OLE MISS | BISC 102 - Exam 2 (Chapter 27)

Each day the human heart sends a volume of blood equal to about _____________ through the body.

A. 50,000 liters B. 1,000 liters [C.] 7,000 liters D. 2,000 liters E. 5,000 liters The volume of blood moved by the heart each day is enormous, filling a large fraction of a typical home swimming pool.

A person has a blood type of A. They could receive a whole blood transfusion from which donors?

A. Aonly B. O only C. B only [D.] both A or O E. both B or O

ATP is required by cells to provide power for

A. DNAreplication. B. movement. C. production of proteins. D. growth. [E] All answers are correct.

93. The concentration of oxygen is decreased at high altitude. Why would this make it harder for a person to get enough oxygen into their blood?

A. Hemoglobin cannot bind oxygen well at low concentrations. [B]. The concentration gradient from the alveoli to the blood decreases. C. People are working harder at high altitude and have higher demands for oxygen. D. The concentration of oxygen in the blood is too low for diffusion into tissues. E. The heart cannot obtain enough energy to pump oxygen into the blood from the alveoli.

A dual-chamber pacemaker is surgically placed in a patient's chest. Wires then carry pulses to the right atrium and the right ventricle. How would the pulses be directed from the pacemaker to the heart?

A. Only the ventricle would be stimulated. B. The ventricle would be stimulated first and then the atrium. C. Both the atrium and ventricle would be stimulated simultaneously. D. Only the atrium would be stimulated. [E] The atrium would be stimulated first and then the ventricle.

96. Why could a human not absorb enough oxygen through the skin, as opposed to creatures like sea anemones?

A. Our surface area to volume ratio is too high for oxygen to reach all tissues. B. Sea anemones live in water, and there is more oxygen available. [C] Our surface area to volume ratio is too low for oxygen to reach all tissues. D. Our capillaries do not come close enough to the skin to absorb oxygen. E. Sea anemones have a larger heart relative to the rest of their body.

92. The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the production of red blood cells. What effect would this have on transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A. Oxygen transport would increase, carbon dioxide transport would not be affected much. B. Oxygen transport would decrease, carbon dioxide transport would not be affected much. [C]. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport would both increase. D. Oxygen transport would decrease, carbon dioxide transport would increase. E. Oxygen transport would increase, carbon dioxide transport would decrease.

94. A frog can absorb oxygen through its skin and lungs. Which is an advantage of absorbing oxygen through the lungs?

A. The heart pumps oxygen from the lungs into the bloodstream. B. Oxygen absorbed in the lungs enters the blood stream. C. Air in the lungs has a higher concentration of oxygen than air in the atmosphere. D. Oxygen diffuses across cells more slowly than across the lining of the lungs. [E]. Lungs have more surface area than the skin.

A dual-chamber pacemaker is surgically placed in a patient's chest. Wires then carry pulses to the right atrium and the right ventricle. Why would the pulses be carried to the right chambers of the heart and not the left chambers?

A. The left chambers are reduced or absent in many subadults. B. The right chambers of the heart are weaker and need more stimulation. C. Only the right chambers of the heart need to contract to move blood to the lungs. D. It is easier to run the wires from the pacemaker through the vena cava. [E] Once the right chambers are activated the pulse will be carried to the left chambers.

Which drugs would be prescribed to a person who is at risk of forming a blood clot?

A. a beta-blocker [B]. aspirin C. a diuretic D. a beta-blocker and a diuretic E. aspirin and a diuretic Aspirin helps prevent clotting, and it is prescribed on a daily basis to those in danger of heart attack. Please see section 27.1 for more information.

A heart murmur is caused by

A. a greater-than-normal force of contraction of the right atrium. B. a constriction of the pulmonary artery. C. blockage of the aorta. [D]. the heart valves not functioning properly. E. a greater-than-normal force of contraction of the left atrium. The actual murmur is the sound of the valve working badly, letting blood slip through when it is not supposed to pass.

