OGBH final
For which power, allegiance is based on interpersonal attraction of one individual for another?
Coercive Expert Referent ▲ Utilitarian Legitimate
Which of the following argues that organizations exist as socially constructed systems in which people are constantly making sense of and enacting an organizational reality as they interact with others in a system?
Deficit-based change Abundance-based change Appreciative mindset Top-down change Emergent approach ▲
Which of the following use teams to combine vertical with horizontal structures?
Geographic structure Matrix structure ▲ Divisional structure Functional structure Virtual structure
According to the authors of the 2018 annual Global Risks Perception Survey (GRPS), which of these requires organizations to proactively change or it will end up being changed by external circumstances?
Structural resilience None of these. Cyber resilience Integrative resilience Transformative resilience ▲
In performance appraisal of his 14 employees, Jermaine fails to recognize either very good or very poor performers. Which of the following errors reflects Jermaine's action?
Halo effect Strictness Central tendency [maybe] Recency Leniency [not this one]
Which of the following represent a model specifically designed as an abundance-based, bottom-up, positive approach?
Kotter's Change Model Complex Adaptive Systems Appreciative Inquiry (AI) model ▲ Lewin's Change Model Bureaucratic model
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the perceiver?
Subconscious uncertainty ▲ Cognitive structure Response salience Self-concept Previous experience with individual
In the exchange process, which of the following invests status and recognition?
Subordinate Organization ▲ Employee Customers Supervisor
The conflict is within the individual is called interpersonal conflict.
T F ▲
One area where we clearly see technological change at work is in the field of robotics.
T ▲ F
Perhaps the most important influences on personal development are family and social group determinants.
T ▲ F
The concept "work ethic" is prominent among work-related values.
T ▲ F
Through work, economic self-sufficiency can be found.
T ▲ F
Work can be defined as an activity that produces something of value for other people.
T ▲ F
Work serves a social function in society.
T ▲ F
Which of the following is an element of natural disaster and human induced environmental problems?
Taxation Competitors and supply chain Health, food, stress ▲ Lifestyle changes The Internet
_______ power is also called charismatic power.
Legitimate Coercive Referent ▲ Utilitarian Expert
_______ is a condition in which individuals feel they are being asked to do more than time or ability permits.
Role overload ▲ Role conflict Role underload Role uncertainty Role ambiguity
When people join groups because they want to interact with other people and develop meaningful relationships, it describes which of the following reasons why they join groups?
Security Physical proximity Mutual interest Economic self-interest Social needs ▲
______ concerns the process by which an individual interprets events as being caused by a particular part of a relatively stable environment.
Selective perception Attribution theory ▲ Self-serving bias Stereotyping Perceptual defense
_____ people are characterized by marked dependency and often exhibit the characteristic of helplessness.
Type I Type V Type III Type IV ▲ Type II
Which of these can arguably lead to a more participative structure and lead to improved communication in the organization?
Vertically tall structures Structural interventions Centralization Command-and-control structure Decentralization ▲
Which of the following refers to a situation where the more interconnected subunit A is with other subunits in the organization, the more central it is?
Work flow pervasiveness Work flow replaceability Work flow immediacy Work flow centrality ▲ Work to rule
Responses such as perspective taking, creating solutions, expressing emotions, and reaching out are considered ______ responses to conflict.
active and passive constructive and passive destructive and passive destructive and active active and constructive ▲
Believed to follow a fairly consistent pattern known as the general ________ syndrome is the general physiological response to stressful events.
adjustment coping resistance acceptance adaptation ▲
When Art Baer read that Singapore would lift its ban on chewing gum, he thought to himself, "There has to be a market there." Baer, 26, knew if he was going to move beyond the daydreaming stage, he had to move fast. After investing $20,000 of his own money into developing a product he called Impress Gum, Baer quit his job, flew to Singapore, talked to the right people in the government, lined up a manufacturer, and hired a marketing firm to promote his gum, which fights tooth decay. Baer is an example of a(n) ______ entrepreneur.
