Oceans Finals

Between 1990 and 2010, which of the following activities contributed the most to CO2 emissions in the U.S.?

Electricity generation and transportation

What is NOT a potential unfavorable consequence of oceanic iron fertilization?

Enhancement of the Biological Pump

Which of the following is the best definition of an estuary?

Estuaries and their surrounding wetlands are bodies of water usually found where rivers meet the sea.

TRUE or FALSE: Urban economies in Washington state are at greater risk from reduced shellfishery production.

False

Which of these is NOT a type of marine pollution and a consequence of that pollution:

Hypoxic zones created from the decomposition of plastic waste

Which of the following statements about sea star wasting disease is incorrect?

It is a new disease; first identified in 2013.

Why is there a need to find new antibiotic drugs?

Many types of bacteria are becoming resistant to existing antibiotics.

What is the main type of cyanobacteria responsible for HABs in South Florida estuaries?

Microcystis

Why are Orca whales being studied as a "barometer" of the health of Puget Sound? Select all that apply.

Orca whales accumulate toxins and contaminants in their fat. Orca whales are apex (top) predators and can be used as indicators of the general health of the environment.

Phytoplankton are capable of synthesizing their own food using component nutrient parts and sunlight. What word best describes this ability?

Photoautotrophic

How does the video describe the current health of Puget Sound?

Puget Sound health sound be listed as being in "critical" condition.

Which if the following are actions that you could take to reduce your personal carbon footprint? Select all that apply.

Recycle more Make your home more energy efficient Buy local foods that are in season Travel less

Phytoplankton require Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorous in a ratio of 106:16:1. This ratio is called:

Redfield ratio

The best environmental conditions for shallow coral reefs are (select all that apply):

Shallow,salty, warm, clear water

Long-term impacts of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill include:

Sick Dolphins Sea Turtle stranding Unbalanced food web Decline in recreation Decreased fish populations

Diatoms have a characteristic encapsulating case called the frustule. What is the frustule primarily composed of?

Silica

Which of the following rivers had the largest salmon fishery in Puget Sound?

Skagit River

Name the present day largest source of contamination entering Puget Sound.

Storm water runoff

Where are the strongest tidal currents?

Strain of Juan de Fuca

Which of the following statements best describes what 'super corals' are?

Super corals have a mechanism that allows them to be more tolerant to high temperatures.

How many coral fragments have been transplanted over the last decade by the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program?

Tens of thousands

Why focus on cleaning up large pieces of plastic instead of the micro plastics? Select all that apply.

The large pieces will break down into smaller pieces and increase the amount of micro plastics in the ocean at all depths. Many of the large pieces of plastic are buoyant and can be collected from surface waters easier than skimming micro plastics from depth.

Which of the following is true of both bacteria and viruses?

They both play important roles in nutrient cycling and the marine food web.

How many people are directly affected by the presence of reefs?

approx 500 million

How many people could be impacted directly or indirectly by changes to disease dynamics associated with marine systems?

billions

It can take 10,000 - 30 million years for a coral reef to form from a group of larvae. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic macrostructure formed by coral reefs?

chains what is a characteristic - Fringing - Barrier - Atoll

Which country is currently the largest emitter of CO2?

china

What toxin did the toxic algae produce during the bloom that closed down the Dungeness crab fishing season in the summer of 2015?

domoic acid

The distance over open water that a given wind vector has blown over is called:

fetch

The main mechanism driving coral "bleaching" is:

increased temperatures resulting in starvation

Which of the following organisms would you expect to be the most abundant in 1 ml of seawater

viruses

Human induced causes of HAB's include (select all that apply):

- Nutrient loading of aquatic systems - Increased temperatures - Eutrophication

Which of the following are known impacts of oil on marine organisms? Select all that apply.

- The oil impedes the ability of birds to fly, swim and dive for food. - Oil can be toxic or poisonous to some juvenile and larval marine organisms. - The oil can smoother benthic organisms. - The oil can cause internal and external lesions on fish and marine mammals.

Which of the following are ways scientists search for and collect marine specimens to study for potential drug development? Select all that apply.