90. What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?

A. active transport against a concentration gradient B. facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient C. facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient [D]. diffusion down a concentration gradient E. the heart pumping the oxygen into the bloodstream

91. What drives the movement of carbon dioxide from tissue into the bloodstream?

A. active transport against a concentration gradient B. facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient [C]. diffusion down a concentration gradient D. facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient E. the heart pumping the carbon dioxide into the bloodstream

77. A respiratory disease caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke that causes the walls of the alveoli to tear, thereby reducing the surface area for gas exchange is

A. anemia. B. asthma. [C] emphysema. D. artherosclerosis. E. aneurysm.

A defibrillator contains two paddles that are placed on a person's chest and through which an electrical shock is administered. What is this procedure treating?

A. aneurysm B. heart attack due to atherosclerosis C. anemia D. tachycardia [E]. arrhythmia

Which is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle?

A. aorta [B] coronary artery C. carotid artery D. superior vena cava E. inferior vena cava In some ways the coronary artery is most important since it supplies the organ which drives the supply for the rest of the body.

A whole blood cell transfusion would be used to treat which of the following?

A. arrhythmia B. aneurysm [C.] anemia D. heart attack due to atherosclerosis E. tachycardia

The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are:

A. arteries. B. veins. C. lymph vessels. [D.] capillaries. E. sieve tubes. Capillaries have lots of surface area for quick transfer into and out of the blood.

The large vessels that carry blood TO the heart are

A. arteries. [B]. veins. C. capillaries. D. lymph vessels. E. sieve tubes. Veins usually carry deoxygenated blood, except for those returning to the heart with oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Where would fish have the highest concentration of oxygen in their blood?

A. as it left their systemic circulation B. as it left their heart C. as it entered their heart D. as it left their lungs [E] as it left their gills

Which drugs would be prescribed to a person who has high blood pressure?

A. aspirin B. a beta-blocker [C] a beta-blocker and a diuretic D. a diuretic E. aspirin and a diuretic High blood pressure can be alleviated if extra fluid is eliminated, lowering the volume of the blood. Please see section 27.5 for more information.

A heartbeat begins in the [part of the heart]

A. atrioventricular valve. B. atrioventricular node. C. sinoatrial node. D. right ventricle. E. left atrium. The sinoartial node is the natural pacemaker of the heart.

You are a medical student on rounds with your instructor, and you are told to help measure blood pressure, so you hand the instructor a(n)

A. barometer. B. stethoscope. C. electrocardiogram. [D] sphygmomanometer. E. hygrometer. Blood pressure is measured by applying enough pressure to just counter first the systolic and later the diastolic pressure.

The simplest animals with a closed circulatory system are:

A. birds. B. amphibians. [C.] annelids. D. fishes. E. reptiles.

Cardiac output may increase by

A. both a lower than normal stroke volume and greater than normal heart rate. B. a lower than normal stroke volume only. C. a lower than normal heart rate only. D. a greater than normal stroke volume only. [E.] both a greater than normal stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume is the volume of blood moved per heartbeat, and greater heart rate would mean more blood moved per time, even with the same volume per beat.

76. The walls of the bronchioles are made up of

A. cartilage. [B] smooth muscle. C. cartilage and smooth muscle. D. cartilage and skeletal muscle. E. skeletal muscle.

69. In mammals, a muscular _______________ expands the chest, pulling air into the lungs.

A. chest cavity B. rib cage C. trachea [D] diaphragm E. sternum

A clumping reaction caused by antibodies in the blood plasma is

A. clotting. [B] agglutination. C. constriction. D. atherosclerosis. E. inflammation.

70. Which main tissue type of the circulatory system enables diffusion across walls of capillaries?

A. connective B. nervous C. muscle D. vascular [E] epithelial

71. If you wanted to change airflow to alveoli, what tissue would you need to target?

A. connective B. nonvascular [C] muscle D. nervous E. vascular

The middle layer of the wall of an artery or vein, allowing it to withstand and modify blood pressure, is

A. connective tissue. B. skeletal muscle. [C] smooth muscle. D. endothelium. E. simple squamous epithelial cells. Smooth muscle contracting or relaxing causes the blood vessel to dilate or constrict, altering blood pressure.

