OLM test 4
Which of the following theories states, "The factors involved in producing job satisfaction are separate and distinct from factors that lead to job satisfaction?" Select one: a. Need hierarchy theory b. Two-factor theory c. Expectancy theory d. Theory of inequity e. Justice and fairness theory
Two factor theory
Which term refers to permitting and facilitating the symbolic expression of behavioral preferences of diverse individuals? Select one: a. Actualization b. Activation c. Accommodation d. Assimilation e. Acculturation
accommodation
Yukl (2006) noted that followers are likely to attribute charisma to a leader if the leader does all of the following EXCEPT: Select one: a. Exudes confidence b. Makes self-sacrifices c. Advances a mission d. Inspires with emotional appeal e. Acts conventionally
acts conventionally
How a leader behaves in any given situation.
actual leader behavior
The two requirements of which behavior are the situational requirements and the member's preferences? Select one: a. Actual leader behavior b. Required leader behavior c. Performance satisfaction d. Preferred leader behavior e. Charismatic leadership
actual leader behavior
Which of the following theories suggests that the leader and management be treated separately? Select one: a. Adaptive-reactive theory b. Contingency theory c. Ohio State theory d. None of these responses are correct. e. Path-goal theory
adaptive reactive theory
Demographic descriptors include which of the following? Select one: a. Employment status b. Social, economic, and educational background c. Per capita income d. Age, gender, and place of residence e. Nationality, religion, and language
age gender and place of residence
The costs of not managing diversity include which of the following? Select one: a. Increased absenteeism b. All of these responses are correct. c. Increased turnover d. Increased inter-group conflicts e. Reduced communication Feedback
all
The multidimensional model does which of the following? Select one: a. Takes into account the characteristics of the situation, the leader, and the members. b. None of thes responses are correct. c. Emphasizes the need for the congruence among the three states of leader behavior. d. All of these responses are correct. e. Conceptualizes three states of leader behavior: required, preferred, and actual leader behaviors.
all
Which of the following has brought diversity into the forefront of research and management topics? Select one: a. Varying attitudes toward work and careers. b. Impact of employee differences in the workplace. c. All of these responses are correct. d. Increased presence of team-based organizational structures. e. Social Obligation
all
Those leadership theories which deal with the behaviors of leaders
behavior approach
The costs of managing diversity include which of the following? Select one: a. Monetary and resource costs b. Reduced communication c. Time taken to manage diversity d. BOTH Monetary and resources costs AND Time taken to manage diversity e. Increased inter-group conflicts
both
The task and relations oriented behaviors in Yukl's research are similar to which of the following in The Ohio State University research studies? Select one: a. Initiating structure b. Consideration c. Situational favorableness d. BOTH Initiating structure AND Consideration are correct. e. Position power
both
Asuka notices that the exams in her class are very easy and her scores are almost identical to Jimmy's. However, Jimmy does not study at all. Asuka therefore decides that it is not necessary to study very much at all for the next exam. According to equity theory, Asuka is Select one: a. Distorting her perceptions of Jimmy's inputs b. Changing her outcomes c. Changing her inputs d. Changing her perception of her inputs e. None of these responses are correct.
changing her inputs
Refers to the follower perception that a leader possesses a divinely inspired gift and is somehow unique and larger than life...They also idolize or worship the leader as a superhuman hero or spiritual figure.
charismatic leadership
Yukl and associates proposed twelve leadership behaviors and grouped them into three meta categories. Which of the following is NOT one of those categories? Select one: a. Change oriented behaviors b. Task oriented behaviors c. All of these responses are correct. d. Cognitive oriented behaviors e. Relationship oriented behaviors
cognitive oriented behaviors
Leadership embodies all of the following significant elements EXCEPT: Select one: a. It is interpersonal in nature b. It emphasizes what a leader does rather than what a leader is c. It is a behavioral process d. It means influencing and motivating members e. It is a cognitive process
cognitive process
Leader behavior that reflects a leader's concern for members' well-being and concern for warm and friendly relations within the group.
consideration
Which of the following theories suggests that a leader surround herself with persons who like and respect her? Select one: a. Ohio State theory b. Contingency theory c. Adaptive-reactive theory d. Path-goal theory e. None of these responses are correct.
