Official Unit 3 Euro
House of Commons
"elected" part of the English parliament
Spain: cultural pessimism
*Many businessmen found so many obstacles in the way of profit that they gave up. *Many people entered economically unproductive professions like monasteries because public opinion condemned moneymaking and those with influence or connections sought titles of nobility and social prestige.
France: Louis XIV
-Also known as Sun King. -He believed in the divine right of kings. -He took a personal role in councils of the state and insisted on helping with decisions made by the councils. He suppressed noble power by choosing councilors from the recently ennobled or the upper middle class so that they could serve the state but not share power with the king. -He revoked the Edict of Nantes because he saw religion as a political matter and hated the deviation, insisting that religious unity was essential to his dignity and the security of the state. Also in the early years of his rule is was not popular to allow religious liberty and when he cracked down on protestants he received much praise.The new law ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches, closing of schools, Catholic baptism of Huguenots, and the exile of Pastors who refused to give of their faith. -Many people believed that his personal control of power, his exclusion of great nobles, and pursuit of religious unity meant that his rule created an absolute monarchy. Others historians believe that he declared absolute power but actually cooperate with the nobles on many occasions and sought to enhance the glory of the country through war. -Louis' famous phrase "L'etat, c'est moi" means "I am the state" implying that he represents all the power in the state and that as the ruler of France he was bound by no rules or limits.
France: the Fronde
-Cardinal Jules Mazarin struggle to increase royal revenues it meet the costs of war with Spain. It began among the robe of nobility judges of the parliament rejected the proposal to raise new revenues by revoking judicial salaries. This sparked a riot. The magistrates agreed to a compromise with the government that largely benefited their demands. Then the conflict extended to the sward nobility who were also angered by the increasing powers of the central government. Rebellions broke out and civil order broke down. As the rebellion died away its leaders came to terms with the government. -The resolution of the Fronde in some ways spell victory for each side because compromise between the king, the sword, and the robe nobility was necessary. No side was strong enough to dominate. In some ways this meant a victory for the forces opposing the king because they were guaranteed the preservation of their privileges. It also quelled the biggest opponents of the crown.
Ferdinand II and Ferdinand III
-Crushed independence of Czech nobles by imposing Catholicism. -Serfs conditions worsened. (robot 3 days a week) - Created permeant standing army to fight off internal rebellion.
Spain: declining trade with colonies
-Duch and England began to trade with Spanish colonies which cut into the revenues that had gone to Spain. -Mexico and Peru developed local industries which lessening their need to buy from Spain. -Native Indians and African slaves in the South American silver mines suffered from epidemic and disease causing the quantity of metal produced to decline.
France: Richelieu - how he built the authority of the monarchy and the strength of France
-First Minister to King Louis XIII -Cardinal Richelieu was president of the council of ministers and first minister of the French crown. Used his strong influence over King Louis the XIII to promote the French monarchy as the embodiment of the French state. -Established the intendant system. He wanted to curb nobles power to decrease the power of competing groups and institutions in the monarchy. He did this by reshuffling the royal council which eliminated potential power brokers. -Richelieu's foreign policy was aimed at the destruction of the fence of Habsburg territories that surrounded France. He supported the enemies of the Habsburg including Prodistats. -Cardinal Jules Mazarin succeeded him.
Prussia: Frederick I/Frederick William I
-Forced noble Estates (dominated by Prussian nobles called Junkers) to accept taxation without consent which decrease their power. They agreed to this because they feared continued war and wanted monarchy to to increase military. They hoped to be able to negotiate for other benefits. -Established huge, strong, permeant standing army. -Had to reconfirm many traditional noble privileges (most new taxed fell on towns, clearer legal authority over serfs). - Created larger central bureaucracy known for honesty and efficiency. -Turned nobles into military officers, their positions/status depended on serving in the kings military. Caused military power to increase.
Rubens
-German -Peter Paul Rubens. He influenced masters of the high renaissance like Michelangelo. -He developed his own rich, sensuous, colorful style characterized by animated figures, melodramatic contrasts, and huge size. -He excelled in glorifying the monarchs. He was a devout Catholic and enormously successful. -One of his trademarks was fleshy sensual nudes. Background and Style -Flemish painter with ties to diplomacy -Studio compared to factory -Sketched from living models -Massive, rounded figures, usually in motion -Glorified monarchs -Christian subjects -Animated figures -Nudes of goddesses, water nymphs, saints, and angels -Aspects of northern and Italian art https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1N4fG5930_2ci4b5bpLOPPrDoyO_4BYlPK-UMMBmzZuM/edit#slide=id.g1868ba34de_1_0
France: Henry IV
-Henry IV was the first of the Bourbon dynasty ruling family to rule France. -Introduced the paulette. .........
War of Spanish Succession & Treaty of Utrecht
-In 1700 spanish Charles II died, leaving no heir to the throne. In his will he left Louis XIV's grandson, Philip of Anjou, the crown which goes against a previous treaty made that said the European powers had agreed to divide the Spanish possessions between the King of France and the Holy Roman emperor. Louis broke the treaty and accepted the will. -After Louis broke the treaty the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians formed the Grand Alliance to prevent France from becoming too strong and to stop Frances expanding commercial power in North America, Asia, and Africa. -Peace of Utrecht ended the war and had important international consequences: *.It allowed Louis's grandson Philip to remain the king of Spain on the understanding that the French and Spanish crowns could never be united and had France surrender the Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory to England. *It represented the balance of power principle in operation, setting limits on the extent to which any one power could expand. *It completed the decline of Spain as a great power. *It greatly expanded the British Empire. *Gave European powers experience in international cooperation. *Marked the end of the French Expansion.
France: robe nobility vs. sword nobility
-In France the nobility was divided into two categories. Sword nobles were regular nobles (how we think of nobles, estates, peasants, noble title). Did not want old nobles to have power. -Robe nobles (nobles of the robe) gained or purchased a noble title from the king. From upper middle class. They would want this because it probably came with the noble policy of being exempt from taxes.
Bernini
-Italian -Greatest sculptor of the Baroque period -Other Professions: architect, painter, playwright, theatre design https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14I8wbzxA7L3wGlsDt1tJaCIBLeKJoqyY3-kDkXlK7Gk/edit#slide=id.g138a5fd8a2_0_110
Louis XIV's wars (know general goals, overall outcome)
-Louis goal was to expand France and then secure those lands from threats of invasion. In 1667 he invaded Flanders (part of the Spanish Netherlands) and Franche Comte in the east where he acquired 12 towns. In 1672 he personally lead an army into Holland and the Dutch saved themselves by opening the dams and flooding the countryside. The Dutch war lasted 6 years and ended with the Treaty of Nijmegen when Louis gained additional Flemish towns and all of Franche Comte. In 1681 he seized the city of Strasbourg and three years later sent his army to the province of Lorraine. -These wars inspired the formation of Europe-wide alliances against him and as a result he had to support a huge army which places an unbearable strain on French resources.