-Scientists culture marine microbes in the lab and extract chemical compounds to test. -Remotely operated vehicles or robots collect soil samples and invertebrates from the deep ocean. -SCUBA divers collect marine invertebrates from reefs.

The ocean harbors an immense diversity of microorganisms. It's likely that scientists have only discovered 1 in ________________. Fill in the blank using the choices below.

1,000 to 10,000

Iron (Fe) is required by phytoplankton for growth. The ratio of molecules of Fe required for every molecule of Carbon makes it an excellent fertilizer. What is this ratio of Fe:C required for phytoplankton growth?

1:10,000

The kinetic energy of a wave, or the energy of motion of a wave, is massive. The average 4-foot wave striking a coastline puts out about how much energy per mile of coastline?

35,000 horsepower, or > 46 Lamborghini's of power

By 2030, it's predicted that over ________ of the world's coral reefs may be destroyed by anthropogenic causes such as ocean acidification, rising temperatures, overfishing, pollution, sewage outflows, and poaching coral species for exotic pet market.

50%

Controlled fish farming supplies approximately how much of all fish and shellfish directly consumed by humans?

50%

If successful, Boyan Slat's plan will be able to clean up _______ percent of the plastic in the North Pacific Ocean in _______ years. Fill in the blanks with the best choice from the list below.

50;5

Washington state shellfisheries production has declined by how much since 2005?

80%

Carbon footprint is defined as

A measurement of all greenhouse gases we individually produce.

What organism was responsible for the large bloom of toxic algae off the West Coast in 2015?

A species of diatom known as Pseudo-nitzschia

The biological mechanism which uses oxygen to convert organic matter into cellular energy is called

Aerobic respiration

Corals are made up of colonies of what type of organism?

Animals

What percentage of organisms that live in the sea depend on coral reefs?

Approximately 25%

The farming of marine organisms including fish, mollusks, crustaceans, and aquatic plants is known as ________________.

Aquaculture

What is BMAA?

BMAA is an amino acid produced by cyanobacteria that has a potential role in neurodegenerative conditions.

Why are coral reefs a good place to search for organisms that could be used to develop new drugs? Select all that apply.

Because they are relatively easy to get to compared to the deep ocean. Because life on corals reefs is diverse and concentrated.

Select all that apply. Changes in ocean temperature and salinity caused by climate change could lead to changes in ocean currents. Altered ocean currents could lead to changes in connectivity and temperature regimes that contribute to:

Changes in dispersal of coral larvae lack of foods for corals

Which group of phytoplankton is most at risk from ocean acidification?

Coccolithophores

Why is there a large accumulation of trash in the middle of the North Pacific Ocean?

Convergence of surface currents

In what areas of the ocean does plastic debris accumulate?

Convergent ocean gyres

The process of ____________ is essentially just rampant microbial respiration of organic material.

Decomposition

What group of phytoplankton gets its name from the Greek word for "whirling"?

Dinoflagellates

Select all that apply. Which of the following are characteristics of bacteria?

- Bacteria are microscopic. - They are the most ancient forms of life. -Bacteria have a high reproductive rate. - Bacteria reproduce through binary fission. - Bacteria are prokaryotes (free floating DNA).

What are the main types of phytoplankton (select all that apply)?

Dinoflagellates Coccolithophores Diatom Cyanobacteria

Recreational harvesting of shellfish in Washington is a popular activity. TRUE or FALSE: you must obtain a license in order to recreationally fish/shellfish in Washington state

true

TRUE or FALSE: An ocean gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns AND forces created by Earth's rotation.

true

True or False? A carbon footprint is made up of the sum of two parts, the primary footprint (measure of direct emissions of CO2) and the secondary footprint (measure of the indirect CO2 emissions).

true

True or False? Bacteria play an important role in marine food webs as recyclers of nutrients AND as a food source for some types of zooplankton.

true

Select all that apply. Human disease risk is likely to be affected by changes in disease incidence for marine animals that are:

part of peoples' diets allowing for direct transmission of pathogens or toxins in swimming or bathing waters allowing for infection of skin wounds in drinking water allowing for direct transmission of pathogens or toxins

Select all that apply. Which of the following are important roles played by bacteria in the ocean?

