OCS 1006 Final
the more primitive of the two(evolved first)
dinoflagellate
which of the following fishing practices is considered the least environmentally friendly
drift-netting
which of the following is NOT a highly toxic heavy metal
iron
diffuse of water through a biological membrane is called
osmosis
generally speaking, the intertidal area is
rich in life, with considerable species diversity
Which of the following statements is true of symbiotic relationships
they are the most frequently observes life-style of the Earth's animals
when a phytoplankter remains below its compensation depth, it
will eventually die
Drift nets were developed in response to demands that fishing nets take only target species, and that commercial fishing techniques be more environmentally sensitive
False
Generally speaking, a spill of crude oil is more dangerous to marine life than a spill of refined oil
False
Sandy beaches are so harsh that no small animals can survive between their sand grains
False
The biomass of seaweeds in the ocean is greater than the biomass of phytoplankton
False
Bony fish are members of this group
Osteichthyes
The most successful phylum on Earth, if success means the number of individuals and number of individuals and number of species, is
Phylum Arthropoda
a phylum whose members are radially symmetrical, based on the number 5, and have tube feet at some time in their development
Phylum Echinodermata
Seals, sea lions, walruses
Pinnipedia
manatees, sea cows
Sirenia
which group of marine mammals was named because of its fanciful resemblance to mermaids
Sirenia
The Gaia hypothesis suggested in 1979 by James Lovelock, suggest that life influences the physical environment of Earth, possibly by intentional control
True
animals are incapable of synthesizing their own food
True
in terms of tonnage worldwide, marine fish farming is growing while wild-caught fishing is constant
True
marine algae are non-vascular plants
True
more living things exist on the deep ocean floor than in that part of the water column immediately above it
True
A marine fish must _____ seawater, and _____ salt from special glands in the gills.
drink...export
the life that first formed on Earth was in the forms of complex cells and multicellular organisms such as we see around us today
false
which of these factors was not present in large quantities on Earth's surface at the time of the origin of life here?
free atmospheric oxygen
all of the following resources are commercially recovered from seawater except for
gold and silver
a physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of an organism is called
limiting factor
The open ocean realm, away from land
oceanic
the most frequently encountered form of direct symbiosis is
parasitism
which of the following statements is true of pollutant-related bioamplification
particularly noted with synthetic organic substances and heavy metals
the open ocean environment up in the water column in general
pelagic
the largest whale is
the blue whale
the zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy than they use to stay alive is called
the euphotic zone
which of the vertebrate groups is considered the most ancient
the fishes
the compensation depth for zooplankton is _____ that for phyotplankton
the question is meaningless
the main drawback to the generation of electricity by a nuclear plant is
the safe long-term storage of spent radioactive fuel
primary productivity occurring on land is now thought to be about ______ primary productivity in the ocean
the same as
these whales are also known as baleen or whalebone whales
whales of suborder Mysticeti
animals
zooplankton
the exclusive economic zone stipulated by the 1982 draft convention extends
370 kilometers (200 miles)
most synthetic pollutants resist attack by water, air, sunlight, and living organisms because the compounds of which they are composed resemble nothing in nature
True
though desalination is a technically feasible method for obtaining fresh water from seawater , large commercial-scale desalinization in the USA is minimal, due to the high-energy costs
True
the deep scattering layer is
a relatively dense aggregation of fishes, squid, and other animals that migrate up and down in the ocean in synchrony with daylight
species-specific means
a specific parasite can parasitize only one species of host
food in the intertidal zone is
abundant and accessible and there are many animals to take advantage of it
When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more
acidic, its pH is lower
the movement of a substance through a biological membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration is called
active transport
ultraplankton consist mainly of
bacteria and viruses
refers to the bottom in general
benthic
the depth at which phytoplankton productivity is often greatest when averages for a whole day is
between 5 and 10 meters (17 and 33 feet)
"fixation" means
binding an atom into a larger molecule
plastics cause significant biological damage in the ocean when
both "b" and "c"
in photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in
carbohydrates
what is produced in primary productivity
carbohydrates
ozone layer depletion has been linked to
cataracts and skin cancers
whales
cetacea
primary productivity can be measured from satellites by sensors that detect
chlorophyll concentrations
These sometimes use a small droplet of oil for flotation
diatom
cut through by tiny pores that permit contact of membranes with seawater