Caravaggio
-Paintings turned down -Italy -Hyperrealistic religious scenes -Secularized religious art - religious figures to ordinary people -Emotion and action -Style called "il tenebroso" (in a dark manner) -Single light source -Realistic perspective -Painted David With the Head of Goliath in 1610 Basic Background: -Originally, a lot of his paintings were turned down. -He was wanted for murder -Made extremely realistic religious paintings -Painted religious scenes that were "caught in the moment" scenes -Uses perspective to make paintings realistic -Uses dramatic light and dark contrasts to bring emotion -Harsh, single source of light to draw viewers attention to a particular focal point -People called his style "il tenebroso" (in a dark manner) "Down and dirty" style https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1x_QQFSBOqz5t3-VpXDTG0iea_CEw4F0EAnVwWueoRXU/edit#slide=id.g18684a030b_0_18
England: House of Lords, House of Commons, how Commons had changed
-Parliament has house of lords and house of commons. -House of lords was hereditary- nobles and anglican church officials. -House of commons had nobles but also had rich middle class like merchants and bankers and such. -The key difference is that members from house of commons were elected, but only richest top people could vote so not democratic. -House of commons represents the people and their say. -Attitude of House of Commons was very different than in France where noble and elite didn't have to pay taxes. In England, House of comons had to pay and the idea of not paying wasn't really there. So they used it as bargaining to have more political power that they will pay taxes if they have a say. Charles needs to find way to get money without taxing them. Ship money- for over a decade, used taxes that were already in existence because they didn't need approval because of that but he needed to get more money out of them. Ship money tax had come from Middle Ages where in times of war Kings could tax towns of coast to have money spent on navy because they would be ones benefiting from naval protection. Ship money not collected in long time. Charles brings it back again and charges it to everyone and in times of peace. When people say he's abusing power, used Star chamber to shoot down opposition. Parliament isn't happy but has no way of getting back at him.
Austria: Charles VI
-Pushed Ottomans out of most of Hungary. Compromised with Hungarian nobles: Nobles recognized Habsburg authority in exchange for maintaining many traditional privileges (got to keep Protestantism).
Russia: Peter the Great's reforms for modernization/cultural westernization
-Required every noble to serve in the army or in the civil administration for life. -Created schools and universities to produce skilled technicians and experts. -Establish military bureaucracy with 14 ranks. -Increased the service requirements of commoners. -Established regular standing army -Taxes increased -Serfs were assigned to work in factories and mines. -Required nobles to shave their beards, wear western clothing, and attended parties where young men and women could mix and chose spouses. -Forced warrior elite to accept administrative service as an honorable occupation. -Could only inherit land through one son. His reforms were western-oriented. They helped build big army.
serfdom- why it decreased in western European and how and why it was intensified in eastern Europe
-Serf = poor farmer who is not free. Bound to the land or the noble lord. Rents land from noble lord. Forced give payment and some amount of free labor on lord's land. -Peasant = poor farmer who has basic freedom of movement. Rents land from noble lord and pays him various other fees. Might also own some land independently. -By 1300 serfdom had all but disappeared in Europe. Why? 1050-1300 was a time of general economic expansion - growth of trade, towns, population throughout Europe. More land was opened up as forests were cleared. Rulers were eager to attract settlers to sparsely populated areas so they offered economic and legal incentives - land provided on excellent terms and greater personal freedom. Peasants bargained freely with their landlords and moved about as they pleased. This trend generally continued in western Europe, but not in the east. -After 1300, however, Europe's population and economy declined significantly (think Black Death). Across Europe, lords tried to solve their economic problems by exploiting peasants. WEST: Lords mostly failed at this so by 1500 almost all peasants were free or had serf obligations greatly reduced. EAST: landlords won. They successfully used political and police power against peasants in 2 ways: 1. restricted/eliminated peasants freedom of movement - could not leave the land without lord's permission (and had little reason to grant it) 2. lords took more of the peasants land and imposed heavier labor obligations. They were no longer independent farmers paying the rent they negotiated - they were forced labors on the lords estate. By early 1500s lords in many areas could command peasants to work without pay for 6 days a week -Between 1500 and 1650 social/Iegal/economic conditions of peasants in EASTERN Europe continued to decline and free peasants became serfs. There was a legal re-establishment of permanent, hereditary serfdom. WHY? -Growth of estate agriculture. In the 16th Ceconomic expansion and population growth returned after the downturns of late Middle Ages. Prices for agricultural commodities rose sharply (price revolution- gold/silver fooding market). So as prices rose, lords had powerful economic incentives to increase production on their estates. They did this by seizing more peasant land for their own estates and demanding more unpaid labor (see above). The farming done on these lands by these peasants was generally very inefficient/backward but these lords still got sizable profits. Surpluses in wheat and timber were sold to foreign merchants (think Dutch shipping) for export to growing cities in west. -Political factors were even more important. Eastern noble lords enjoyed much greater political power (independence from monarch) than did lords in the west. In the middle ages central and eastern Europe had many wars and general political chaos which allowed nobles to increase their political power (ie many disputed royal successions so weak kings were force to grant political factors to get noble support). So while stronger new monarchs were rising in west, kings were losing power in the east and could not resist the demands of noble lords who wanted more power to exploit their peasants. Also, eastern monarchs didn't oppose growth of serfdom. King was a noble lord who also to squeeze his peasants. The sovereignty- a king who protected interests of all his people was not present east. -From 1300 on the urban middle class was growing in West, shrinking in East. Eastern sold directly to foreign merchants (Dutch ships sailed right up river to load up at great estates) so there was no powerful merchant classes in towns. Unlike in the middle ages "town air" did not make people return runaways to lords. So population of towns and importance of the urban middle class declined in eastern Europe.
Velazquez
-Spanish Baroque -Born in Seville, Spain -Official portrait painter for King Philip IV -Velazquez's simplicity separated him from other Baroque artists -Depicted world through his eyes (realism) -Used light brush strokes when painting -Precursor of Impressionism -Age 24, was country's most esteemed painter and spent more than thirty years portraying royal council https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1lIcYVl98CpoJejsGu8aPNm7YGvJ4tSdrP-agYzJpw40/edit#slide=id.g1868076300_1_0
How Spanish absolutism was different than French
-The three standard features of an absolutist monarchy that Spain developed in the 16th century were: A permanent bureaucracy staffed by professionals employed in various councils of the state, a standing army, and national taxes which fell the most heavily on the poor. -Spanish absolutism was different from the French because French depended on financial and administrative unification within its borders but Spain had developed an international absolutism on the basis of the silver bullion from Peru.
typical characteristics (include be able to identify Baroque characteristics in a painting)
-Use of light to convey emotion -Captures subject "in the moment" -Ornate, rich explosive color, often like different colored marbles. -Invisible complement- something outside the frame completes, takes you out into space. -3D quality -Kinetic painting full of energy. -Dramatic use of light -Incorporated and updated older themes (made it accessible to the time period) -Sharp contrast between dark and light (shadow effects) -Sense of drama, emotion (don't care about realistic beauty) -Sensuous often teamed with highly moral, religious subjects -Twists turns and spirals (but not distortions like mercantilism.
The Dutch republic in the seventeenth century
1. The Dutch republic (the United Provinces of the Netherlands) won its independence from Spain--as confirmed by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. a. Dutch achievements in science, art, and literature were exceptional--a "golden age." 2. Power in the republic resided in the local Estates. a. The republic was a confederation: a weak union of strong provinces. b. The republic was based on values of thrift, frugality, and religious toleration, including that for Jews. c. Religious toleration fostered economic growth. 3. The fishing industry was the cornerstone of the Dutch economy-- stimulating shipbuilding, a huge merchant marine, and other industries. 4. The Dutch East India Company was formed in 1602; it cut heavily into Portuguese trading in East Asia. a. The Dutch West India Company, founded in 1621, traded extensively in Latin America and Africa. b. Wages were high for all and most people ate well. 5. War with France and England in the 1670s hurt the United Provinces.
What was the court of Versailles meant to do?
1. The architecture and art of Versailles were a means of carrying out state policy--a way to overawe his subjects and foreign powers. 2. The French language and culture became the international style. 3. The court at Versailles was a device to undermine the power of the aristocracy by separating power from status. 4. A centralized state, administered by a professional class taken from the bourgeoisie, was formed.
What did Richelieu do?
