OCS 1006 Final

the more primitive of the two(evolved first)

dinoflagellate

which of the following fishing practices is considered the least environmentally friendly

drift-netting

which of the following is NOT a highly toxic heavy metal

iron

diffuse of water through a biological membrane is called

osmosis

generally speaking, the intertidal area is

rich in life, with considerable species diversity

Which of the following statements is true of symbiotic relationships

they are the most frequently observes life-style of the Earth's animals

when a phytoplankter remains below its compensation depth, it

will eventually die

Drift nets were developed in response to demands that fishing nets take only target species, and that commercial fishing techniques be more environmentally sensitive

False

Generally speaking, a spill of crude oil is more dangerous to marine life than a spill of refined oil

False

Sandy beaches are so harsh that no small animals can survive between their sand grains

False

The biomass of seaweeds in the ocean is greater than the biomass of phytoplankton

False

Bony fish are members of this group

Osteichthyes

The most successful phylum on Earth, if success means the number of individuals and number of individuals and number of species, is

Phylum Arthropoda

a phylum whose members are radially symmetrical, based on the number 5, and have tube feet at some time in their development

Phylum Echinodermata

Seals, sea lions, walruses

Pinnipedia

manatees, sea cows

Sirenia

which group of marine mammals was named because of its fanciful resemblance to mermaids

Sirenia

The Gaia hypothesis suggested in 1979 by James Lovelock, suggest that life influences the physical environment of Earth, possibly by intentional control

True

animals are incapable of synthesizing their own food

True

in terms of tonnage worldwide, marine fish farming is growing while wild-caught fishing is constant

True

marine algae are non-vascular plants

True

more living things exist on the deep ocean floor than in that part of the water column immediately above it

True

A marine fish must _____ seawater, and _____ salt from special glands in the gills.

drink...export

the life that first formed on Earth was in the forms of complex cells and multicellular organisms such as we see around us today

false

which of these factors was not present in large quantities on Earth's surface at the time of the origin of life here?

free atmospheric oxygen

all of the following resources are commercially recovered from seawater except for

gold and silver

a physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of an organism is called

limiting factor

The open ocean realm, away from land

oceanic

the most frequently encountered form of direct symbiosis is

parasitism

which of the following statements is true of pollutant-related bioamplification

particularly noted with synthetic organic substances and heavy metals

the open ocean environment up in the water column in general

pelagic

the largest whale is

the blue whale

the zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy than they use to stay alive is called

the euphotic zone

which of the vertebrate groups is considered the most ancient

the fishes

the compensation depth for zooplankton is _____ that for phyotplankton

the question is meaningless

the main drawback to the generation of electricity by a nuclear plant is

the safe long-term storage of spent radioactive fuel

primary productivity occurring on land is now thought to be about ______ primary productivity in the ocean

the same as

these whales are also known as baleen or whalebone whales

whales of suborder Mysticeti

animals

zooplankton

the exclusive economic zone stipulated by the 1982 draft convention extends

370 kilometers (200 miles)

most synthetic pollutants resist attack by water, air, sunlight, and living organisms because the compounds of which they are composed resemble nothing in nature

True

though desalination is a technically feasible method for obtaining fresh water from seawater , large commercial-scale desalinization in the USA is minimal, due to the high-energy costs

True

the deep scattering layer is

a relatively dense aggregation of fishes, squid, and other animals that migrate up and down in the ocean in synchrony with daylight

species-specific means

a specific parasite can parasitize only one species of host

food in the intertidal zone is

abundant and accessible and there are many animals to take advantage of it

When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more

acidic, its pH is lower

the movement of a substance through a biological membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration is called

active transport

ultraplankton consist mainly of

bacteria and viruses

refers to the bottom in general

benthic

the depth at which phytoplankton productivity is often greatest when averages for a whole day is

between 5 and 10 meters (17 and 33 feet)