contingency theory
In Herzberg's work on the two-factor theory, respondents were asked to recall times in which they felt satisfied or dissatisfied. This approach is known as: Select one: a. Effort-performance relationship b. Critical incident method c. Valence d. Bias suppression e. Reward-satisfaction relationship
critical incident method
Weese (1995) combined the work of Bass (1985), Bennis (1984), and Shaskin (1986) to propose a five-component model of leadership. All of the following are components of that model EXCEPT: Select one: a. Contagious enthusiasm b. Compelling vision c. Credible character d. Culture facilitator e. Charismatic communicator
culture facilitator
According to the definitions of a leader outlined in the text, all of the following are applicable leadership qualities EXCEPT: Select one: a. Ensure members' fulfill requirements of the organization b. Increase members' capacity for production c. Define managerial objectives d. Enhance members' satisfaction e. Maintain the group and organizational culture
define managerial objectives
Reflects the degree to which a leader is concerned with the human relations aspect of the job.
employee orientation
Arnold, Arad, Rhoades, and Drasgow (2000) developed a measure that focused on five dimensions of leadership. That instrument is referred to as which of the following? Select one: a. Understanding Leadership Questionnaire b. Empowering Leadership Questionnaire c. Productive Leadership Questionnaire d. Preferred Leadership Questionnaire e. Performance Leadership Questionnaire
empowering leadership questionnaire
Davina was recently promoted from Compliance Officer of a university to the Associate Athletic Director in charge of women's athletics; this is an example of which of the following types of needs? Select one: a. Safety needs b. Esteem needs c. None of these responses are correct. d. Belongingness needs e. Physiological needs
esteem needs
Josh believes (1) if he tries hard he will get a good internship, and (2) getting a good internship will, in turn, land him a sport management job. In Vroom's theory, the first belief would be termed which of the following? Select one: a. First-level outcome b. Expectancy c. Valence d. None of these responses are correct. e. Force to perform
expectancy
The probability estimate that effort will lead to the first-level outcome or result--the performance standard set by the organization.
expectancy
All definitions of leadership emphasize that it is an intellectual process aimed at instigating members. Select one: a. False b. True
false
All trait theorists specify under what circumstances a given trait or behavior would lead to group performance. Select one: a. False b. True
false
Extrinsic rewards include such things as respect, fairness, and cooperation. Select one: a. False b. True
false
Initiating structure is defined as leader behavior that reflects the leader's concern for the organization's members. Select one: a. False b. True
false
Motivation may be directionless. Select one: a. False b. True
false
The leader-member exchange theory was originally known as the vertical dynamic linkage model. Select one: a. False b. True
false
Transactional leadership refers to a leader who inspires employees to higher levels of performance. Select one: a. False b. True
false
The performance standard set by the organization
first level outcome
Which of the following is the most advanced option for effective diversity management? Select one: a. Tolerate b. Include/exclude c. Build relationships d. Deny e. Foster mutual adaptation
foster mutual adaptation
Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of empowerment leadership outlined by Arnold and colleagues (2000)? Select one: a. Coaching b. Leading by example c. Giving personal recognition d. Informing e. Showing concern
giving personal recognition
A weekly meeting to discuss general organizational goals and familiarity with new services that the organization will be offering is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. Work facilitation b. Support c. None of these responses are correct. d. Interaction facilitation e. Goal emphasis
goal emphasis
Although she is not the manager, everyone in Mayen's department looks to her for leadership. This is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. Informal leadership b. Organizational leadership c. Charismatic leadership d. Formal leadership e. None of these responses are correct.
informal leadership
Leader behavior that reflects a leader's concern for members well-being and concern for clarifying the roles for both the leader and the members and a concern for effective performance of the group's tasks.
initiating structure
In contrast to expectancy, what reflects the individual's perception that there is a good relationship between first- and second-level outcomes. Select one: a. Force to perform b. Performance c. None of these responses are correct. d. Valence e. Instrumentality
instrumentality
The individual's estimate of the relationship between first-level results and second-level results.
instrumentality
Which of the following is NOT a federal initiative aimed at nondiscrimination? Select one: a. Integration Reform Act b. Civil Rights Act c. Age Discrimination in Employment Act d. Rehabilitation Act e. Equal Pay Act
integration reform act
Which of the following refers to the manner in which the distribution of outcomes is explained to recipients and to the procedures employed in such distribution. Select one: a. Distributive justice b. None of these responses are correct. c. Performance-related justice d. Procedural justice e. Interactional justice
interactional justice
The most important product of Herzberg's work was the finding that the motivators were all related to the content of the work itself. All of the following are content factors EXCEPT: Select one: a. Achievement b. Interpersonal relationships c. Responsibility d. Recognition for acievement e. Growth and advancement
interpersonal relationships
Involves redesigning jobs to satisfy higher-order needs.