- Bacteria are decomposers. - Heterotrophic bacteria are a food source for some types of small zooplankton. - Bacteria recycle or remineralize nutirents. - Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic and produce oxygen.

Which of the following are possible reasons for the decline in the salmon fishery in this river delta (from question above)? Select all that apply

- Habitat destruction - Over-fishing

Which of the following was a negative impact of the 2015 West Coast bloom? Select all that apply.

- Increased death of marine mammals like seals and whales. - Loss of revenue from the lucrative Dungeness fishery

Why is Lake Okeechobee so high in nutrients and other pollutants? Select all that apply.

- It accumulates them from agriculture - It accumulates them from leaking septic tanks - It accumulates them from cattle farming

How is the range of malaria predicted to change by the year 2050? Select all that apply.

- It is likely to expand northward in the N. hemisphere. - It is likely to expand southward in the S. hemisphere. - It will disappear from some regions.

What is the NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program doing to help protect corals against global climate change, pollution and over-fishing? Select all that apply.

- NOAA works with communities to reduce sources of pollution to reefs. - NOAA works with scientists to grow and transplant corals. - NOAA works with communities and fishers to make sure fisheries on reefs are sustainable. - NOAA works to establish protected areas. - NOAA helps educate people on the importance of and threats to coral reef ecosystems. - NOAA monitors coral reefs and reports on the

Which of the following are ways that YOU can help preserve and protect coral reefs? Select all that apply.

- Reduce, reuse, recycle. - Don't dump household chemicals into street gutters or storm drains. - Make sustainable seafood choice. - Drive less. - Be a responsible aquarium owner. Know where your fish come from.

Possible reasons for the increased frequency of Harmful Algal Bloom events include:

- Reduced circulation of water column from greater temperatures - Nutrient enrichments of land crops and aquaculture - Better monitoring/observations of HAB events - Transport of new species via ballast water

"Corrosive" low pH waters of the Washington coast are expanding at what annual rate?

1-2m/year

To remove 30% of the annual anthropogenic addition of CO2 to the atmosphere, the area of the Southern Ocean x's a factor of ______ would need to be fertilized with iron.

10

Currently, about how much energy is obtained from fossil fuel combustion?

85%

What signs can researchers look for to predict when a cholera outbreak might happen

An increase in copepods following a phytoplankton bloom.

Why are estuaries called 'nurseries of the sea'? Select all that apply.

Because estuaries provide vital nesting and feeding habitats for many aquatic plants and animals. Because estuaries are highly productive areas and provide food for many organisms in the marine food web, many marine species mate and/or rear offspring there. Because habitats associated with estuaries offer refuge and protection to many marine species, many marine species mate and/or rear offspring there.

Mass mortality events of echinoderms and corals have been associated with which of the following? Select all that apply.

Densovirus Changes in carbon dioxide concentrations and sea surface pH HABs El Nino events Changing sea surface temperatures

What group of phytoplankton are most likely to respond to Iron fertilization and have relatively fast sinking rates to the deep ocean?

Diatoms

Which of the following types of organisms are subject to viral infection?

Diatoms Finfish Bacteria Whales Humans

Which of the following statements about fishing on coral reefs is correct?

Fishing plays a central social and cultural role in many island and coastal communities, where it is often a critical source of food and income. The impacts from unsustainable fishing on coral reef areas can lead to the depletion of key reef species in many locations. Coral reef ecosystems support important commercial, recreational, and subsistence fishery resources in the U.S and its territories. The impacts from unsustainable fishing on coral reef areas can lead to the depletion of key reef species in many locations.

What are some of the potential health impacts from exposure to the toxins produced by cyanobacteria in South Florida waters?

Headaches Liver cancer Vomiting and nausea Respiratory issues Bleeding liver

In which of the following ways does atmosphere and ocean warming affect vector-borne diseases? Select all that apply.

Increasing temperatures have been shown to increase virulence of some pathogens. Increasing temperatures have been shown to increase growth rates of some pathogens. Increasing temperatures have been linked to the expansion of host organisms. Increasing temperatures have been linked to an increase in disease transmission. Increasing temperatures have been linked to earlier and more prolonged blooms of microorganisms that can become toxic.

