

Scientists can select only certain pieces of data or evidence to support their theory.

False

The acronym, GPS, stands for

Global Positioning System

Which of the following are part of the scientific process or scientific method? Hypothesis Faith Experiments Unfounded ideas

Hypothesis Experiments

Select all of the following that are true about the Law of Conservation of Mass. - Matter can neither be created nor destroyed. - In a closed system, matter must be conserved. - In a closed system, energy is always conserved, it just changes form. - Matter disappears, especially when it is burned.

Matter can neither be created nor destroyed. In a closed system, matter must be conserved.

The scientific study of the ocean is:

Oceanography

Select all of the following that are true about the Law of Conservation of Energy. - Potential energy and kinetic energy are forms of energy. - In a closed system, energy is always lost. - In a closed system, energy is always conserved, it just changes form. - Energy disappears, especially when it is burned.

Potential energy and kinetic energy are forms of energy. In a closed system, energy is always lost.

Which of the following pieces of evidence support that dinosaurs went extinct as a result of an asteroid impact on Earth approximately 66 million years ago? (multiple answers possible) - Presence of a thin, iridium-rich layer within sediments. - The absence of dinosaur fossils that are younger than 65 million years old. - The Manson crater in Iowa. - The observation of an impact caused by a comet hitting Jupiter.

Presence of a thin, iridium-rich layer within sediments. The absence of dinosaur fossils that are younger than 65 million years old. The observation of an impact caused by a comet hitting Jupiter.

Which of the following solutions contain dissolved solids but no particulates?

Salt water from class Iced tea

Which of the following are most consistent with the scientific process? - Scientific conclusions are based on values and 'hunches'. - Scientific theories can be formed with little to no data. - Scientific conclusions are reached after controlled experiments. - Scientific theories can change when presented with new evidence. - Scientific conclusions are usually determined before running experiments.

Scientific conclusions are reached after controlled experiments. Scientific theories can change when presented with new evidence.

Which of the following is generally NOT true of the scientific process. - Discussion is an important tool for scientists to advance knowledge. - Scientific theories can be supported by a single experiment or lone piece of evidence. - Scientific theories are subject to modification in light of new evidence. - New ideas or theories about the natural world must be testable for scientists to consider them.

Scientific theories can be supported by a single experiment or lone piece of evidence.

Which of the following are most consistent with the scientific process? - Scientific conclusions are based on values and 'hunches'. - Scientific theories can be formed with little to no data. - Scientific theories can change when presented with new evidence. - Scientific conclusions are reached after controlled experiments. - Scientific conclusions are usually determined before running experiments.

Scientific theories can change when presented with new evidence. Scientific conclusions are reached after controlled experiments.

Identify the four seawater constituents that are present in the highest concentration. calcium magnesium sodium bromide potassium sulfate chloride

Sodium Magnesium Chloride Sulfate

The distance between lines of longitude

The distance between lines of longitude

Maps that display elevation in the form of contour lines are called

Topographic maps

Low latitude areas of the Earth are most closely associated with

Tropical regions Warm sea surface temperatures (SST)

In order for the scientific method to proceed, it requires the formation of a testable hypothesis.

True

Which of the following materials has the highest specific heat?

Water

The activity model of the scientific method may be defined as

a collaborative, non-sequential, interactive, highly communicative approach to science

The bond between an electropositive hydrogen on one water molecule and an electronegative oxygen atom on another water molecule is called

a hydrogen bond

Arrange the following substances in order of least to most dense

air oil water salt water granite

The concentration of dissolved salts in seawater defines its - salinity - conductivity - mass per unit volume - density - all of the above

all of the above

The separation of charges on a water molecule - all of the above - is why water makes such a good solvent - makes it a polar molecule - allows water to bond with itself

all of the above

The separation of positive and negative charges on a water molecule makes it - a powerful solvent - able to form bonds with itself - all of the above

all of the above

As a polar-molecule liquid, water has special physical properties, including ________. - high dissolution properties - high surface tension - high cohesion - All of these are correct. - high heat capacity and latent heat

all of these are correct

The major ionic constituents of sea salt are normally found to ________. - behave as conservative materials - have the same ratio to each other even when diluted by rainwater - have a constant ratio of each constituent to each other - All of these are correct. - None of these is correct.