job enrichment
Effectiveness of leadership is a function of the extent to which the leader builds a distinctively unique relationship with each of the members.
leader member exchange
Refers to the tendency of an individual to emphasize task accomplishment (task orientation) or interpersonal relations (employee orientation) in a given situation.
leadership style
Clarifying for members what a vision means for them and for the organization and how their activities would contribute to attaining that vision.
management of meaning
Understanding and accepting one's own strengths and weaknesses, acknowledging that risk and failure are part of visionary leadership.
management of self
Creating a sense of trust among followers that the leader is honest and trustworthy and deserves to be followed.
management of trust
Bennis (1984) used the label visionary leadership and suggested that it calls for competency in four different areas. All of the following are visionary leadership areas EXCEPT: Select one: a. Management of trust b. Management of attention c. Management of self d. Management of understanding e. Management of meaning
management of understanding
Which of the following creates a climate in which the potential advantages of diversity for organizational or group performance are maximized while the potential disadvantages are minimized? Select one: a. Managing diversity b. Valuing diversity c. Understanding diversity d. Affirmative action e. None of these responses are correct.
managing diversity
The desire to do something better or more efficiently than it has been done before is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. Need for affiliation b. Need for achievement c. Need for interaction d. Need for power e. Need for motivation
need for achievement
When Salvatore, the manager of a restaurant, allows several employees to leave twenty minutes early so they can catch the beginning of a ball game, this is most likely which of the following? Select one: a. Need for interaction b. Need for affiliation c. Need for motivation d. Need for power e. Need for achievement Feedback
need for affiliation
Refers to a desire to have impact, to be strong and influential.
need for power
Which of the following is not one of the states of leader behavior focused on in Chelladurai's multidimensional model of leadership? Select one: a. Preferred b. Actual c. Operative d. All of these responses are correct. e. Required
operative
Which of the following theories assumes that leadership style is not a stable disposition and may be charged? Select one: a. Adaptive-reactive theory b. Ohio State theory c. Contingency theory d. Path-goal theory e. None of these responses are correct.
path goal
According to Leventhal (1980), sport managers should strive to formulate procedures that adhere to all of the following rules EXCEPT: Select one: a. Bias suppression b. Ethicality c. Correctibility d. Consistency e. Performance
performance
The consequences included in the multidimensional model.
performance and satisfaction
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors affected by transformational leadership? Select one: a. Values/goals/needs b. Personal monetary rewards c. Self-esteem d. Aspirations e. Emotions
personal monetary rewards
Relate to the more fundamental and biological requirements of a human being, such as food and shelter and the need to avoid pain.
physiological needs
A leader who is unable to influence his or her organizational members is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. Position power b. Task structure c. Situational favorableness d. Leader-member relations e. Leadership style
position power
Which of the following behaviors should be consistent with the members' ideas of what leader should do and how they should conduct themselves. Select one: a. Preferred leader behavior b. Required leader behavior c. Performance satisfaction d. Charismatic leadership e. Actual leader behavior Incorrect
preferred leader behavior
Reflects the degree to which the leader is concerned with the technical aspects of the job and productivity.
production orientation
The transition from transformation to equilibrium is known as which of the following? Select one: a. Compelling vision b. Required leader behavior c. Charismatic leadership d. Punctuated equilibrium e. Transactional leadership
punctuated equilibrium
Leaders of an organization must be attentive toward their employees' needs; however; they are not permitted to simply ignore any organizational problems they are having. This is an example of which of the following? Select one: a. Preferred leader behavior b. Transactional leadership c. Transformational leadership d. Charismatic leadership e. Required leader behavior
required leader behavior
Refers to what the leader needs to do as well as what the leader is not permitted to do.
required leader behavior
All of the following are critical elements of individual motivation EXCEPT: Select one: a. Direction of behaviors b. Persistence of behaviors c. Responsiveness to behaviors d. Intensity of behaviors e. Forces within the individual
responsiveness to behaviors
All of the following are components of the Porter and Lawler model of motivation EXCEPT: Select one: a. Effort-performance relationship b. Reward-satisfaction relationship c. Performance-reward relationship d. None of these responses are correct. e. Reward-motivation relationship
reward motivation
Each employee must have a complete understanding of what activities are necessary and how these activities should be carried out.