"fixation" means

binding an atom into a larger molecule

plastics cause significant biological damage in the ocean when

both "b" and "c"

in photosynthesis, the energy of sunlight ultimately rests in

carbohydrates

what is produced in primary productivity

carbohydrates

ozone layer depletion has been linked to

cataracts and skin cancers

whales

cetacea

primary productivity can be measured from satellites by sensors that detect

chlorophyll concentrations

These sometimes use a small droplet of oil for flotation

diatom

cut through by tiny pores that permit contact of membranes with seawater

diatom

of the two plant-like organisms listed, this one has the deeper average compensation depth

diatom

the more efficient photosynthesized of the two plants listed

diatom

two valves, or shells, of glass-like substance

diatom

Flexible outer covering

dinoflagellate

HABs or "red tides" are usually caused by these

dinoflagellate

if hope exists for solutions to marine environmental problems, it lies in

education, family planning, sustainable living practices

a good working definition for life might be "a highly organized system that can capture, transform, store, and trasmit _____________

energy

in order to survive, every organism must have a continuous external source of

energy

Referring to question #5 above, the rate of growth described by this curve is rarely maintained for long because of

environmental resistance

which of the following best states the evolutionary theory

evolution is the maintenance of life under changing conditions

a natural system of classification for living organisms relies on an analysis of

evolutionary relationships

all other factors being equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in solution in warm seawater than in cold seawater

false

the per capita world fish catch has changed in what way

it has steadily increased to about 1970, leveled off somewhat, but has been gradually increasing since about 1980 due to better fishing boats, the application of high technology, and increased demand

the ozone layer is important because

it shield us and other organisms from ultraviolet radiation from the sun

what is sludge and how does it form

it's an organic solid wastes separated from sewage during primary treatment

the open ocean environment, over the continental shelves

neritic

plant-like organisms

phytoplankton

drifting with the currents

plankton

most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are know as _______ organisms

poikilothermic (multi-blooded)

A group of organisms of the same species occurring a specific area is called a

population

the organisms that produce food are called

primary producers

which of these areas is generally considered to be the most productive and to be inhabited by the largest number of species

salt marshes associated with estuaries

second to petroleum and gas, the most profitable physical recovered from the ocean is

sand and gravel

which of the following marine life are expected to have the highest concentrations of heavy metals, DDT, and PCB's in their tissues

seals, toothed whales, and polar bears

the only marine energy source being successfully exploited on a large-scale is/are

tidal currents

sonar is used by

toothless whales, primarily

roughly, _______of the energy consumed by any consumer is stored in the eater as flesh

10%

typical plankton productivity in the temperate zones is about ____ gC/m2/yr

120

most biologists and geologists now think life began on Earth about

3.5-4 billion years ago

the doubling time of the human population - that is, the length of time necessary for the number of humans to double -- is presently about ____

34 years

marine mammals began to evolve distinctly from land mammals about _____million years ago

50

the present level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has not been seen on Earth for the past

650,000 years

though it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the euphotic zone is typically _______ meter in mid-latitidues

70 meters

the sharks, skates, and rays are members of this group

Chondrichthyes

the inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was

Carolus Linnaeus

a stenohaline organism would probably be able to withstand a broad range of salinities

False

all large marine plants are marine algae

False

although the ocean itself contains abundant life, marine organisms have not found niches in the sediments significantly below the surface of the sea bed

False

an organism's metabolic rate approximately doubles with a temperature increase of 20 degrees celsius

False

deep abyssal seafloor probably contain even more oil and natural gas than the continental shelves

False

deep vent communities depend on specialized autotrophs that extract the exceedingly dim light that filters to that depth, and uses it is a specialized form of photosynthesis to produce carbohydrates

False

eutrophication is an example of a good pollutant. most organisms in a eutrophic area thrive and grow at a normal or accelerated rate with little to no harmful side effects

False

global warming by greenhouse gases is a new global phenomena, and would not have happened if humans had never generated excess carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs, going up into the atmosphere

False

most sharks are dangerous to humans

False

seaweeds are of great interest to marine biologists, but have no commercial value

False

whaling has effectively ceased, the taking of whales for meat and profit is a things of the past

False

worldwide, the commercial fishing consortia are, for the most part, very careful to conserve the world's marine fishery resources, and not to exceed the maximum sustainable yield

False

Organisms newly introduced into a favorable environment with no competititors for food or space will, for a time, reproduce in a ____ curve