The largest artery in the body is the

A. coronary artery. B. superior vena cava. [C.] aorta. D. pulmonary artery. E. carotid artery. The blood from the left ventricle, the blood going to most of the body, flows out of the heart through the aorta.

87. In cystic fibrosis, a thick dry mucus builds up in the alveoli. Which would you expect to occur in these patients?

A. decreased rate of respiration B. increased diffusion of carbon dioxide into capillaries from the alveoli C. decreased blood flow to the alveoli D. increased blood flow to the alveoli [E]. decreased diffusion of oxygen into capillaries from the alveoli

88. Emphysema is caused by destruction of the walls between alveoli, leading to hyperinflation of the lungs. Which of the following would occur in the lungs of someone with emphysema?

A. decreased uptake of carbon dioxide B. decreased uptake of glucose [C]. decreased uptake of oxygen D. decreased rate of respiration E. decreased heart rate

If asked to label a large blood vessel found mostly below the diaphragm, you would label it as the

A. femoral vein. B. pulmonary vein. [C] inferior vena cava. D. superior vena cava. E. jugular vein.

If you had a patient with blood improperly draining from all areas above the diaphragm, you would suspect a problem with the

A. femoral vein. [B] superior vena cava. C. pulmonary vein. D. inferior vena cava. E. jugular vein. The "superior" in the name of this blood vessel comes from the fact that it drains the upper part of the body.

Vertebrates with a three-chambered heart include

A. fish. [B. ]amphibians. C. birds. D. mammals. E. annelids. Amphibians come after the fishes in the history of life, and have more efficient, three- chambered hearts.

Vertebrates with a four-chambered heart include

A. fishes. B. mollusks. [C.] birds. D. amphibians. E. annelids. Birds and mammals the efficient, four-chambered hearts demanded by the high metabolic rates of endotherms

A valve replacement would prevent which of the following?

A. flow of blood from the right atrium to right ventricle B. flow of blood from the left ventricle to the aorta C. flow of blood from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium [D.] flow of blood from the right ventricle to right atrium E. flow of blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

What mutations occurred in ice fish that prevent production of hemoglobin?

A. fragmentation of both the alpha and beta genes B. deletion of the alpha gene and fragmentation of the beta gene C. deletion of both the alpha and beta genes [D] fragmentation of the alpha gene and deletion of the beta gene E. destruction of red blood cells in the bone marrow Ice fish lack hemoglobin because they have no functional genes for that protein.

85. Since hemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxygen, what would be a symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning?

A. hyperactivity B. increased blood pH C. decreased exhalation of oxygen D. increased heart rate [E] decreasedATPproduction

How do ice fish transport oxygen in their blood?

A. in red blood cells B. in white blood cells C. in platelets [D] in plasma E. on hemoglobin

95. Which is a trend observed in the evolution of respiratory surfaces and lungs in vertebrates?

A. increased size B. the presence of capillaries [C]. increased surface area D. gain in the ability to absorb oxygen across the skin E. ability to move air into the lungs

If blood pressure is too high, the brain _________ heart rate and causes blood vessels to _________.

A. increases; dilate B. increases; constrict C. decreases; constrict [D] decreases; dilate E. increases; rupture

The liquid matrix of blood is

A. interstitial fluid. B. water. C. cytosol. [D] plasma. E. lymph.

Blood is:

A. is a liquid connective tissue. B. delivers food to the cells of the body. C. delivers oxygen to the cells of the body. D. helps remove wastes from the body. [E.] All answers are correct. The circulation of blood is critical for any organism which is not thin enough for diffusion to bring nutrients and remove wastes. Please see section 27.1 for more information.