Why is it important to be able to build small devices to deploy in the ocean to collect plastic debris as opposed to one large device? Select all that apply.

It is easier to fund smaller projects. The project can be scaled up as money is raised. It is much cheaper to build small devices.

Which of the following are services that estuaries provide? Select all that apply.

Many estuaries are important centers of transportation and international commerce. Estuaries are often the economic centers of coastal communities. Estuaries are important recreational areas with millions of people visiting estuaries every year. Estuaries provide critical habitat for species that are valued commercially, recreationally, and culturally. Estuaries filter out sediments and pollutants from rivers and streams before they flow into the oceans, providing cleaner waters for marine life.

In most of the ocean, what is the limiting macronutrient?

Nitrogen

Which of the following is NOT an HNLC region?

North Atlantic gyre

How might ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) release of cold deep water impact the surface ocean (select all that apply):

Outgassing of CO2 Release of nutrient rich water fueling blooms Change in diversity of the surface planktonic community

The use of PCBs was banned in the United States in 1976. Why is PCB contamination still a threat to the health of Puget Sound?

PCBs are long-lived compounds that accumulate in sediments and bioaccumulate in food webs. PCBs are everywhere in industrialized areas and continue to be washed into rivers and the Sound.

Scientists predict that the majority of coral reefs will be dead by 2050 if the drivers of climate change are not addressed. What is the most important thing that you can do to help coral reefs recover?

Reduce emissions of greenhouse gases immediately.

Which of the following cleanup methods is not commonly used to control or clean up oil slicks in the open ocean.

Scrub brushes

Which country emits the largest amount of CO2 per capita?

U.S

The Law of the Sea (LOSC) is mandated by whom:

UN

The hypoxic zone off the Oregon coast is primarily caused by:

Upwelling of high CO2 / low O2 water

Which of the following could happen to the structure of the marine food web if sea stars were removed from the intertidal? Select all that apply.

Urchin populations could explode and deplete kelp beds. Sharks could increase in numbers as marine mammals like otters become easier to hunt. Mussels could increase in number and crowd out other intertidal species. Sea otters could be vulnerable to predators without kelp beds to hide in.

Which of the following is not a step in screening marine organisms to be developed for new pharmaceuticals?

Using robots to engineer individual molecules.

TRUE or FALSE: All diatoms are circular in shape

false

TRUE or FALSE: Dead zones are low- or no- oxygen containing regions that are completely devoid of life.

false

People depend on coral reefs for (check all that apply):

medicines food protection of shoreline tourism based economies

Which of the following are considered a natural threat to coral reefs? Select all that apply.

tidal emersion, disease, waves from large storms, weather patterns like El nino, predation

Which of the following sources of alternative energy are predictable in time, space, and energy output?

tides

Select the communities and industrial regions which are most likely to be impacted by ocean acidification:

tourism, wild catch fisheries, western washington native tribes, shellfisheries

True or False? Nutrients are considered a type of pollution when they are present in concentrations higher than natural levels and result in larger than natural phytoplankton blooms.

true

True or False? PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are man-made compounds that were manufactured and used in electrical equipment and in building equipment.

true

True or False? Populations of sea stars along the west coast of the U.S. are currently recovering from the 2013 die-off event and numbers are increasing.

true

True or False? Sea turtle strandings in months after the Deepwater Horizon increased compared to long-term averages.

true

True or False? Seafood harvested from the Gulf of Mexico is safe to eat.

true

True or False? Some diseases caused by marine viruses and bacteria can be transmitted to humans.

true

True or False? Stimulation of phytoplankton production in surface waters can result in hypoxic conditions in intermediate and deep waters.

true

True or False? Stormwater treatment facilities and the control of flood waters could help restore estuarine habitat and prevent HAB events.

true

True or False? The annual rate of ciguatera fish poisoning appears to be highest in surface waters with higher than average sea surface temperatures.

true

True or False? The causative organism of the 2015 West Coast bloom is common in west coast waters.