1. changed the royal council, leveled castles, and crushed aristocratic conspiracies. 2. established an efficient administrative system using intendants (French administrative official who served as the chief royal representative in the provinces under the ancien régime), Intendants were to use their power to enforce royal orders in the generalites of their jurisdiction and to weaken the power and influence of the regional nobility. They recruited soldiers for the army, supervised tax collection, kept an eye on the local nobility, presided over the administration of local laws, and regulated economic activity 3. He divided France into thirty-two generalites (districts) in each of which a royal intendant had extensive responsibility for justice, police, and finances
Portugal
1640 Spain faced serious revolts here. The outcome was that the region succeeded in getting independence from the Spanish Hapsburgs.
Russia: St. Petersburg
3 goals Peter the Great had for city: 1. A comfortable modern city. Broad straight, stone paved avenues, houses built in uniform, large parks, canals, stone bridges, and street lighting. 2. All buildings had to conform to detailed architectural regulations set down by government. 3. Each social group was to live in a certain section of the town. Peasants boar heaviest burdens. Government drafted men to summer labor without pay. Peasant household had to provide housing to one worker each summer and pay a special tax in order to feed him. Many of these peasants raised brutal punishment to run away. Many workers died from hunger, sickness, and accidents.
How long did Louis keep France at war?
33 years
What form is a nation's constitution in?
A nation's constitution may be written or unwritten, but the state must govern according to the laws and people look on the laws as protectors of rights and liberties
In the 17th C government authority increased in European states. Two basic patterns of government emerged. What were they?
Absolute monarchy and the constitutional state.
England: Test Act
According to the test act of 1673, those who refused to receive the Eucharist of the Church of England could not vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend the universities, or assemble for meetings. Parliament enacted these laws during the reign of Charles II. They could not be enforced.
Unit Summary
Across Europe in the seventeenth century, rulers faced popular rebellions as a result of various economic, social and military crises. Despite these obstacles, most governments emerged from the seventeenth century with greater power and centralized authority. States solved the problem of sovereign power in two ways: absolutism and constitutionalism. Under Louis XIV France witnessed the high point of absolutist ambition in western Europe. Under Louis' rule, France developed a centralized bureaucracy, a professional army, and a state-directed mercantilist economy. As Louis XIV personified absolutist ambitions, England under the Stuart rulers exemplified the evolution of constitutional monarchy. Conflict between Parliament and Kings James I and Charles I, who had absolutist ambitions, resulted in a Civil War, which did not resolve the question of where sovereign power should reside. Only with the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 was constitutionalism firmly established. In eastern Europe during this time monarchs fashioned absolutist states by establishing firm control over standing armies, taxation, and representative bodies, but did little to change the fundamental social and economic structures of serfdom and noble privilege.
England: Irish Rebellion
After Henry II had conquered Ireland, English governors and landlords ruthlessly ruled and exploited the Irish people. During the English reformation the Irish remained Catholic giving them religious differences as well. In 1641 Catholic upper class led an uprising because they were afraid anti-Catholic forces of the Long Parliament would invade. Charles I had no army and could not respond to it.
Pragmatic Sanction
Agreement Charles VI got leaders inside and outside his empire to sign, which said Habsburg lands would not be divided (even if a woman ruled)
The Netherlands (Dutch): standard of living in 17th C
Amsterdam and Rotterdam built massive granaries where surplus for one year could be stored to against possible shortages in the next. This allowed food prices fluctuate very little. All workers except woman had high salaries and ate well. Low prices of bread meant money could be spent on other foods like fish, cheese, veggies, butter, and meat. Higher standard of living Granaries were made to hold surplus grain - good food supply even in years of bad harvest Salaries were higher than the rest of Europe - allowed almost everyone to eat well Bread prices were very low so even the poorest people could afford to buy better foods besides just bread
England: Puritans
An increasing number of people were not satisfied with the Church of England and may puritans believed that the reformation had not gone far enough. Many English people were attracted by the socioeconomic implications of John Calvin's theology. Calvinism emphasized hard work, sobriety, thrift, competition, and postponement of pleasure and linked poverty with weakness and moral corruption. Charles I's religious leanings and policies start to anger Puritans. -James I's dealings with Parliament (the House of Commons) His expression of his views of royal authority was a grave political mistake. The House of Commons controlled the money and James needed that money because Elizabeth had left him a considerable amount of royal debt. She also left him a House of Commons that appreciated its own financial strength and intended to use that strength to acquire a greater say in the government of the state. The house of commons changed since the sixteenth century. Dissolution of monasteries, sale of monastic land, and enclosure of the common lands and new agricultural techniques had enriched many people. People successfully invested in commercial ventures like the expansion of the cloth industry. These developments lead to social mobility and both in commerce and agriculture the English were capitalist, investing their profits to make more money. The commercially set themselves up as country elite creating a group that had more land and national wealth. Increased wealth produced a better educated and more articulate House of Commons and gained legal knowledge which they used to argue against the king.
Who was Marquis de Louvois?
Appointed by Louis XIV. Created a professional army that employed the soldier but the king himself took command and directly supervised all aspects and details of military affairs
Who did Marie de' Medici secure the appointment of?
Armand Jean du Plessis (Cardinal Richelieu) to the council of ministers -- became first minister of the Crown
Habsburg
Austrian and royal family (and Spanish till 1700s)
Rembrandt
Background -Dutch -Netherlands -Most well known painter in the Western Hemisphere -Lacked skill in business, "A painting is finished when the master feels it is finished" Early style: -Portraits of height fashion -More Baroque styling -Fine details Late style: -Wife died prematurely -Quieter, deeper style -More emphasis on the scene than the detail -Etchings -Wanted to convey the spontaneity of a sketch Paintings- Painted "with the greatest and most deep-seated emotion" Oil on canvas https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1FPHF72X9p9APmifhoy2wOxFXzd0kAPrE4G2kQ2-B1Eg/edit#slide=id.g1868f2d28f_1_0
Hals
Background -Dutch -Used broad, fast brushstrokes, other artists tried to hide them -Practiced "alia prima" technique -Completed with single application of brushstrokes, no undercoat. -Known for capturing a fleeting expression https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1kXpyJsGG0oZK0wERF5Ig8990kYeoCgcWkcCjioGxFhM/edit#slide=id.g186877dbcb_0_5
Gentileschi
Background First successful female painter Born on July 8, 1593, in Rome, Italy. Raped at 19 by fellow pupil of Caravaggio- painful trial Earliest signed and dated work- "Susanna and the Elders," around 1610 Famous works: "Madonna and Child, "Judith Slaying Holofernes" and "Cleopatra." Style/Characteristics Attack by pupil influenced style/theme Strong woman - central characters/heros Caravaggio Avenging oneself https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1fGbJdLFphRSIjsmRVYau0UXbyxFK2jba8k2CMuVo3G8/edit#slide=id.g1868e9f25f_0_72
The Netherlands (Dutch): Bank of Amsterdam
Bank of Amsterdam: Religious toleration attracted people. People wanted to deposit their money because the deposits were guaranteed by the city council. Deposits were guaranteed the by the city council. Bank became Europe's best source of cheap credit and commercial intelligence and main clearinghouse for bills and exchange.
artists (know where they were from and their typical style/characteristics/subjects):
Bernini Rubens Caravaggio Gentileschi Rembrandt Hals Vermeer Velazquez
Rome
Birthplace of Baroque art
Russia: boyars/service nobility
Boyars are highest ranking nobles, a member of the aristocracy, next in rank to a prince. Tsars collaborated with boyars to to succeed in claims to power. Tsars ensured loyalty of the elite by creating service nobility made up of new nobles personally loyal to them.
What typical characteristics/patterns of popular revolts are mentioned?
Bread revoltes (affordable food), food shortages caused by bad harvests. Rebels demanded suppression of large taxes and participation in city government.