diatom
of the two plant-like organisms listed, this one has the deeper average compensation depth
diatom
the more efficient photosynthesized of the two plants listed
diatom
two valves, or shells, of glass-like substance
diatom
Flexible outer covering
dinoflagellate
HABs or "red tides" are usually caused by these
dinoflagellate
if hope exists for solutions to marine environmental problems, it lies in
education, family planning, sustainable living practices
a good working definition for life might be "a highly organized system that can capture, transform, store, and trasmit _____________
energy
in order to survive, every organism must have a continuous external source of
energy
Referring to question #5 above, the rate of growth described by this curve is rarely maintained for long because of
environmental resistance
which of the following best states the evolutionary theory
evolution is the maintenance of life under changing conditions
a natural system of classification for living organisms relies on an analysis of
evolutionary relationships
all other factors being equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in solution in warm seawater than in cold seawater
false
the per capita world fish catch has changed in what way
it has steadily increased to about 1970, leveled off somewhat, but has been gradually increasing since about 1980 due to better fishing boats, the application of high technology, and increased demand
the ozone layer is important because
it shield us and other organisms from ultraviolet radiation from the sun
what is sludge and how does it form
it's an organic solid wastes separated from sewage during primary treatment
the open ocean environment, over the continental shelves
neritic
plant-like organisms
phytoplankton
drifting with the currents
plankton
most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are know as _______ organisms
poikilothermic (multi-blooded)
A group of organisms of the same species occurring a specific area is called a
population
the organisms that produce food are called
primary producers
which of these areas is generally considered to be the most productive and to be inhabited by the largest number of species
salt marshes associated with estuaries
second to petroleum and gas, the most profitable physical recovered from the ocean is
sand and gravel
which of the following marine life are expected to have the highest concentrations of heavy metals, DDT, and PCB's in their tissues
seals, toothed whales, and polar bears
the only marine energy source being successfully exploited on a large-scale is/are
tidal currents
sonar is used by
toothless whales, primarily
roughly, _______of the energy consumed by any consumer is stored in the eater as flesh
10%
typical plankton productivity in the temperate zones is about ____ gC/m2/yr
120
most biologists and geologists now think life began on Earth about
3.5-4 billion years ago
the doubling time of the human population - that is, the length of time necessary for the number of humans to double -- is presently about ____
34 years
marine mammals began to evolve distinctly from land mammals about _____million years ago
50
the present level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has not been seen on Earth for the past
650,000 years
though it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the euphotic zone is typically _______ meter in mid-latitidues
70 meters
the sharks, skates, and rays are members of this group
Chondrichthyes
the inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was
Carolus Linnaeus
a stenohaline organism would probably be able to withstand a broad range of salinities
False
all large marine plants are marine algae
False
although the ocean itself contains abundant life, marine organisms have not found niches in the sediments significantly below the surface of the sea bed
False
an organism's metabolic rate approximately doubles with a temperature increase of 20 degrees celsius
False
deep abyssal seafloor probably contain even more oil and natural gas than the continental shelves
False
deep vent communities depend on specialized autotrophs that extract the exceedingly dim light that filters to that depth, and uses it is a specialized form of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates
False
eutrophication is an example of a good pollutant. most organisms in a eutrophic area thrive and grow at a normal or accelerated rate with little to no harmful side effects
False
global warming by greenhouse gases is a new global phenomena, and would not have happened if humans had never generated excess carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, going up into the atmosphere
False
most sharks are dangerous to humans
False
seaweeds are of great interest to marine biologists, but have no commercial value
False
whaling has effectively ceased, the taking of whales for meat and profit is a things of the past
False
worldwide, the commercial fishing consortia are, for the most part, very careful to conserve the world's marine fishery resources, and not to exceed the maximum sustainable yield
False
Organisms newly introduced into a favorable environment with no competititors for food or space will, for a time, reproduce in a ____ curve
J-shaped
a stable, long-established community is known as
a climax community
brackish water is
a mixture of fresh and saltwater
intertidal organisms can protect themselves from wave shock by
all (or any) of the above