true

True or False? The impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was large and can still be see and felt today.

true

True or False? The initial funds for the ocean clean-up device being engineered by Boyan Slat were raised through a crowdfunding campaign.

true

True or False? The main reason for the decline is U.S. emissions of CO2 since 2006 is the transition from coal to natural gas for electricity generation.

true

True or False? The oceans play an important role in global climate.

true

True or False? The oceans play an important role in local and global weather patterns.

true

True or False? The sea star die-off of 2013 is currently the most extensive marine-disease event ever documented.

true

True or False? There is evidence that climate change has already caused increases in diseases in both terrestrial and marine systems.

true

True or False? Viruses are considered non-living because they require a host to replicate.

true

True or False? Wind-driven and thermohaline ocean circulation transport heat by moving warm waters poleward, colder water toward the Equator.

true

Which of the following are considered anthropogenic threats to coral reefs? Select all that apply.

trawling and other damaging fishing techniques Pollution from land or boats Cyanine or blasting fish for trade

TRUE or FALSE: Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems in the ocean

true

TRUE or FALSE: If a nation violates the Law of the Sea there are no repercussions to that nation or the individual violator.

true

TRUE or FALSE: Iron fertilization of phytoplankton blooms is an inexpensive example of geo-engineering.

true

TRUE or FALSE: The Earth is not a true sphere due to the effects of gravity from other stellar objects and corresponding inertial forces

true

TRUE or FALSE: The number of Global Harmful Algal Bloom events has increased since the 1970's.

true

True or False? Cholera can be transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or shellfish.

true

True or False? Coral farmers select and grow resilient corals in labs or protected nurseries and transplant them out on coral reefs.

true

True or False? Coral reefs provide so many fundamentally important purposes and are intimately linked to human health.

true

True or False? Different species of coral are responding differently to environmental stressors and changing ocean conditions.

true

True or False? It's likely that there are a number of undiscovered marine microorganisms and invertebrates that could produce chemical compounds that could be used to fight human disease.

true

True or False? Many marine-based human pathogens are sensitive to sea temperature variability.

true

True or False? Melting of sea ice decreases the albedo of the planet.

true

True or False? NOAA partners with other research and community groups to protect and restore corals.

true

True or False? Natural threats to coral reefs are often more severe because of changing ocean conditions due to anthropogenic actions.

true

True or False? PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) are known carcinogens.

true

Which of these can cause Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB's)?

Growth of toxic phytoplankton that produce neurotoxins Growth of phytoplankton that create nuisance foam An overgrowth of phytoplankton that results in decreased oxygen from overwhelming decomposition

Why is old, cold deep seawater that is upwelled relatively more corrosive? Select all that apply:

- Cold water holds more carbon dioxide than warmer water -Old water has had more organic matter accumulate and decay - Old deep water does not have a photosynthetically active community

Which of the following statements about the 2015 West Coast bloom are correct? Select all that apply.

- The toxic algae were found as deep as 198 meters in coastal waters. - The causative organism is often found in plankton samples off the west coast. - The bloom was observed to span a width of 64 kilometers.

How does pollution impact coral reefs? Select all that apply.

-Pollution can impede coral growth and reproduction - Pollution can cause disease and mortality in sensitive species -Pollution can disrupt overall ecological function

Why are coral reefs so important? Select all that apply.

-Reefs provide habitat and shelter for many marine organisms. Reefs attract tourists and support the economies of islands and countries with coral reefs. - Corals provide food and nutrients essential to the marine food web. -Reefs protect coastlines from the damaging effects of wave action and tropical storms.

Which of the following are currently being used to restore coral reefs? Select all that apply.

-Transplanting coral fragments to protected reefs. - Growing corals in nurseries and 'planting' them out on reefs. -Research to engineer super corals to grow and transplant on reef. - Reattaching coral fragments using cement or epoxy putty.

Which of the following statements about HAB events in general is correct?

HAB events are occurring more often, in more locations, and are lasting longer

Which of the following statements about a coral bleaching event are correct? Select all that apply.