England: Glorious Revolution 1688
Called Glorious Revolution because it replaced one king with another with minimal bloodshed. Represented destruction of divine monarchy. William and Mary recognized the supremacy of Parliament by accepting the crown. James abdicates. Mary is chosen to come into power. Her husband William of Orange- leader of Netherlands, becomes king of England. As part of deal. Parliament makes them sign Bill of Rights that establishes notion that England is Constitutional monarchy where parliament has strng authority and the king or monarchs are not above the law and rules that they must adhere to. Bill of rights- Most of things in it are about powers that parliament has. This revolution is talking about elite class. Not like rights for common people. Not democracy.
limit Habsburg power
Cardinal Richelieu's key foreign policy goal
What was Charles I views on Catholicism?
Charles I and his archbishop, Laud, appeared to be pro-Catholic. Laud attempted to impose on the church organization in Scotland: a new prayer book, modeled on the Anglican Book of Common Prayer and bishoprics, which the Presbyterian Scots firmly rejected (Charles summoned Parliament)
England: Scottish Rebellion
Charles I appeared sympathetic of Roman Catholicism by marrying the French Catholic princess and supporting William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury who tried to impose elaborate rituals on all churches and insisted on complete uniformity of church services through a court of the Christian Church. He also attempted to impose a new prayer book models on the Anglican book of Common prayer and bishoprics. This caused the Scots to revolt. To put down the Scots, Charles summoned parliament.
Who succeeded Cromwell?
Charles II
England: Book of Common Prayer
Charles i attempted to impose a new prayer book models on the Anglican book of Common prayer and bishoprics. This caused the Scots to revolt.
Holy Synod
Church body created by Peter the Great to essentially put the Church under his secular authority
middle class
Class of people chosen by Louis XIV to serve on royal councils
nobles
Class of people who served on Spanish Councils of State (royal councils)
What were the climatic condition of the seventeenth century and what impact did they have on population, production and prices?
Colder wetter conditions meant a shorter farming season. If the farming was very bad it would cause famine. Most people did not die of starvation but of diseases caused by malnutrition and exhaustion. It was so cold that some refer to this period as a mini ice age. Prices rose while deaths and marriages decreased.
England: Triennial Act
Commons passes Triennial Act in 1641 which made the king summon Parliament every three years, impeached Archbishop Laud, and abolished the Court of High Commissions.
England: constitutional monarchy
Constitutionalism - the limitation of government by law and implies a balance between the authority and power of the government, and the rights and liberties of the subjects. In a constitutional monarchy, a king or a queen serves as the head of the state and possesses some residual political authority, but ultimate, or sovereign, power rests in the electorate. It is not the same a a democratic government where all people have a right to participate in the government of the state.
Was Henry IV a Catholic or a Huguenot?
Converted to Catholicism after becoming king of France
England & Netherlands
Countries that began to trade with Spain's colonies
Spain
Country whose government declared bankruptcy multiple times in the 17th C
England: Commonwealth/Protectorate- Cromwell's military dictatorship
Cromwell=Lord Protector Protectorate - Military dictatorship - Puritan After Charles execution kingship was abolished and a republican government was declared. Theoretically legislative power rested in remaining members of parliament and executive power rested in council of state. However the rule of Cromwell was a military dictatorship. The army made the Instrument of Government that gave Cromwell executive power and gave Parliament sole power to raise taxes. After repeated arguments Cromwell ripped them up. Instrument of Government accepted all Christian religions accept Roman Catholic. Cromwell identified Irish Catholicism with heresy and he crushed their rebellions making Irish hate England. Estimated that ⅓ of Ireland's pop died or was exiled in civil wars and English banned Catholicism in Ireland. Cromwell used features of absolutism and mercantilism. He inforced Navigation Act which required that English goods be transported on English ships and boosted development of English Merchant Marine. He welcomed the immigration of Jews because of their skills. Military government collapsed when he died.
Russia: Ivan IV (Terrible)
Crowned himself king taking the title tsar at age 16. Married Anastasia of Romanov family Declared war on remaining Mongol power and defeated khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan expanish territories. Abolished old distinction between hereditary boyar private property and land temporarily granted for service making all land serve the tsar in order to hold land. Waged unsuccessful war in the west against Polish Lithuanian state, wife died and he went crazy and terrorized everyone. Endless wars and purges depopulated much of central Russia. Worked towards making all commoners servants of the tsar. Had royal monopolization. Urban middle class did not develop. Urban traders and artisans were bound to their towns and jobs so the tsar could tax them more heavily. Urban classes had no security in their work or property and were dependent of tsar. Royal monopolization and service obligations checked the growth of the Russian middle class.
Hals
Dutch Baroque master known for portraits that captured subjecst in a moment, often expressing hapiness
The Netherlands (Dutch): decentralized republic: merchant oligarchs (regents), States General/ Stadtholders/ William the Silent
Each province had a oligarchy of wealthy merchants called regents that handheld domestic affairs in the local Estates which held all the power. A federal assembly or States General handled foreign affairs like war but all issues had to be approved by local Estates. The States General appointed a stadholder in each province to carry out ceremonial functions and was responsible for defense and good order.
The Netherlands (Dutch): Dutch East India Company/West India Company
East and West India companies traded and colonized Asia, Africa, and the Americas Colonized in the New World.
France: Revocation of Edict of Nantes & treatment of Huguenots
Edict of Nantes was a compromise between Catholics and Huguenots and allowed protestants to the right to worship in 150 traditionally protestant towns and gave them money to support the maintenance of their military troops.
Which countries evolved towards constitutionalism?
England and Holland
Which countries united against France?
England, Holland, Austria, and Prussia united against France to preserve the European balance of power and check the French expansion in the Americas, Asia, and Africa (Louis XIV went back on promise on the treaty and accepted the will)
Puritans
English Calvinists
Stuarts
English royal family (starting after Elizabeth I)
Characteristics/typical policies of absolute monarchs
Establish unquestioned justification for authority (i.e. divine right) Take power from nobility Get support of middle class Increase size, role, and efficiency of bureaucracy increase TAXES Mercantilism (i.e. gain colonies, raise tariffs, increase production of manufactured goods) Appoint/control religious leaders Control religious minorities Promote arts, sciences, education Display wealth & luxury Build strong military Use war (and marriage) to expand territory
What was the weakness of Louis XIV's absolutism?
Finance because the professional bureaucracy, the court of Versailles, and extensive military reforms and wars cost money
Cardinal Richelieu
First Minister to King Louis XIII
Rubens
Flemish Baroque master known for plump nudes and massive dramatic Biblical scenes
What countries developed "absolutist" governments in the seventeenth century? Which ones developed "constitutionally limited ones"? What is the basic difference between the two forms?
France, Spain, central Europe, and Russia developed absolutist governments. Absolutist monarchs gathered all power under their personal control. England and the Dutch Republic developed constitutionally limited ones. Constitutionally limited governments were bound to respect laws passed by representative institutions. They both focused on protecting and expanding their borders, raising taxes, and consolidating state control.
What language became the language of polite society and the vehicle of diplomatic exchange?
French
What did Richelieu support foundation of in terms of knowledge?
French Academy and standardization of French language by the academy of philologists
What was the art and literature of the age of Louis XIV was termed?
French Classicism
Henry IV
French king who was immensely popular for his policies that promoted stability and prosperty after the turmoil of religious wars as evidenced by his goal of a "chicken in every pot"
robe nobility
French middle class who gained or purchased noble titles from the king ("newly ennobled")
Bourbon
French royal family
Russia: Golden Horde/Mongol Yoke
From 1250 to 1480 A.D. the descendents of the "Golden Horde" ruled the eastern Slavs. This period became known as Mongol Yoke.
The Netherlands (Dutch): Religious toleration
Generally practiced religious toleration so people being religiously prosecuted were able to find shelter there.
England: Declaration of Indulgence
Granted religious freedom to all. Issued by James II. They thought that this was another attempt to give more power too Catholics which raises more fears that James wants to raise Catholicism.
What four achievements of seventeenth century rulers who sought to strengthen central control are mentioned?