debt-based growth-oriented classic ▲ risk-aversive opportunistic
The major implication for managers using Maslow's need theory of motivation is:
design self-actualizing jobs help employees satisfy lower order needs ▲ focus on higher order needs to invert the pyramid explore additional needs to satisfy
When he read Chicken Soup From the Soul, Joe Farmer was struck by how many of the stories mentioned the scent of the islands. So Farmer created bottles filled with Hawaiian air and some scented essence beads. When customers shake the bottles up and open the lids, they're transported back to paradise. While many marketing experts did not think that consumers would buy bottles of air, Farmer has earned more than half a million dollars of sale during his first year of operation. Farmer was an example of a _____ entrepreneur.
opportunistic risk-aversive classic ▲ growth-oriented debt-based
An overriding principle of Maslow's theory of needs is:
that a person's direction and intensity will be focused on satisfying the lowest level need that is not currently satisfied ▲ people are driven by self-actualization the fact self-actualization is never achieved people start at the highest level of the need and work their way down to lower levels people go through the five levels in a mechanical fashion
Hygiene factors are most directly related to:
work itself All of these what people do in their jobs. job context ▲ job content
Which of these describes the process of getting people to substitute what have been called low-probability behaviors for high-probability behaviors?
Extinction Reciprocal determinism Performance audit Behavioral dilemmas ▲ Positive reinforcement
Buying a house can be described as which of these?
Heuristics-driven decision Nonprogrammed decision ▲ Programmed decision Reactive decision Low-involvement decision
Businesses close down for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT a typical reason for a business failure?
The owner engaged in inadequate planning. The owner had inadequate business knowledge. Expenses were lower than the owner expected. ▲ The owner lacked management expertise. Interest rates were high.
Which of these aims to identify discrepancies between what management sees as desired or acceptable behavior and actual behavior?
Extinction Reciprocal determinism Positive reinforcement Performance audit ▲ Behavioral dilemmas
_____ is the process for reviewing key roles and determining the readiness levels of potential internal and external candidates to fill these roles.
Performance management Talent review calibration process Talent acquisition War for talent Succession planning ▲
All but which of the following is a major influence on selective attention?
Physical Properties Response Certainty ▲ Response dispositions Dynamic Properties Response Salience
_______ change is unintentional and is usually the result of informal organizing.
Planned change Differentiation change Technological change Unplanned change ▲ Structural change
Which of these represents a Type B personality characteristic?
Polyphasic behavior Highly competitive Intense sense of urgency Does one activity at a time ▲ Strong goal-directedness
Which of the following describe conflict between individuals that is more personal and involves attacks on a person rather than an idea?
Relationship ▲ Process Escalation of commitment Confirmation bias Time pressures
Personal abilities, traits, and skills are examples of which of the following factors why organizations have conflict?
Status inconsistencies Dependence on common resource pools Individual differences ▲ Jurisdictional ambiguities Task interdependencies
In the ____ phase of the organizational life cycle, the organization expands, and the hierarchy deepens, now with multiple levels of employees. Lower-level managers are given greater responsibility, and managers for significant areas of responsibility are identified.
entrepreneurship survival and early success sustained success ▲
Which of the following is NOT a reason why small business thrives in the United States?
personal satisfaction outsourcing independence guaranteed profits ▲ ability to use new technology
When person B submits to person A because B feels that A has a right to exert power in a certain domain, _______ power exists.
reward legitimate ▲ referent expert coercive
The extent to which the requirements and responsibilities of the group are clearly understood is task _______.
set role clarity ▲ uncertainty significance
By the 1960s nearly _____% of all U.S. companies were using a performance appraisal process.
60 90 ▲ 45 30 15
The ______ technique begins by selecting a job that can be described in observable behaviors.
BOS Hybrid Assessment centers Delphi BARS ▲
Which of the following describe virtual structures?