-When the coral animal is under environmental stress, it will expel the algae (zooxanthellae) living in their tissues causing the coral to turn completely white. Warmer water temperatures can result in coral bleaching. - Corals can die if environmental stress is prolonged. - When corals are stressed by changes in conditions such as temperature, light, or nutrients, they expel the symbiotic algae living in their tissues.

What three things dictate the outcome of a stress event in coral reef ecosystems? Select all that apply.

-Who their parents were -- their base genetics. -What their environmental history has been. - Who they partner with -- are they with the right type of microalgae?

What was the Washington shellfisheries impact to the state economy last year?

270 million

Coral reefs occupy only 1% of the ocean, but are home to what percentage of all marine species?

25%

The optimum temperature for most coral reefs is 23-25 C with few reefs existing in waters above

30 degrees Celsius

Approximately what percentage of coral in the Great Barrier Reef has died in the last 2 years?

30-50%

Ocean acidification as a result of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes

a reduction in pH levels which decrease coral growth and structural integrity

What process is mediated by phytoplankton which results in the transfer of about 10 gigatonnes of carbon per year out of the atmosphere and into the deep ocean.

Biological pump

What group of phytoplankton is believed to be responsible for transforming the Earth's ancient atmosphere from a reducing environment (lacking oxygen) to and oxidized environment?

Cyanobacteria

Which of the following statements about cyanobacteria is incorrect?

Cyanobacteria are new to Florida waters.

Which of the following conditions are associated with sea star wasting disease? Select all that apply.

Decay of tissue on arms and body of sea star. Death of sea stars. White lesions on the surface of sea stars.

Does ocean current speed increase or decrease with increasing water depth toward the ocean bottom? From an engineering prospective, what difference does this make in designing technology to clean up plastic in the ocean?

Decrease. It means that the technology doesn't need to be anchored to the seabed which makes it cheaper to engineer to withstand ocean conditions.

Which of the following techniques has been used to map the plastic debris field in the North Pacific Ocean.

Deploying an airplane equipped with the most advanced sensors to scan surface waters of the North Pacific. Creating scale models of ocean currents to find patterns of debris accumulation in the ocean. Deploying many research vessels at the same time along transect lines in the North Pacific to create a high resolution map of the plastic debris field.

Which of the following rivers is considered the largest hotspot for PCBs in Puget Sound?

Duwamish River

Jeff Orlowski is the director of Chasing Coral. Which of the following statements best describes why he made the film.

He wanted to document and share photographic evidence of change in coral reef ecosystems to raise awareness about the threats to and state of coral reefs.

Why is Puget Sound an important economic resource for our region? Select all that apply.

Fisheries Tourism Shipping

Which of the following does not contribute to your secondary carbon footprint?

Holiday travel

Which of the following is associated with climate change and could play a role in the spread of diseases like sea star wasting disease? Select all that apply.

Increase of virulence in microorganisms at higher temperatures. Increasing sea surface temperatures. Increase in range of microorganisms that thrive in warmer temperatures. Decreasing surface ocean pH.

Which of the following statements about the ocean clean-up device designed and built by Boyan Slat are correct? Select all that apply.

It uses natural ocean circulation features to accumulate and collect debris. It uses a closed screen to help decrease bycatch of marine organisms.

Which of the following are reasons why scientists should look for new pharmaceuticals in the ocean? Select all that apply.

It's predicted that there are many unique organisms in the ocean. Ocean habitats are relatively unexplored. The ocean is the largest habitat on Earth.

Which of the following is considered planktonic?

Jellyfish Diatoms Fish larvae Crab larvae Dinoflagellates

From which types of marine organisms have new drugs been discovered? Select all that apply.

Sea grasses Corals Bacteria from ocean sediments Sea feathers Fungi from ocean sediments Sponges

Why are sea stars important organisms in the intertidal? Select all that apply.

Sea stars are a food source for some marine organisms and birds. Some species of sea stars are identified as keystone species; a species on which other specie largely depend. They can be voracious and ecologically significant predators.

Which of the following is not a source of oil pollution from humans to marine systems?

Seepage from ocean bottom

In temperate regions, what time of year tends to coincide with the largest annual phytoplankton blooms?