Greater taxation, growth in armed forces, larger and more efficient bureaucracies, and increased ability to force obedience from their subjects.
How did Henry IV die?
He was murdered
France: paulette
Henry IV introduced the paulette which was an annual fee paid by royal officials to guarantee their positions in their offices.
What was the negative impact on the economy and foreign affairs from the revocation of the Edict of Nantes?
Huguenots left
Overview of Louis XIV's Wars
In 1667, he invaded Flanders and gained twelve towns. 2. By the treaty of Nijmegen (1678) he gained some Flemish towns and all of Franche Comté. 3. Strasbourg was taken in 1681 and Lorraine in 1684, but the limits of his expansion had been met. 4. Louis fought the new Dutch king of England, William III, and the League of Augsburg in a war. a. The Banks of Amsterdam and England financed his enemies. b. Louis's heavy taxes fell on the peasants, who revolted. 5. This led to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1713), which was over the issue of the succession to the Spanish throne: Louis claimed Spain but was opposed by the Dutch, English, Austrians, and Prussians. a. The war was also an attempt to preserve the balance of power in Europe and to check France's commercial power overseas. b. A Grand Alliance of the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians was formed in 1701 to fight the French. c. Eugene of Savoy and Churchill of England led the alliance to victory over Louis. d. The war was concluded by the Peace of Utrecht in 1713, which forbade the union of France and Spain (applied partition and Philip, remained the first Bourbon king of Spain (French and Spanish never unite)) e. The war ended French expansionism and left France on the brink of bankruptcy, with widespread misery and revolts.
How did Louis XIV try to control religion and why?
In 1685, Louis XIV evoked the Edict of Nantes because he wanted to pursue "one king, one law, one faith" Louis XIV hated division within France--and because most people supported this policy.
France: tax system
In some provinces estates (bodies of clergy, nobles, and commoners) had authority to negotiate with the crown over taxes but in provinces without estates the king had direct control of taxation through his intendants. Throughout France nobility and clergy were exempt from direct property tax which meant that the tax burden fell heavily on those with the least wealth. The practice of subcontracting tax collection to tax farmers meant that a good amount of the money fell into private hands.
What is constitutionalism?
It is the limitation of the state by law; under constitutionalism, the state must be governed according to law, not royal decree. a. It refers to a balance between the power of the government and the rights of the subjects. b. A constitution may be written or unwritten, but the government must respect it. c. Constitutional governments may be either republics or monarchies.
Caravaggio
Italian Baroque master whose style of dark background and intensely lit foreground was often copied
Russia: Time of Troubles
Ivan's son Theodore died without a heir causing the Time of Troubles. Close relatives of dead tsar fought and murdered one another. Their fighting allowed the Swedes and Poles to invade. Cossack bands marched northward, rallying peasants and slaughtering nobles and officials, calling for the "true tsar" that would help them. This brought nobles to their senses and they crushed the rebellion and elected Ivan's grandnephew, Michael Romanov, as tsar.
England: Trew (True) Law of a Free Monarchy
James I writings about royal authority. He was devoted to the theory of the divine right of kings and believed that a monarch had a divine or god giving right to his authority and is responsible only to God. He believed in total royal jurisdiction over the liberties, persons, and properties of English men and woman and the idea of absolutism which went directly against the English idea that a person's property could not be taken without due process of law.
Who succeeded Charles II?
James II
Who succeeded James II?
James's Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orange; in December 1688 James fled to France and William and Mary were crowned
monarchy, Parliament, Anglican Church
Key things restored in the Restoration
Impact of 30 years war
Lands ravaged and violence/warfare lingered and monarchs took advantage of weak nobles and fears of continued fighting.
Cromwell
Lord Protector
France: La Rochelle/Richelieu's approach to Huguenots
Louis XIII see Huguenots as a dangerous "state within a state" and he took against them. He believed that Huguenots demand of freedom to worship but did not allow Catholics to worship in their cities. He saw this injustice as political disobedience. He decided to end Protestant military and political independence. He supervised the siege of La Rochelle (it had major connections to Protestant states) and after the city fell he suppressed the city government and destroyed its defensive walls.
What king had the longest rule in European history?
Louis XIV
Who made the court of Versailles the central of French absolutism?
Louis XIV
Who was ruling when French became the language of polite society and the vehicle of diplomatic exchange?
Louis XIV
the French monarchy reached the peak of absolutist development under who?
Louis XIV
How did Colbert come into power and what was his position?
Louis XIV named Jean Baptiste Colbert, the controller general of finances and later came to manage the entire royal administration and became chief financial minister
Who did Charles II pass the Spanish throne to?
Louis XIV's grandson (Philip of Anjou)
revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Louis XIV's most popular policy
Did Henry IV lower or raise taxes on the overburdened peasantry?
Lowered
France: Colbert & French mercantilism
Managed entire royal administration and was a financial genius. He believed that the wealth and economy of France should serve the state. Applied mercantilism by insisting that France should be self sufficient, halting the outflow of gold, made debtor states pay in bullion, and diminishing unemployment and poverty to increase the wealth of the nation and enhance its power and prestige. He also hoped to make Canada part of the French empire and shipped peasants there to settle and claim land.
Who ruled after Henry IV?
Marie de' Medici headed the government for the child-king Louis XIII but the feudal nobles and princes of the blood dominated politics.
France: Louvois, modernization of army
Marquis de Louvois was appointed secretary of state for war by Louis XIV. Created a professional army that was modern because the French state employed the soldiers rather then private nobles. The huge military gave one state the potential to dominate the continent for the first time in european history.
Who was Henry IV's minister?
Maximilian de Bethune, duke of Sully (Sully)
The English Civil War (1642-1649)
Members of Parliament believed that taxation without consent was despotism, hence they attempted to limit royal power. 2. A revolt in Scotland over the religious issue forced him to call a new Parliament into session to finance an army. a. The Commons passed an act compelling the king to summon Parliament every three years. b. It also impeached Archbishop Laud and abolished the House of Lords. c. Religious differences in Ireland led to a revolt there, but Parliament would not trust Charles with an army. 3. Charles initiated military action against Parliament. a. The civil war (1642-1649) revolved around the issue of whether sovereignty should reside in the king or in Parliament. b. The problem was not resolved, but Charles was beheaded in 1649
What were seventeenth century armies like?
Monarchs took control of recruiting and maintaining armies in peace and wartime. Instead of serving their own interests the officers were loyal to the monarchs. New ways of training and deploying soldiers meant better professional standards of the army and growth in size.
Was the rule of absolute monarchs totalitarian?
No
Who were biggest threat to absolutist monarchs?
Nobility
Austria: Pragmatic Sanction
Only heir was daughter Mary Theresa. He worried that female authority would not be obeyed so he gathered leaders from inside and out of the empire to agree that under her authority the empire would not be divided or attacked.
England: Civil War: Roundheads/New Model Army (Parliament) vs. Cavaliers (King)
Parlement reorganized forces into the New Model Army under leadership of Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell. After three years Parlement forces defeated the king's army at the Battles of Naseby and Langport. Then Charles would not give formal recognition on restrictions of royal authority and Church reform refusing to accept defeat. Cromwell's forces captured the king and dismissed members of Parliament who opposed his actions.
Hobbes
Philosopher who believed a monarch's power should be absolute but not based on divine right- rather from a social contract with the people
Locke
Philosopher whose social contract theory held that government's purpose was to protect natural rights
Hohenzollern
Prussian royal family
Who did Louis XIV marry and why?
Queen Maria Theresa, whom he married as a result of a diplomatic agreement with Spain
Russia: increasing army
Reforms made by Peter the Great built up the army -Required every noble to serve in the army or in the civil administration for life. -Created schools and universities to produce skilled technicians and experts. -Establish military bureaucracy with 14 ranks. -Increased the service requirements of commoners. -Established regular standing army -Taxes increased -Serfs were assigned to work in factories and mines.