Boundaryless ▲ Mechanistic Inflexible Clustered Vertical
_____ refer to our beliefs about what is right vs. wrong, good vs. evil, virtuous vs. corrupt.
Bounded rationality Ethics and morals ▲ Heuristics Ad hominem Groupthink
Which of these represents the first step in Kotter's Change Model?
Establish a sense of urgency ▲ Create small wins Create a vision of change Anchor the changes Remove any obstacles
Which of these is the second stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
Exhaustion Alarm Adjustment Coping Resistance ▲
The critical incidents method primarily provides which of these?
Performance goals Qualitative information ▲ Quarterly targets Assessment matrix Quantitative information
Which of the following is an internal state of disequilibrium; a felt need?
Reinforcement Drive ▲ Habit Punishment Reward
As a manager of a diverse work group, which of the following general statements or principles would you use to guide you in attempting to be an effective leaders?
A leader whose behavior reflects support, kindness, and concern for his/her followers is valued and impactful in most cultures. It is clear that a more democratic, participative, directive, contingent-based reward/punishment system produces similar results across cultures. There is little evidence to suggest there is a meaningful distinction between task and relationship-oriented behavior across world cultures. The effective practice of leadership necessitates a careful look at and understanding of the individual differences brought to the leader-follower relationship by the cross-cultural context. ▲ None of these.
According to Thomas, which of these conflict handling modes is representative of unassertive and cooperative characteristics?
Accommodating ▲ Competing Compromising Avoiding Collaborating
Sam, marketing manager at ABC Products, argues that XY Products, their biggest competitor is spending more on marketing than ABC. XY have a larger share of the market. Therefore, ABC should spend more on marketing. This argument represents which of the following fallacies?
Ad hominem Genetic fallacy Non sequitur ▲ Bandwagon approach False cause
Which of these represents the final step in a behavior modification program?
Administer feedback & rewards ▲ Evaluate results Conduct a performance audit Set specific behavioral goals Establish behavioral criteria
According to Thomas, which is the final stage of the conflict process?
Assessment Behavior Frustration Outcome ▲ Conceptualization
Which of the following techniques is the most popular method of evaluation used in organizations today?
BOS BARS Graphic rating scales ▲ Assessment centers Critical incidents
_______ technique requires that one team member to assume the role where she or he extracts buried disagreements within the team and sheds the light of day on them. They must have the courage and confidence to call out sensitive issues and force team members to work through them.
Cognitive diversity Ground rules Paradox Mining ▲ Structural intervention
______ suggests that when we first come into contact with others, we categorize them as belonging to an in-group or an out-group.
Cognitive diversity hypothesis Justification-suppression model Social identity theory ▲ Schema Theory Social cognitive theory
Which of these demonstrates how a diverse workforce can create a sustainable competitive advantage for organizations?
Cognitive flexibility Groupthink Resource-based view ▲ Cognitive diversity Revealing
Which of these defines the extent to which you believe that the person being observed would behave consistently when faced with different situations?
Consistency Self-serving bias Consensus Distinctiveness ▲ Stereotyping
At which stage of the general adaptation syndrome does the body attempts to repair any damage and return to a condition of stability and equilibrium?
Coping Adjustment Alarm Resistance ▲ Exhaustion
_____ is financing obtained from investment firms that specialize in financing small, high-growth companies and receive an ownership interest and a voice in management in return for their money.
Entrepreneurial capital Corporate stock financing Equity financing Venture capital ▲ Debt financing
_______ is the generation of new or original ideas; it requires the use of imagination and the ability to step back from traditional ways of doing things and seeing the world.
Creativity ▲ Groupthink Heuristics Bounded rationality Satisficing
Which of these occurs when two or more groups depend on one another for inputs?