Spring

Which of the following actions could and should be taken to protect and preserve coral reefs? Select all that apply.

Stop boaters from anchoring their boats on the reefs. Establish protected areas from fishing and collecting. Reduce emissions of carbon dioxide. Reduce nutrient pollution to coastal waters where reefs live.

Which of the following statements about fishing on coral reefs is incorrect?

The abundance of key reef fish species has increased in response to rapid human population growth, increased demand, use of more efficient fishery technologies, and inadequate management and enforcement.

What is 'the blob' and how is it related to the 2015 West Coast bloom?

The blob is a patch of warmer than normal water in the NE Pacific that may be responsible for creating more favorable growing conditions for the causative organism.

How can oil spills reduce the photosynthetic ability of phytoplankton?

The oil slick decreases the depth of the euphotic zone and can kill phytoplankton cells.

Which of the following is a result of ocean warming? Select all that apply.

The range of some species has been shifted northward or southward into cooler temperatures. Increase in the rate of reproduction and growth of some harmful microorganisms. The range of some species of microorganisms is expanding. Increased rates of coral bleaching in tropical waters.

Why is the toxin produced in the 2015 West Coast bloom harmful to people?

The toxin accumulates in the tissue of fish and shellfish and when these contaminated fish and shellfish are eaten, it can trigger amnesic shellfish poisoning in people.

What types of illnesses or disease are researchers hoping to find new drugs from the sea to help treat? Select all that apply.

Viral infection AIDs Cancers Bacterial infections

How would you describe the current state of knowledge about the spread of disease in marine systems as a result of ocean change?

There is a worrying lack of detailed experiments of thermal limits on survival, reproduction and growth of pathogenic organisms and their carriers.

In what ways can climate change affect the spread of disease in the marine environment? Select all that apply.

Warmer temperatures are more favorable for some disease-causing microorganisms. Warmer temperatures can cause stress on organisms and compromise their ability to fight a disease. Many disease-causing microorganisms are more virulent at warmer temperatures.

Which of the following is a false statement:

Wind energy is currently more cost effective than fossil fuels

Why does plastic debris accumulate in these areas?

Winds and ocean currents 'push' in there.

TRUE or FALSE: Desalinization is a cost-effective long term solution to water scarcity.

false

TRUE or FALSE: Humans and higher mammals are exposed to HAB toxins when they consume algae-based products.

false

True or False? CO2 emissions continue to increase in developing countries due primarily to an increase in holiday travel.

false

True or False? Corals can never recover from a bleaching event.

false

True or False? Global CO2 emissions have been declining since 2006.

false

True or False? It's too late to save most coral reef ecosystems and no actions should be taken to protect the remaining systems.

false

True or False? Most of the drugs currently on the market come from marine environments.

false

True or False? Oil spilled from marine oil tanker accidents are the largest source of oil pollution to the ocean.

false

True or False? Only large pieces of plastic are found floating in the ocean.

false

True or False? Rates of poleward range shifts in terrestrial systems are happening between 1.5 and 5 times faster on land than in marine systems.

false

True or False? The 2013 die-off of sea stars was the first documented mass mortality event along the west coast of the U.S.

false

True or False? The Deepwater Horizon oil spill was the largest marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry.

false

True or False? The Dungeness crab fishing season was closed because the HAB resulted in a massive mortality event in the species.

false

True or False? The event was referred to as a 'red tide' because the causative organisms turned the surface waters a reddish color.

false

What is the limiting nutrient in HNLC regions?

iron

Washington Shell fisheries are responding to the declining pH of the upwelling coastal waters. Identify which is NOT a strategy being used by shellfisheries to combat the impact of ocean acidification

pressurized degassing of co2 from seawater intake lines

25% of marine debris is a result of:

smoking related activities

Which of the following are considered sources of land-based pollution? Select all that apply.

stormwater runoff oil and chemical release or spills coastal development agricultural runoff deforestation

80% of marine debris comes from:

surrounding land

Shallow water corals rely on a _____________ with photosynthetic algae called ______________ to provide an alternative source of nutrition to support the growth of enormous reef structures.

symbiosis; zooxanthellae