Russia: Romanovs
Romanovs become ruling family starting with Ivan's grandnephew, Michael Romanov.
Austria: Hapsburgs
Ruling family. Ruled Astria, Bohemia (Czech.), Hungary, technically the HRE. Diversity was a challenge to unity.
Prussia: Hohenzollerns
Ruling family. Territories ruled (Brandenburg & Prussia & small areas near Rhine)
Sweden
Russia fought ___ in the Great Northern War
Romanov
Russian royal family
What was the relationship between James I and puritans?
Saw him as an enemy
Presbyterians
Scottish Calvinists
The Netherlands (Dutch): shipbuilding/shipping
Shipbuilding and fishing fueled economy Had a large fleet of ships. Half of the ships of europe belonged to the dutch Center of trade. Able to produce a lot High salary allowed people to buy food. Fishing industry was the original foundation of Dutch economy. Fish were abundant for half the year. Profits stimulated shipbuilding and the Dutch merchant marine was the largest in Europe. They dealt in bulk. Traded aggressively.
Spain: reasons for low productivity
Spain declined rapidly in the early 17th century into a second-rate power because of these reasons: *Philip III expelled all Muslims from Spain which was destructive for the Spanish society who had lost many skilled workers and merchants. *An agricultural crisis *Population decline *Failure to invest in productive enterprises *Intellectual isolation and physiological malaise. *The flood of gold and silver had produced severe inflation. *A revival war with the Dutch after an expired truce, a long war over France over Mantua, and the 30 years war.
The decline of absolutist Spain in the seventeenth century
Spain had developed an absolutist monarchy but by the 1590s it was in decline. 1. Fiscal disorder, political incompetence, the lack of a strong middle class, population decline, intellectual isolation, and psychological malaise contributed to its decline. 2. The Dutch and English began to cut into Spain's trade monopolies. 3. Spain's supply of silver began to decline, leading to de-evaluation and bankruptcy. a. Spain had only a tiny middle class--which had to face many obstacles to their businesses. b. Aristocrats were extravagant and their high rents drove the peasants from the land. 4. Spanish kings lacked force of character and could not deal with all these problems. B. Philip IV's minister Olivares mistakenly thought that revival of war with the Dutch would solve Spain's problems; war with France followed-all bringing disaster for Spain. C. The Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659, which ended the French-Spanish wars, marked the end of Spain as a great power. 1. Too much of Spain's past had been built on slavery and gold and silver. 2. Cervantes's novel Don Quixote characterizes the impractical dreams of Spain.
Spain: attitude toward mercantilism
Spain ignored the new mercantile ideas because they came from heretical nations, Holland and England. They acted on the mercantilist idea that colonies existed for the financial benefit of their home country.
Spain: viceroyalties
Spain organized its New World colonies into four viceroyalties. In each territory the viceroy or imperial governor, exercised broad military and civil authority and presided over the audiencia, a board of 12-15 judges that served as his advisory council and the highest judicial body. Spanish Charles III introduced intendants which were royal officials who had broad military, administrative, and financial authority and were not responsible to the viceroy but to the monarchy in madrid.
Spain: status/power of nobility
Spanish aristocrats increased the rents on their estates which drove the peasants from the land.
England: Restoration
Stuarts back! Charles II James II Anti catholic fears Re established the monarchy with Charles II. Both houses of Parliament the Anglican Church, the courts of law, and the system of local government through justices of the peace were restored. Charles II was not interested in doctrinal issues. Members of Parliament made laws to compel religious uniformity. Bring back Stuart monarch, asked Charles the second, son of beheaded Charles 1. Tries to get along with Parliament and have them be advisoors. Then he gets into trouble. Secret deal with Louis 14th to recatholicize for more money. Parliament gets nervous with Catholicism. When James takes over they get more nervoius because a James got remarried and wife is Catholic. Older sisters Protestant. Son is Catholic. James tries to promote Catholicism. Declaration of Indulgence. Parliament thinks that it is manipulative in order for Catholics to hold high power. BIshops when refuse to abide. It's for religious Freedom. Charles II = Let Parlement deal with religious issues. Got along with Parlement. Appointed 5 men known as Cabal who served as major advisors and members of parliament working as communicators between the executive and the legislature. Parliament did not grant him adique income so he accepted payment from French king in return for gradually re Chatholicizing England, supporting French policy against Dutch, and converting to Catholicism himself. When this secret treaty got out it caused hysteria.
Vermeer
Style -Netherlands -He was a very meticulous painter -Camera Obscura -Used brush strokes to be slightly 3D -Typically showed a domestic scene -Use of light and shadows https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1yvz8D12knLNweo0GxgpGBHywc1cP1dwKM3Vd_SZoBFI/edit#slide=id.g18687727a2_0_10
Gustavus Aldolphus
Swedish King who was a protestant military hero of the 30 Years War
What did Louis XIV revoke?
The Edict of Nantes -then destroyed Protestant churches and schools; many Protestants fled the country.
Who ended the French religious wars?
The Huguenot-turned-Catholic Henry IV
The Netherlands (Dutch): foreign affairs- conflicts with Spain, France
The States General handled foreign affairs (wars, defense, etc.)
What happened after Cromwell died?
The government collapsed and restored monarchy
France: Intendants
The intendant system strengthened royal control by extending the use of royal commissioners called intendants. France was divided into districts that each had a intendant that held a commission to perform financial, judicial, and policing tasks. They collected information from local communities and delivered royal orders. Robe nobility were appointed directly by the monarch and they informed the central government about their districts, enforce royal orders, and undermine the influence of the regional nobility.
France: Duke of Sully/ Henry's economic policies
The new policies Henry IV and his chief minister, Sully implemented were: Greatly lowered taxes on overburdened peasants. Introduced the paulett. He combined the indirect taxes of salts, sales, and transit and leased their collection to financiers. He improved infrastructure by building new roads and canals and repairing damages done by the civil wars. Issued the Edict of Nantes.
The strengths of the Dutch republic in the seventeenth century
The remarkable commercial prosperity of the Netherlands. The moral and ethnic bases of commercial wealth were using money and other resources carefully and not wastefully and religious toleration.
What obstacles faced seventeenth century rulers who sought to increase their authority?
There were no paved roads or telephones so it took a long time to send orders from the government to provinces especially overseas. Rulers had little knowledge about their realms because their bureaucracy was too small which made it hard to police and tax efficiently. Many cultures spoke their own language which decreased their willingness to obey a monarch's commands. Privileged groups like nobles gained legal, military, financial, and political powers. Other groups like the church, the legislative corps, town councils, and guilds gained independence or self government.
Spain: royal expenditures/bankruptcy
To meet state debt and the declining revenues the Spanish kings of the 17th century devalued the coinage and declared bankruptcy. They found no solution to an empty treasury other then to cancel national debt which plummeted national credit.
William and Mary
Took power in Glorious Revolution of 1688-89
Charles II
Took power in the Restoration of 1660
England: Long Parliament
Took steps to limit royal power. They enacted a legislation that limited the power of the government and made arbitrary government impossible. Commons passes Triennial Act in 1641 which made the king summon Parliament every three years, impeached Archbishop Laud, and abolished the Court of High Commissions. King Charles was afraid of Scottish invasion so he accepted these terms but was already planning to revoke them after approving them.
England: Rump Parliament
Tries & executes Charles I. After Cromwell's forces captured the king and dismissed members of Parliament who opposed his actions. The remaining representatives called the Rump Parliament put Charles on trial for high treason and he was found guilty and beheaded on January 30, 1639.
What was France like when Henry took the throne? Why did the French love him so much?
When he took the throne the harvests were bad and people were on the verge of starvation, civil wars had wrecked France, and commercial activity had greatly fallen. He was loved because of the belief that he cared about the people.