75. The scientific name of the "windpipe" is the

A. larynx. B. pharynx. C. vocal cords. D. esophagus. E. trachea.

The chamber of the heart that is the most powerful is the

A. left atrium. [B.] left ventricle. C. right atrium. D. right ventricle. E. No answer is correct. The left ventricle must be strongest since it pumps blood to the whole body.

If you were dealing with a patient who repeatedly had trouble with excessive bleeding, you might consider giving the patient a transfusion containing

A. leukocytes. B. red blood cells. [C] platelets. D. cartilage cells. E. bone cells.

The cellular components of blood that transport oxygen are

A. leukocytes. [B] red blood cells. C. platelets. D. cartilage cells. E. bone cells.

84. Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is __________________ than the air pressure outside of the lungs. This occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm _______________.

A. lower; relax [B] lower; contract C. higher; relax D. higher; contract

Vertebrates with a two-chambered heart include (SIMPLE)

A. mollusks. B. reptiles. C. birds. [D.] fishes. E. mammals. Fishes are among the simplest vertebrates and have the most simply organized vertebrate hearts.

89. Blood in the pulmonary artery would have ___ oxygen and ___ carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary vein.

A. more; less B. the same; less [C]. less; more D. more; the same E. less; less

The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is

A. myoglobin. B. actin. C. fibrinogen. [D] hemoglobin. E. myosin.

83. The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood

A. nitrogen. B. oxygen. [C] carbon dioxide. D. sulfur. E. hemoglobin.

At the capillaries, ___________ leaves red blood cells and _____________ enters the circulation.

A. nitrogen; oxygen B. carbon dioxide; oxygen C. carbon dioxide; nitrogen [D] oxygen; carbon dioxide E. sodium; oxygen Capillaries have lots of surface area to aid in the rapid and efficient transfer of gases. Please see section 27.5 for more information.

78. In the pulmonary circulation, ___________________ is expelled from the blood and _________________ is picked up.

A. nitrogen; oxygen B. oxygen; carbon dioxide C. oxygen; nitrogen D. carbon dioxide; nitrogen [E] carbon dioxide; oxygen

100. Medicine is taken to relieve pain. In which system will the medicine reach the site the fastest?

A. open circulatory system [B]closed circulatory system C. no muscular system D. incomplete digestive system E. complete digestive system

79. In the systemic circulation, ____________________ is expelled from the blood and __________________ is picked up.

A. oxygen; nitrogen B. carbon dioxide; nitrogen C. carbon dioxide; oxygen [D] oxygen; carbon dioxide E. nitrogen; oxygen

73. If a bird can mimic human speech, it can mimic the action of what organ?

A. pharynx [B] larynx C. trachea D. glottis E. uvula The larynx is the "voice box."

Which is the correct order for the time required to replace each blood component from shortest to longest?

A. plasma, red blood cell, platelet B. platelet, red blood cell, plasma C. red blood cell, platelet, plasma [D.] plasma, platelet, red blood cell E. red blood cell, plasma, platelet

The two largest veins of the body that deliver blood to the right atrium are the

A. pulmonary vein and inferior vena cava. B. superior vena cava and pulmonary vein. C. aorta and inferior vena cava. [D.] inferior vena cava and superior vena cava. E. aorta and superior vena cava. The inferior and superior vena cava bring deoxygenated blood from the upper and lower parts of the body, respectively, to the heart.

If you wanted to read more about protections for the body, and you came a cross a description of cellular components of blood that destroy foreign substances, you would be reading about

A. red blood cells. B. cartilage cells. C. platelets. [D] leukocytes. E. bone cells.

72. Which of the following is not a main function of the upper respiratory system?

A. sense of smell B. gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere C. production of sounds [D] transport of oxygen to the cells of the body E. maintaining blood pH homeostasis

68. In aquatic organisms, highly folded structures that exchange gases directly with water are

A. spicules. B. alveoli. C. tracheae. [D] gills. E. spiracles.

When taking a person's blood pressure, after proper inflation of the cuff, the first pulse sound that is heard through the stethoscope indicates that blood is flowing through the artery past the cuff. The reading on the pressure gauge at this point indicates (Type of pressure)

A. that the heart is once again beating. B. the force of contraction of the atria. C. diastolic pressure. D. venous pressure. E. systolic pressure.