all of these are correct

The major ionic constituents of sea salt are normally found to ________. - All of these are correct. - behave as conservative materials - None of these is correct. - have the same ratio to each other even when diluted by rainwater - have a constant ratio of each constituent to each other

all of these correct

Lines of longitude are measured

as degrees east and west of the Prime Meridian

Lines of latitude are measured

as degrees north and south of the equator

The arrangement of the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule causes the water molecule to ________.

be polar

The ________ wavelengths of light penetrate deepest into the ocean.

blue

Heat is measured in ________.

calories

Which substance has the greatest density?

cold salt water

The transformation of water from a gas to a liquid is called

condensation

The polarity of water molecules is responsible for all of the following, except ________.

covalent bonding

If we add freshwater to saltwater, the salinity of the salt water will

decrease

If we melt an iceberg, the salinity of the seawater surrounding the iceberg will

decrease

Which of the following does NOT happen to water when salt is added?

density decreases

The U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to ________.

determine latitude and longitude, measure altitude, and position storms, currents, and tides

The major ions of seawater are those which ________.

do not vary from place in the oceans, except as salinity varies

From Fullerton, the quickest way to the Prime Meridian is...

east

Longitude is given in degrees ________.

east and west of the Prime Meridian

The transformation of water from a liquid to a gas is called

evaporation

The two processes that control the salinity of most of the surface waters in the ocean over the short term are

evaporation and precipitation

Determination of the latitude requires that the time be kept very accurately.

false

The Earth freely exchanges energy with its surroundings which makes it a closed system.

false

The proportions of the major salts in seawater are constantly changing.

false

If we add salt to water, its salinity will

increase

If we freeze the surface of the Arctic Ocean, the salinity of the unfrozen water will

increase

The sun evaporates water from the surface of the tropical Pacific. The salinity of the surface waters will

increase

The following change would result in a density increase.

increase in salinity

The horizontal lines of the geographic coordinate system on a map are called lines of

latitude

What is your position if you are located at the intersection of the International Date Line and the equator?

latitude = 0°, longitude = 180°

What is your position if you start at the intersection of the equator and the Prime Meridian and move 20° north and 20° west?

latitude = 20° N, longitude = 20° W

What is your position if you are located at the intersection of the Prime Meridian and the North Pole?

latitude = 90°N, longitude = 0°

The vertical lines of the geographic coordinate system on a map are called lines of

longitude

Earth's hydrosphere consists of all of the following EXCEPT: - rivers - marine life - glaciers - snow - water vapor

marine life

Density is defined as

mass / volume

Covalent bonds link a water molecule's ________.

positively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atom

The energy associated with changing the temperature of a substance is called heat while the energy associated with changing the phase (ex. solid to liquid) of a substance is called heat.

sensible latent

The energy associated with changing the temperature of a substance is called heat while the energy associated with changing the phase (not temperature) of a substance is called heat.

sensible latent

The process of changing ice directly to water vapor is known as

sublimation

The development of a ___________ is generally the next step in the scientific process after an initial observation has been made.

testable hypothesis

The line of longitude that is designated as the place where the day begins is

the International Date Line

The line of longitude established as the line on which all lines of longitude are based is

the Prime Meridian

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that:

the relative proportions of major dissolved elements is constant

Salinity refers to:

total amount of dissolved solids in seawater

Which of the following would be considered part of the biosphere?

trees humans

Earth does not freely exchange matter with its surroundings which makes it a closed system.

true

Earth exchanges both matter and energy between its different spheres (e.g. atmosphere and geosphere).

true

The polar nature of water molecules aids in water's solvent abilities.

true

Water is the only substance that occurs on Earth naturally as a liquid, a solid, and a gas.

true

When the salinity of a seawater sample changes, the ratio of the major salt ions does not change.

true

Which of the following would be considered part of the geosphere?

volcanoes soil