Russia: Cossacks
When service nobles demanded more from the remaining peasants they fled towards recently conquered territories to the east and south where they formed groups and armies called Cossacks.
What hardship often sparked uprisings among peasants and the urban poor?
When the price of bread or rice rose above the amount they could spend they seized the bread and sold it for what they considered a just price.
Russia: autocrats/autocracy tsar
When the princes of Moscow became independent of the khan, they legitimized their new authority by drawing upon two sources of authority. 1. Thye declared themselves autocrats meaning that they were the sole source of power. They took over political control and Mongol tribute relations. Borrowed institutions like tax system, postal routes, and the census. 2. Moscow's claim to the political and religious inheritance of the Byzantine Empire. After the fall of Constantinople to the Turks, princes of Moscow saw themselves as heirs to caesars and Orthodox Christianity. Believed that only tsars (contraction of caesar) were rightful and holy rulers.
England: Bill of Rights
William & Mary crowned & agreed to Bill of Rights Bill of Rights was foundation of modern British constitution and were formed in direct response to Stuart absolutism. Law was made by Parliament and could not be suspended by the crown. Parliament must be called at least once every three years. Crown could not get decisions it wanted by threats of removal. No standing army in peacetime. Catholics could not have firearms, granted freedom to worship, and required the English monarch to always be Protestant. This did not constitute and democratic revolution but placed power in Parliament who represented the upper classes.
How did Henry IV end the French religious wars?
With the Edict of Nantes
Who had to/didn't have to pay taxes and what was the consequence?
With the rich and prosperous classes exempt, the tax burden fell heavily on the poor peasants because tax revenues fell short of the government's needs
1648
Year of Peace of Westphalia
Did the rule of absolute monarchs resemble totalitarianism?
Yes, in glorification of the state over all other aspects of the culture and in the use of war and an expansionist foreign policy to divert attention
What is mercantilism?
a collection of governmental policies for the regulation of economic activities by and for the state.
What happened to the government after Charles I was beheaded?
a commonwealth, or republican form of government, was proclaimed and legislative power rested on members of Parliament and executive power was lodged in a council of state. A commonwealth is a government without a king whose power rests in Parliament and a council of state. b. In fact, the army controlled the government; it wrote a constitution called the Instrument of Government, which gave power to Cromwell.
What was seventeenth- and eighteenth-century economic theory?
a nation's international power was thought o be base on its wealth, specifically its gold supply
Who were the House of Commons members?
a new wealthy and powerful capitalist class that objected against the king on the issue of religion
Who ruled after Louis XIII?
a regency headed by Queen Anne of Austria governed for the child-king Louis XIV and Mazarin became dominant power in the government
What was the relationship between James I/Charles I and Parliament?
a. James I had squandered much money on his friends. b. A new class of ambitious and rich country gentry and businessmen had emerged in the Commons. c. Bitter squabbles erupted between King and the Commons--the Commons wanted political power equal to its economic strength. d. Charles I ruled without Parliament from 1629-1640.
Triumph of England's Parliament: Constitutional Monarchy and Cabinet Government
a. The English call the events of 1688 to 1689 the "Glorious Revolution" because it replaced one king with another with a minimum of bloodshed and William and Mary accepted the English throne from Parliament recognizing supremacy of Parliament b. Parliament framed their intentions in the Bill of Rights, which was formulated in direct response to Stuart absolutism; law was made by parliament not by the Crown 1. Parliament had to be called at least every three years 2. Both elections to and debate in Parliament were not to be interpreted by Crown 3. The Crown could no longer get judicial decisions by threats of removal 4. There was to be no standing army in peacetime—a limitation designed to prevent the repetition of either Stuart or Cromwellian military government 5. Granted freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters and nonconformists c. The Glorious Revolution found its best defense in political philosopher John Locke's Second Treatise of Civil Government maintaining that people set up civil governments to protect life, liberty, and property 1. Under a tyrannical government, the people have the natural right to rebellion 2. Locke linked economic liberty and private property with political freedom and Locke served as the great spokesman for the liberal English revolution of 1688 3. The revolution placed sovereignty in Parliament and Parliament represented the upper classes; the great majority of English people acquired no say in their government d. The cabinet (derived from the small private room in which English rulers consulted their chief ministers) system of government evolved and in a cabinet system, the leading ministers, formulated common policy and conducted the business of country e. During the administration of one royal minister, Sir Robert Walpole (1721-1742), the idea developed that the cabinet was responsible to the House of Commons (The Hanoverian king George I, normally presided at cabinet meetings throughout reign) f. In the English cabinet system, both legislative power and executive power are held by the leading ministers, who form the government (prime minister)
The Restoration of the English Monarchy
a. The Restoration of 1660 re-established the reign of Charles II, houses of Parliament, established Anglican church, the courts of law, and the system of local governments but failed to resolve attitude of Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters from the state church and what was to be the relationship between the king and the Parliament b. New members of the Parliament proceeded to enact a body of laws that sought to compel religious uniformity and according to the Test Act of 1673, those who refused the sacrament of the Church of England could not vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend the universities, or even assemble for meetings (could not be enforced) c. The relationship between the Parliament and Charles II was due to the king's appointment of a council of five men who served both as his major advisers and as members of Parliament, thus acting as liaison agents between the executive and the legislature (body known as the "Cabal" and was the ancestor of the cabinet system) d. Harmony existed on the understanding that Charles would summon frequent parliaments and that Parliament would vote him sufficient revenues e. But, because of insufficient revenue, Charles entered into a secret agreement with Louis XIV in 1670 in which the French king would give Charles 200,000 pounds ad in return, Charles would relax the laws against Catholics, re-Catholicizing England f. But details slipped out, a anti-Catholic fear swept England because Charles had no legitimate children and his brother and heir, James, duke of York, who publicly acknowledged his Catholicism, would inaugurate a Catholic dynasty g. James II succeeded his brother and in direct violation of the Test Act, James appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army, the universities, and local government; James issued declaration of indulgence granting religious freedom to all h. Revolution was brought about when seven Anglican bishops reused to read James's proclamation, were arrested but acquitted, and when James's wife produced a son (Catholic dynasty seemed assured) and Parliament offered the throne to James's Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, Prince William of Orange; in December 1688 James fled to France and William and Mary were crowned
What did the nation's economy rest on?
agriculture (many peasants emigrated)
paulette
annual fee paid by royal officials to guarantee heredity in their offices
Who was Jules Mazarin?
appointed as the successor of Richelieu (first minister of the Crown)
Charles I
beheaded following his defeat in the English Civil War
What did Cardinal Richelieu, the ruler of France under King Louis XIII do overall?
broke the power of the French nobility.
What did Sully do overall?
brought about financial stability and economic growth.
How did Sully build up the treasury?
by reviving an annual tax, the paulette, on people who had purchases judicial and financial offices who had preciously been exempt from taxation (provided a specific amount of revenue each year)
How did Richelieu and Louis XIII temporarily solved their financial problems?
by sharing the money from increased taxation with local elites
What did Henry IV do overall?
cared for his people, lowered taxes, achieved peace, and reduced the power of the nobility.
What was the bureaucracy composed of?
career officials appointed/accountable to the king
What did Mazarin provoke when he proposed new methods of raising state income?
civil wars in France. Aristocratic rebellion (frondeurs -- the nobility and middle class) called the Fronde in 1648
What was the Triennial Act?
compelled the king to summon Parliament every three years
England
country that gained the most from the Treaty of Utrecht
Dutch Netherlands
country that had highest standard of living in the 17th C
What did Jean Martinet (lieutenant-colonel and Inspector General) do?
created a rigid but effective system of training.
What did absolutist kings do?
created new state bureaucracies and standing armies, regulated all the institutions of government, and secured the cooperation of the nobility.