by using the term "commonality" to describe one of the basic attributes of life, we mean
all life shares certain basic underlying mechanisms within each individual
isolation of varieties resulting in the formation of a new species can involve differences in
all of the above
scientific names are
all of the above
speciation nearly always requires some form of
all of the above
the formation of crude oil will occur in an environment that provides
all of the above
which of these statements describes the smallest whales
all of the above are true
which of the following is never part of the carbon cycle
all of the items listed above are part of the carbon cycle
Marine mammals
all of these
which of these is not characteristic of members of the phylum Arthropoda
an exoskeleton of protein
the synthetic organic pollutants that have been added to the ocean over the years
are all considered toxic, even lethal to marine organisms
manganese nodules can be found
as widespread black lumps that litter the deep seabed
Kelp, or common seaweed, is in this group
brown algae, the Phaeophyta
the many populations of organisms that interact with one another at a particular location from a
community
what accounts for most of the total greatest value of world trade transported by sea
crude oil
propelled by twin whip-like projections
dinoflagellate
some species are brightly bioluminescent
dinoflagellate
plankton is a phylogenetic category
false
which one of the following statements concerning global warming is FALSE
greenhouse gases have rose over the past century, but has peaked, and now is starting to drop again
an organism's address within a community is its ____, while an organism's ____ is its "occupation" within that habitat
habitat.....niche
the organisms that consume autotrophs are called
heterotrophs
animals that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body temperature generally higher than that of their surroundings are called
homeotherms
a marine animal place in fresh water would be ______ in its environment
hypertonic
the best fishing grounds are located
in temperate waters over continental shelves
In the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate _____, which ____ transfer efficiency
in the opposite directions....increases
where, through a year, is the greatest total oceanic primary productivity
in the temperate zones
perhaps the most difficult oceanic habitat is
intertidal coarse black sand beaches
the wings of the most "severely oceanic" birds tend to be
long,thin, and pointed
part of the organisms's life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community
meroplankton
the world's commercial catch of fish is made up mostly of what particular group of fish
mostly the baitfish like cod, herring, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines
the mode of symbiosis represented by the clownfish/anemone relationship is
mutualism
a population of fish in an enclosed lagoon was threatened with overpopulation and a stressed food supply until a number of predators discovered the population. After a time, there were fewer fish, but the average swimming speed of the population of fish had increased. This is a good illustration of
natural selection
the two main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs are
nitrates and phosphates
which of these two types of pollution is the toughest to monitor, mitigate, and/or eliminate
non-point source
Fishes
none of these
"success" in biology means
number of living offspring
peak petroleum discoveries in the world ______, while peak petroleum production______
occurred back in the 1960s; is presently occurring
the most dangerous threat to the marine environment, in the long run, is definitely
rapid human population growth
the group of marine algae best adapted to deep water is
red algae, the Rhodophyta
mass extinctions are
relatively rare - perhaps 6 great extinctions have occurred since the origin of life on Earth - roughly every 250 million years or so
a single species is segregated from all other kinds of living things by
reproductive isolation
the classical definition of species depends ultimately on
reproductive isolation from other species
the worst source of petroleum pollution in the marine environment is
runoff from land sources, particularly from coastal urban areas
which of these characteristics is not applicable to all Cetacea
teeth in powerful jaws
During the "oxygen revolution"
the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased significantly
the greatest amount of marine energy is theoretically available from
the thermal gradient
intertidal zones are an often-obvious feature of the shore. Which zones would experience the greatest numbers of individuals and species
the zones farthest from dry land
all of these statements about marine turtles are true except
their heads retract into their shells
There are no true marine amphibians, mainly because
their skin is too permeable to water
which of the following statements applies to resources from the sea
they are more dilute, harder to reach, and more difficult to recover
all sea snakes are venemous
true
smallest drifting organisms
ultraplankton
the rarest pattern for organism distributions is
uniform distribution
marine birds eliminate salt by
using salt glands to extract salt from their blood
which of these statements is not true of estuaries
very few autotrophs live in estuaries, but many animals can be found there
sea birds navigate by using
very likely they use all of the above