role perception
A company's health-care package is intended to meet which of the following needs? Select one: a. Safety needs b. None of these responses are correct. c. Physiological needs d. Esteem needs e. Belongingness needs
safety needs
Josh believes that (1) if he tries hard he will get a good internship, and (2) getting a good internship will, in turn, land him a sport management job. In Vroom's theory, the second belief would be termed which of the following? Select one: a. Second-level outcome b. Force to perform c. Valence d. None of these responses are correct. e. Expectancy
second level outcome
Refers to the rewards expected for a performance.
second level outcome
According to Maslow, very few individuals ever reach which particular level of his hierarchy? Select one: a. Self-actualization b. Esteem needs c. Safety needs d. Belongingness needs e. Physiological needs
self actualization
People at this level in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs will provide the fullest and healthiest creativity.
self actualization
Those leadership theories which deal with traits or behaviors in a specific situational context, taking into account the characteristics of both the members and the organization.
situational approach
Which of the following is the leadership approach that deals with a leader's traits or behaviors in a specific context? Select one: a. The trait approach b. The situational approach c. The technical approach d. The power approach e. The behavioral approach
situational approach
Reflects the degree to which the situation permits or facilitates the exercise of influence by the leader.
situational favorableness
Which of the following refers to the degree to which the situation permits the exercise of influence by the leader? Select one: a. Situational favorableness b. Leadership style c. Position power d. Task structure e. Leader-member relations
situational favorableness
According to the text, all of the following are forms of diversity EXCEPT: Select one: a. Visible features b. Value and attitude differences c. Behavioral preferences d. Cognitive orientations e. Social preferences
social preferences
The multidimensional model of leadership includes several situational characteristics that influence and control leader behavior. All of the following are situational characteristics EXCEPT: Select one: a. Norms of the social setting b. Organizational goals c. Task of the group d. Nature of the group e. Structure of the group
structure of the group
The most important product of Herzberg's work was the finding that the motivators were all related to the content of the work itself, while the hygiene factors were all related to the context. All of the following are context factors EXCEPT: Select one: a. Meaningful company policies b. Good working conditions c. Adequate salaray and wages d. Quality supervision e. The work itself
the work itself
Those leadership theories which deal with traits of leaders.
trait approach
Which of the following theories suggests that only a person with certain qualities will be successful as a leader? Select one: a. Adaptive-reactive theory b. Trait Approach c. Contingency theory d. Ohio State theory e. Path-goal theory
trait approach
The theory that suggests that the leader's behaviors need to be consistent with the style of leadership preferred by the members is referred to as which of the following? Select one: a. Transformational leadership b. Preferred leadership behavior c. Required leader behavior d. Charismatic leadership e. Transactional leadership
transactional
Leadership which could be effective in maintaining the status quo in terms of productivity and effectiveness.
transactional leadership
The process of influencing major changes in the attitudes and assumptions of organizational members and building commitment is referred to as which of the following? Select one: a. Transactional leadership b. Required leader behavior c. Preferred leader behavior d. Transformational leadership e. Charismatic leadership
transformation leadership
The process of influencing major changes in the attitudes and assumptions of organization members and building commitment for major changes in the organization's objectives and strategies.
transformational leadership
Which of the following organizations are changing to accommodate the increasing diversity in the workforce and customer base? Select one: a. Multicultural organizations b. Monocultural organizations c. Integrated organizations d. Accommodating organizations e. Transitional organization
transitional
According to Maslow's needs hierarchy, esteem needs relate to a person's desire to be recognized by others. Select one: a. False b. True
true
All leaders are engaged in making decisions about critical issues. Select one: a. False b. True
true
Equity theory suggest that individuals are motivated to reduce the tension they feel when they perceive inequity. Select one: a. True b. False
true
Followers are likely to attribute charisma to a leader if the leader advances a mission that is radically different from the staus quo. Select one: a. False b. True
true
Management is concerned with routine operations whereas leadership is more attuned to creating a vision for the organization and setting its larger goals. Select one: a. False b. True
true
Motivation could be described as an energetic force that directs individuals to behave in a certain manner. Select one: a. False b. True
true
The notion of influencing others is a significant component of leadership. Select one: a. True b. False
true
The thrust of the leader-member exchange theory is that effectiveness of leadership is a function of the extent to which the leader builds a unique relationship with each member. Select one: a. True b. False
true
An individual's preferences for particular outcomes.
valence
Those that do not seek economic benefits through their membership in an organization.
volunteers