How did James I rule?
devoted to the theory of the divine right of kings, lectured the Hose of Commons, implied total royal jurisdiction over the liberties, persons, and properties, and antagonized the Parliament
Was Louis XIV Catholic or Protestant?
devout Catholic who believed that God had established kings as his rulers on earth.
How did many English people feel about religion in England?
dissatisfied with the Church of England established by Henry VIII and reformed by Elizabeth and many Puritans wanted to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic elements
Treaty of Utrecht
ended the War of Spanish Succession
Few point outline of England in 17th century
executed one king, experience a bloody civil war, dictatorship, then restored son, and finally established constitutional monarchy (1690)
Orange
family that held the position of stadholder in all 7 provinces of the Dutch Netherlands
Did Louis XIV collaborate or oppose the nobility?
feared the nobility and was successful in collaboration with them to enhance both aristocratic prestige and royal power, though he later Louis XIV separated power from status and grandeur using court ceremonies, entertainment, spies, and informers to reduce the power of the nobility
Ivan IV (Terrible)
first Russian ruler to take the title Tsar
What position did Richelieu hold?
first minister of the Crown
Bohemia
first part of the Habsburg to rebel in the 30 Years War (first phase of the war...
Where did Louis XIV's councilors come from and why?
from the recently ennobled or the upper middle class and chose bourgeois officials because he wanted people to know by the rank of men who served him that he had no intention of sharing power with them
What is the Edict of Nantes?
granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was still considered essentially Catholic at the time. granted them a measure of religious toleration as well as social and political equality. Huguenots were to be entitled to worship freely everywhere in France in private, and publicly in some 200 named towns and on the estates of Protestant landowners. They were permitted to inherit property, engage in trade, attend all schools and universities, and be treated in hospitals on the same basis as everyone else. There was a full amnesty for crimes committed during the wars by both sides and in secret articles, signed on May 2nd, the government agreed to pay the Protestant pastors and subsidise the garrisons of some fifty Huguenot fortified towns.
What was the key to power and success of absolutist monarchs and what was their solution?
how they solved their financial problems and the absolutist solution was the creation of new state bureaucracies that forced taxes ever higher or devised alternative methods or raising revenue
England: Know all the monarchs (and ruling families) from Henry VIII to William & Mary including Cromwell (know James I to William & Mary in greater depth)
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zgsLzHYUJ6pcE5eYxH0poYeA7wPU85akp0WS4CfdZzk/edit
What was French Classicism?
imitated the subject matter and style of classical antiquity, in that their work resembled that of Renaissance Italy and that French art possessed the classical qualities of discipline, balance, and restraint Poussin best illustrates classical idealism in painting. 3. Louis XIV was a patron of the composers Lully, Couperin, and Charpentier. 4. The comedies of Molière and the tragedies of Racine best illustrate the classicism in French theater.
What did the controller general of finance, Louis Pontchartrain do?
imposed the capitation, an annual poll tax on the theory that the poor would pay more willingly if they knew that the rich also were taxed (entire population participated in war effort)
Why could Louis eventually not fight anymore and where did he gain territory before?
in the Low Countries and Lorraine before his armies could not fight anymore (William of Orange became king of England, joined the League of Augsburg, composed of Habsburg, Spain, and Sweden, and Louis could not compete against the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England after 1694)
After Louis's accession to power, what was it like with the principles of absolutism molded the ideals of French classicism?
individualism was not allowed, and artists' efforts were directed to the glorification of the state as personified by the king
fishing
industry that was original cornerstone of Dutch economy
James II
issued the Declaration of Indulgence which set in motion the chain of events that led to his abdication
What broadly did Henry and Sully do for French absolutism?
laid the foundations of later French absolutism
Who was Oliver Cromwell and what did he do?
leader of the "New Model Army" that defeated the royalists, came from the gentry class that dominated the House of Commons. Prepared a constitution the Instrument of Government (1653) which gave executive power in a lord protector and a council of state and also provided for triennial parliaments and gave Parliament the sole power to raise taxes proclaimed quasi-martial law by dividing England into twelve military districts, each governed by a major general 3. Cromwell's Protectorate became a military dictatorship, absolutist and puritanical. a. Cromwell allowed religious toleration for all, except Roman Catholics, and savagely crushed the revolt in Ireland. b. He censored the press and closed the theaters. c. He regulated the economy according to mercantilist principles. d. The mercantilist navigation act that required English goods to be transported on English ships was a boon to the economy but led to a commercial war with the Dutch.
What did absolute monarchs do with an army?
maintained permanent standing armies (secret police)
What did Richelieu and French kings face protests about?
many urban protests over high taxes and food shortages.
What did Claude Le Peletier do?
minister of finance, resorted to devaluation of the currency, old device of selling offices, tax exemptions, and titles of nobility
How is constitutionalism different from democracy?
not all of the people have the right to participate.
Bishop Bossuet
philosopher who promoted the Divine Right of the French monarchy, pointing out that God gave Kings the responsibility to rule justly. He warned "how horrible is the sacrilege of using for evil a power that comes from God."
Bodin
philosopher whose doctrine of "indivisible sovereignty" was a justification for royal absolutism
What did the success of Elizabeth rest on?
political flexibility, careful management of finances, selection of ministers, manipulation of Parliament, and sense of dignity and devotion
What did Henry IV and Sully's overall impact while in power?
restored public order in France and laid the foundations for economic prosperity
High taxes to support the military and bad weather from 1688-1694 lead to?
revolts and mass starvation in some areas of France (at least one-tenth of its population lost)
What is totalitarianism?
seeks to direct all facets of a state's culture—art, education, religion, the economy, and politics—in the interests of the state (lacked resources)
What did the "Fronde" show and lead to?
showed the government would have to compromise with the bureaucrats and social elites, the economy would take years to rebuild, and Louis XIV decided the only alternative to anarchy was turning to absolute monarchy
Who had power in the absolutist state and who did they answer to?
sovereignty resided in kings--not the nobility or the parliament--who considered themselves responsible to God alone
What provoked Louis XIV to turn to absolute monarchy?
the "Fronde" aristocratic rebellion (frondeurs -- the nobility and middle class)
The War of the Spanish Succession involve?
the dynastic question of the succession to the Spanish throne; King Charles II of Spain died in 1700
States General
the federal assembly that handled foreign affairs (i.e. wars) in the Dutch Netherlands
What was French foreign policy under Richelieu was aimed at?
the fence of Habsburg territories that surrounded France (factor in political future of Germany)
What did the Stuart kings of England lack?
the political wisdom of Elizabeth I
Who did Richelieu support from another country?
the struggle of the Swedish king, Gustavus
What was the difference between seventeenth-century bureaucracies and their predecessors?
they served the state as represented by the king (public or state positions and not supposed to use their positions for private gain)
Calvinism
this was added to the "Augsburg Principle" in the Peace of Westphalia
What was Richelieu's policy?
total subordination (placing in lower rank) of all groups and institutions to the French monarchy and he broke up the power of the nobility by reshuffling the royal council, leveling castles, and executing aristocratic conspirators against the king
What did Colbert do and what were his goals?
tried to achieve a favorable balance of trade and make France self-sufficient so the flow of gold to other countries would be halted. a. Colbert insisted that the French sell abroad and buy nothing back and used subsidies for domestic industries, tariffs, and policies to attract foreign artisans in order to make France self-sufficient and to boost exports b. He hoped to make Canada part of a French empire. c. Though France's industries grew and the commercial classes prospered, its agricultural economy suffered under the burdens of heavy taxation, population decline, and poor harvests. d. Colbert's most important work was the creation of a powerful merchant marine to transport French goods and promoted colonization of French territories in N. A. (New Amsterdam)
How were men recruited for the army by Louvois?
used several methods in recruiting troops by dragooning (men seized off the streets), conscription, and the lottery after 1688 (regiments of foreign mercenaries)