J-shaped

a stable, long-established community is known as

a climax community

brackish water is

a mixture of fresh and saltwater

intertidal organisms can protect themselves from wave shock by

all (or any) of the above

by using the term "commonality" to describe one of the basic attributes of life, we mean

all life shares certain basic underlying mechanisms within each individual

isolation of varieties resulting in the formation of a new species can involve differences in

all of the above

scientific names are

all of the above

speciation nearly always requires some form of

all of the above

the formation of crude oil will occur in an environment that provides

all of the above

which of these statements describes the smallest whales

all of the above are true

which of the following is never part of the carbon cycle

all of the items listed above are part of the carbon cycle

Marine mammals

all of these

which of these is not characteristic of members of the phylum Arthropoda

an exoskeleton of protein

the synthetic organic pollutants that have been added to the ocean over the years

are all considered toxic, even lethal to marine organisms

manganese nodules can be found

as widespread black lumps that litter the deep seabed

Kelp, or common seaweed, is in this group

brown algae, the Phaeophyta

the many populations of organisms that interact with one another at a particular location from a

community

what accounts for most of the total greatest value of world trade transported by sea

crude oil

propelled by twin whip-like projections

dinoflagellate

some species are brightly bioluminescent

dinoflagellate

plankton is a phylogenetic category

false

which one of the following statements concerning global warming is FALSE

greenhouse gases have rose over the past century, but has peaked, and now is starting to drop again

an organism's address within a community is its ____, while an organism's ____ is its "occupation" within that habitat

habitat.....niche

the organisms that consume autotrophs are called

heterotrophs

animals that generate and regulate metabolic heat and maintain an internal body temperature generally higher than that of their surroundings are called

homeotherms

a marine animal place in fresh water would be ______ in its environment

hypertonic

the best fishing grounds are located

in temperate waters over continental shelves

In the gill of a fish, water and blood circulate _____, which ____ transfer efficiency

in the opposite directions....increases

where, through a year, is the greatest total oceanic primary productivity

in the temperate zones

perhaps the most difficult oceanic habitat is

intertidal coarse black sand beaches

the wings of the most "severely oceanic" birds tend to be

long,thin, and pointed

part of the organisms's life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community

meroplankton

the world's commercial catch of fish is made up mostly of what particular group of fish

mostly the baitfish like cod, herring, mackerel, anchovies, and sardines

the mode of symbiosis represented by the clownfish/anemone relationship is

mutualism

a population of fish in an enclosed lagoon was threatened with overpopulation and a stressed food supply until a number of predators discovered the population. After a time, there were fewer fish, but the average swimming speed of the population of fish had increased. This is a good illustration of

natural selection

the two main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs are

nitrates and phosphates

which of these two types of pollution is the toughest to monitor, mitigate, and/or eliminate

non-point source

Fishes

none of these

"success" in biology means

number of living offspring

peak petroleum discoveries in the world ______, while peak petroleum production______

occurred back in the 1960s; is presently occurring

the most dangerous threat to the marine environment, in the long run, is definitely

rapid human population growth

the group of marine algae best adapted to deep water is

red algae, the Rhodophyta

mass extinctions are

relatively rare - perhaps 6 great extinctions have occurred since the origin of life on Earth - roughly every 250 million years or so

a single species is segregated from all other kinds of living things by

reproductive isolation

the classical definition of species depends ultimately on

reproductive isolation from other species

the worst source of petroleum pollution in the marine environment is

runoff from land sources, particularly from coastal urban areas

which of these characteristics is not applicable to all Cetacea

teeth in powerful jaws

During the "oxygen revolution"

the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere increased significantly

the greatest amount of marine energy is theoretically available from

the thermal gradient

intertidal zones are an often-obvious feature of the shore. Which zones would experience the greatest numbers of individuals and species

the zones farthest from dry land

all of these statements about marine turtles are true except

their heads retract into their shells

There are no true marine amphibians, mainly because

their skin is too permeable to water

which of the following statements applies to resources from the sea

they are more dilute, harder to reach, and more difficult to recover

all sea snakes are venemous

true

smallest drifting organisms

ultraplankton

the rarest pattern for organism distributions is

uniform distribution

marine birds eliminate salt by

using salt glands to extract salt from their blood

which of these statements is not true of estuaries

very few autotrophs live in estuaries, but many animals can be found there

sea birds navigate by using

very likely they use all of the above