Decoupling Reciprocal interdependence ▲ Pooled interdependence Linking role Sequential interdependence
Jay Patel is the HR manager at BNB Manufacturing. Jay wants to establish the pay-for-performance structure at BNB. In these efforts, Jay's boss tells him to include the design of a merit matrix that ties employee annual pay increases to performance as well as the design of a short-term bonus matrix and a long-term bonus pay-for-performance strategy. Jay should focus on which of the following step in the framework to address these issues?
Define the organization's pay philosophy. [not this one] Identify any gaps that exist in the current processes. Review the financial impacts of creating pay-for-performance changes. Communicate and train managers and employees on the pay for-performance philosophy and process changes. Update compensation processes with new pay for-performance elements.
Each of the following are considered to be reasons why Alderfer's ERG model is more useful than Maslow's EXCEPT:
ERG theory did a better job of identifying motivators than did Maslow. ERG more explicitly focuses attention upon movement through the set of needs in both directions. ERG does a better job of identifying different motivational categories. There is stronger evidence for three need categories and their order than for Maslow's five need categories and their relative order. [not this one] All of these are true why Alderfer's ERG model is more useful than Maslow's.
All of the following strategies help prevent conflict in organizations EXCEPT:
Emphasizing organization-wide goals and effectiveness Avoiding win-lose situations Pay secrecy ▲ Facilitating intergroup communication Providing stable, well-structured tasks
Which of these groups are classified as informal?
Friendship and interest ▲ Virtual and functional Command and Friendship Task and command Task and interest
Which of the following refers to the exchange of rewards for sexual favors or punishments for refusal to grant sexual favors?
Glass ceiling Hostile environment Groupthink Quid pro quo harassment ▲ Inclusion
Which of these term is often used to reflect ways in which organizations show appreciation for diversity among job applicants, employees, and customers?
Inclusion Managing diversity Groupthink Valuing diversity ▲ Quid pro quo
Managers are responsible for the work of the people in their unit, and their actions in this regard are directly related to their role as which of these?
Leader ▲ Spokesperson Figurehead Disseminator Liaison
Which of these represents a collection of personality characteristics that involve one's ability to perceptually or behaviorally transform negative stressors into positive challenges?
Locus of control Hardiness ▲ Social support Tolerance for ambiguity Eustress
Which of the following strategy/action can be utilized to reduce the system uncertainty?
Make one of the most important criteria for promotion an apolitical attitude that puts organizational ends ahead of personal power ends Differentiate rewards among high and low performers ▲ Where highly cohesive political empires exist, break them apart by removing or splitting the most dysfunctional subgroups Try to minimize resource competition among managers Replace resource competition with externally oriented goals and objectives
Which leadership theory states that the challenge facing leaders is first to analyze the situation and identify the most appropriate style of leadership and then to develop the capacity to be flexible enough to use different leadership styles as appropriate?
Managerial Grid approach to leadership Fiedler's contingency model of leader behavior Transformational leadership Ohio State approach to leadership styles path-goal approach to leadership ▲
The ability to view situations from more than one cultural framework refers to which of these?
Managerial intervention Paradoxes Structural intervention Cultural intelligence Cognitive complexity ▲
Which of the following profile of an organization emphasizes efficiency, process and cost control, organizational improvement, technical expertise, precision, problem solving, elimination of errors, logical, cautious and conservative, management and operational analysis, and careful decision-making?
Market Culture Clan Culture Hierarchy Culture ▲ Adhocracy Culture System culture
As a manager your organization is constantly confronted with a variety of changes in the market or a wide range of situations. You have to recruit and select a manager for a group of employees responsible for several related products. You have just read about Fiedler's Contingency model and decided to use the LPC score to aid you in selecting a leader for the management group. You have interviewed four candidates for the job (Erin, Josh, Michael, Tabitha) and the scores for each of the candidates were Erin=high LPC, Josh=moderately high LPC, Michael=middle LPC, Tabitha=low LPC. Which of the candidates would you hire?
None of these. Tabitha Michael ▲ Josh Erin
Which of the following represents the label for a field that specializes in change management?