Diastolic pressure reflects

A. the contraction of the atria. B. the contraction of the ventricles. [C] the relaxation of the ventricles. D. the relaxation of the atria. E. the heart rate. Diastolic pressure is lower than systolic pressure.

Systolic pressure reflects the force caused by

A. the contraction of the atria. B. the relaxation of the atria. C. the relaxation of the ventricles. [D] the contraction of the ventricles. E. the heart rate.

Blood pressure is

A. the force that interstitial fluid exerts on the walls of the arteries. B. the force that blood exerts on the walls of the ventricles of the heart. [C] the force that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries. D. the force that interstitial fluid exerts on the walls of the veins. E. the force that blood exerts on the walls of the veins. When the ventricles contract, this places positive pressure on the blood, which is propagated to the walls of blood vessels.

74. The upper respiratory tract is composed of

A. the nose, pharynx, and trachea. B. the nose, larynx, and trachea. C. the nose, trachea, and lungs. [D]the nose, pharynx, and larynx. E. the nose and pharynx.

The widening of blood vessels is

A. vasoconstriction. B. cardioconstriction. [C] vasodilation. D. cardiodilation. E. All answers are correct.

The large vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood AWAY from the heart are

A. veins. B. capillaries. [C.] arteries. D. lymph vessels. E. sieve tubes. Arteries usually carry oxygenated blood, unless they are carrying blood to the lungs for oxygenation.

The force that blood exerts on artery walls is termed

A. venous pressure. B. gravitational pressure. [C] blood pressure. D. osmotic pressure. E. pulmonary pressure. Blood pressure is due to the contraction of the ventricles. Please see section 27.5 for more information.

The upper chambers of the mammalian heart are the

A. ventricles. B. arteries. C. vascular cavities. [D] atria. E. sinuses. Atria receive blood just as the atria in Roman houses received rain from the sky.

80. One of the main reasons that we exhale a higher percentage of carbon dioxide than we inhale is that

A. we use carbon dioxide to make glucose. [B]. we produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct of aerobic respiration. C. we produce carbon dioxide as a byproduct of transmission of nerve impulses across synapses. D. carbon dioxide is a byproduct of photosynthesis. E. carbon dioxide dissolves better in blood than does oxygen.

An increase in the number of red blood cells is called anemia.

FALSE

98. Each alveolus of the lung is a small sac with a wall of epithelial tissue that is many layers thick, thereby providing structural support for the air sacs.

FALSE An alveolus is a single cell layer thick to provide rapid transfer of gases.

In a closed circulatory system, the heart pumps fluid through open-ended vessels into spaces where the fluid bathes the body's cells.

FALSE Closed circulatory systems, like those in annelids, keep the blood inside vessels, while open systems allow the blood to flow out of vessels and bathe organs and cells.

97. The smooth muscle of the diaphragm expands the lungs and the skeletal muscle of the lungs regulates airflow to the alveoli.

FALSE Lungs have smooth muscle, and the diaphragm is made of skeletal muscle

The walls of the right ventricle are thicker than those of the left ventricle.

FALSE The right ventricle needs a thinner wall since it only sends blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pushes blood to the rest of the body.

If you were given a piece of a cow's heart and told that it was one of the thicker-walled chambers, you would know that you had an atrium.

FALSE The ventricles must work harder and thus have more muscle, making their walls thicker than those of the atria. Please see section 27.4 for more information.

A decrease in the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is called anemia.

TRUE

Capillary beds are networks of capillaries that connect arterioles and venules.

TRUE

The human circulatory system transports blood in a one-directional circuit throughout the body.

TRUE

The signal for the heart to contract begins at the sinoatrial node.

TRUE

If you exercised more and more intensely over two months, your heart would be able to pump out more and more blood with each stroke.

TRUE Exercise makes the heart better able to eject more blood, allowing for better oxygenation and more exercise. Please see section 27.4 for more information.

If you exercised more and more intensely over two months, your resting heart rate would decrease.

TRUE Exercise makes the heart better able to eject more blood, so fewer beats are needed per minute to move the same volume of blood. Please see section 27.4 for more information.

99. The medulla has receptors that monitor H+ concentrations in the blood.

TRUE The medulla is critical for homeostasis.

The chambers of the heart that push blood to the lungs or body are the ventricles.

TRUE The ventricles are the lower chambers of the heart.

Blood that reaches the heart tissue via the coronary artery has more oxygen in it than the tissue itself.

TRUE Whatever tissue is reached by oxygenated blood, the tissue will have depleted its internal oxygen by cellular respiration. Please see section 27.8 for more information.

Why would exercise help your blood circulation in your legs?

[A] As muscles contract they squeeze blood through the veins and increased heart rate pushes more blood into the legs. B. Increased heart rate pushes more blood into the legs only. C. As muscles contract they squeeze blood through the veins only. D. Exercise increases the amount of red blood cells only. E. Exercise increases the amount of red blood cells and increased heart rate pushes more blood into the legs.

Birds and mammals are endotherms, meaning they spend enormous amounts of energy maintaining a constant body temperature. To meet these energy needs, birds and mammals independently evolved four-chambered hearts, completing the separation of oxygen-rich from oxygen-depleted blood. How would this maximize the amount of oxygen reaching tissues?

[A] Diffusion of oxygen from oxygenated blood into tissues would be increased. B. Diffusion of oxygen from oxygenated blood into tissues would be decreased. C. Less energy would be required to pump oxygen into the blood. D. Less energy would be required to pump oxygen into the tissues. E. Less energy would be required to pump oxygen into the lungs.

Why could you donate plasma twice a week?

[A] Plasma contains only proteins and fluid which can be replaced quickly. B. Plasma contains platelets which can be replaced quickly. C. Plasma contains red blood cells which can be replaced quickly. D. Plasma contains only water and can be rapidly replaced. E. Plasma is regenerated from the blood cells injected back into the donor.

The capillary wall consists only of

[A] a single layer of epithelial cells covered by connective tissue. B. connective tissue. C. cardiac muscle. D. smooth muscle. E. a single layer of epithelial cells covered by smooth muscle. Capillaries can cope with less material and cells in their walls than larger vessels since they face proportionally less stress than those larger vessels.

Ice fish would have which kind of circulatory systems?

[A] closed with a two-chambered heart B. open C. closed with a single-chambered heart D. closed with a three-chambered heart E. closed with a four-chambered heart

86. Sleep apnea is temporarily ceasing to breathe and is more common in people who are overweight. Excess fat in the neck compresses the ____ cutting off air flow.

[A] larynx B. thorax C. bronchi D. lungs E. alveoli

81. If a doctor tells you to hurry and bring all of the blood components you can find in the lab refrigerator to the operating room, what would you leave behind?

[A] lymph B. red blood cells C. white blood cells D. plasma E. platelets

Aerobic respiration consumes ____________ gas and generates ___________________ gas as a waste product.

[A] oxygen; carbon dioxide B. nitrogen; carbon dioxide C. carbon dioxide; nitrogen D. oxygen; nitrogen E. carbon dioxide; oxygen

The narrowing of blood vessels is

[A] vasoconstriction. B. cardioconstriction. C. vasodilation. D. cardiodilation. E. No answer is correct.

82. Blood transports the most carbon dioxide in what form?

[A]. as bicarbonate ions B. in red blood cells C. dissolved in the plasma D. bound to hemoglobin E. bound to myoglobin