Organizational design Organizational development ▲ Organizational change Level of organization Complex adaptive systems
In a conflict situation, which of the following is a destructive and passive response?
Reaching out Winning Adapting Reflective thinking Self-criticizing ▲
While there have been many attempts to provide a differentiation between leadership and management, they are the same thing.
T F ▲
Dogmatism refers to a particular cognitive style that is characterized by closed-mindedness and inflexibility.
T ▲ F
There has been renewed interest in pre-employment screening tests in recent years.
T ▲ F
Those values concerning the way we approach end-states represent instrumental values.
T ▲ F
According to Herzberg, hygiene needs must be met in order to:
avoid dissatisfaction ▲ achieve job satisfaction achieve dissatisfaction motivate individuals to perform well establish high job content
Within an organization, the primary lever to address the drive to _____ is job design, and the actions are to design jobs that have distinct and important roles in the organization, as well as jobs that are meaningful and foster a sense of contribution.
bond esteem comprehend ▲ defend acquire
Sara, a service manager at Auto Services, knows that on the average her performance is evaluated and rewarded about once a month, but she does not know when this event will occur. This is an example of which of the following schedule of reinforcement?
Variable interval ▲ Operant-interval Fixed-ratio Fixed-interval Variable ratio
Which of the following is a trend that is changing the face of entrepreneurship and small business ownership?
entrepreneurial diversity ▲ all of the above an increase in the number of corporate mergers and acquisitions decreased use of overseas bundling stagnant demographics
Which of these describes an expected behavior pattern assigned or attributed to a particular position in the organization?
Work roles ▲ Cohesiveness Status systems Group size Norms
World at Work defines a total rewards strategy as the six elements of total rewards that collectively define an organization's strategy to attract, motivate, retain and engage employees. Which of the following is NOT an element of this total rewards?
Work-life effectiveness Employee life cycle ▲ Recognition Compensation Benefits
A way of spreading stress among employees and providing a respite from particularly stressful jobs is basically job ______.
design involvement rotation ▲ commitment enrichment
Managers' effectiveness as a _____ will determine how well they are able to manage the firm's reputation.
disturbance handler figurehead monitor listener speaker and writer ▲
While the ____ role describes managers who initiate change, the ____ role depicts managers who must involuntarily react to conditions.
entrepreneur; disturbance handler ▲ monitor; spokesperson leader; spokesperson monitor; leader figurehead; disseminator
The relationship between leader behavior and follower behavior can best be characterized as:
follower behavior has no effect on leader behavior None of these. while the effectiveness of leader behavior is determined by follower characteristics or expectations it has also been found that follower behavior determines leader behavior ▲ leader expectations of follower behavior determine leader behavior and follower expectations of leader behavior determine follower effectiveness. leader behavior has little effect on follower behavior
When people are among _____ teammates, the team is susceptible to groupthink.
homogeneous and like-minded ▲ diverse heterogeneous all of these. multicultural
The influence of positive arbitrary biases is called the _______.
horn effect halo effect ▲ cognitive dissonance perceptual organization response disposition
In ______ feedback, the receiver provides nonevaluative information to the communicator.
informational ▲ role clarity reinforcing corrective role ambiguity
The ______ is characterized by a commitment to equal opportunities in hiring and promotions, and does not directly link a work group's productivity or success with diversity.
justification-suppression model cognitive diversity hypothesis integration-and-learning perspective access-and-legitimacy perspective discrimination-and-fairness perspective ▲
Which of the following is most true with respect to our understanding of leadership in multi-cultural work settings?
there appears to be a consensus that the universal approach to leadership and effectiveness that will prevail across diverse settings is relationship oriented None of these. leaders of culturally diverse groups will encounter belief and value differences among their followers but not in their own leader-member exchange relationships when leaders empower their followers the effect for job satisfaction has been found to be consistently positive the existing evidence suggests that there are similarities as well as differences in the impact of leadership styles, influence attempts, and the formality of relationships ▲
