one quizlet to rule them all

Amendment 22

(Presidential Term Limits) Limits the president to two terms or a maximum of ten years

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

Thurgood Marshall

1st African American justice of the Supreme Court (1965), famous for his fight against discrimination, the death penalty, and his support of civil liberties and free speech. He was on the "winning" side in Brown v. Board of Education while James Byrnes of SC was on the "losing" side.

William Yancey

Alabama extremist that informed northern Democrats their error was failing to defend slavery as a positive good

Amendment 21

Amendment 18 Repealed

Frederick J. Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Alexander Stephens

An American politician from Georgia. He was Vice President of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. He also served as a U.S. Representative from Georgia (both before the Civil War and after Reconstruction) and as the 50th Governor of Georgia from 1882 until his death in 1883.

William Quantrill

An Ohio native who grew up in the west. Became a captain in the Confederate army after organizing a group of mainly teenage boys to terrorize areas around Kansas-Missouri border with guerrilla war. They were exceptionally murderous. Most infamous for the siege of Lawrence Kansas killing 150 civilians, adults and children. He finally died at the hands of Union troops shortly after the war.

Clement L. Vallandigham

An anti-war democrat who criticized lincoln as a dictator, called him "king abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the south but illegally returned to Ohio after seeing how awesome the south was. (prominent copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war)

Hungarian Revolt (1956)

Antigovernment demonstrations in Budapest on Oct. 23, 1956 as revolutionaries demanded the denunciation of the Warsaw Pact and liberation from Soviet troops. On Oct. 21, U.S. announced it wouldn't give military aid to the revolutionaries (so much for winning the Cold War). On Nov. 4, Soviets attacked Hungary.

St. Lawrence Seaway

Approved by Eisenhower, this seaway linked the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean in 1954. It was built to accelerate suburban growth, expand trade to promote economic prosperity, and allowed boats greater access to transport goods. It connected Montreal and Lake Ontario promoting good relations with Canada (which provided $338b for the project - the US, $134b).

Robert E. Lee

Arrived with Jeb Stuart to end raid on Harpers Ferry

Bull Run

Battle where Lincoln's armies sought an easy victory at Manassas Junction but were defeated by Stonewall's armies

John Foster Dulles

Became Secretary of State under Eisenhower in 1953. Cold Warrior who supported "massive retaliation," brinksmanship, and preemptive strike. In 1951 he was author of Japanese peace treaty. Politically influential during WWII, from 1949-1959.

Amendment 15

Black Suffrage, No denial of vote because of race, color, previous condition of servitude

Charles Sumner

Caned for attacking fellow senator Andrew Pickens Butler's proslavery views

David Farragut

Commanded a squadron of ironclads and wooden vessels that smashed past weak Confederate forts near the mouth of the Mississippi, and from there sailed up to New Orleans. The city was virtually defenseless because the Confederate high command had expected the attack to come from the north, and the general populous, being German immigrants, never felt any loyalty to the CSA. The surrender of New Orleans on April 25, 1862, was an important turning point in the war. And from then on the mouth of the Mississippi was closed to Confederate trade.

Nasser Suez Canal Crisis

Dec 17, 1955, the U.S. offered Egypt a loan to build the Aswan High Dam, withdrawing its offer after Egypt accepted Soviet Union aid and Pres. Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal to use tolls to build the dam. On Oct 31, Israel invaded Egypt with French and British aircraft. This angered the US (its feelings were hurt) and the US told GB and France to give the canal back to Egypt; Britain's role as world leader was eviscerated.

Civil Rights Act of 1960

Eisenhower signed this bill to appease strong southern resistance and only slightly strengthened the first measures provisions. Neither act was able to empower federal officials to register the right to vote for African-Americans and was not effective.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Eisenhower signed this bill to establish a permanent commission on civil rights with investigative powers but it did not guarantee a ballot for blacks. It was the first civil-rights bill to be enacted after Reconstruction which was supported by most non-southern whites.

HEW (Department of health, education, and welfare)

Eisenhower transformed the Federal Securities Agency into this and gave it cabinet rank in 1953. This agency allowed for the reorganization of government in order to achieve greater efficiency and a better economy.

Election of 1956

Eisenhower was more popular than his own party as the Democratic Party won majorities in both houses of Congress that would last until 1994. The apparent domination of Congress by the Democrats was somewhat of an illusion as conservative southern Democrats often sided with conservative Republicans to form a majority to stop anything too liberal.

Amendment 12

Election of President and Vice President, Revision of Electoral College

Common Market

Established 1958 by the Treaty of Rome to set up a wide customs union in 1968 and was joined by Great Britain in 1972. The EEC developed world wide trading relations between European nations providing for a more solidified Europe, another symbol of rearrangement of power after WWII.

Amendment 1

Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Assembly, Petition

OAS (Organization of American States)

From the Charter of Bogota regional association was established with US and Latin America states and formed an Inter-American conference, a Consultative Conference of Foreign Ministers, a Council with a delegate from each state, and a Secretariat and Commissions.

Amendment 16

Gave Congress power to collect taxes on income

Amendment 23

Gave residents of Washington D.C the right to vote in presidental elections

Little Rock Arkansas Crisis

Governor Orval E. Faubus sent the National Guard to bar nine black students from entering Central High School in Arkansas in 1957. Eisenhower then enforced a new court order that forced the men to withdraw, and a mob of whites reacted by preventing the students from entering the school. Then The National Guard was sent to protect the students from the violence for the rest of the school year. All public schools were then shut down in 1958-59.

Jimmy Hoffa

He became president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters in 1957. Jury tampering was found after he was sentenced to thirteen years in prison for the fraudulent use of the union pension fund. After losing his appeals, he was sentenced in 1967 but only served about four years and nine months in prison.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

He provided Americans with the stability they craved, and labeled his credo "Modern Republicanism." In general, he was conservative on monetary issues and liberal "when it came to human beings" - so-called "dynamic conservatism." During his term as president, he backed the most extensive public-works program in U.S. history: the Interstate Highway Act and also extended social security benefits and raised the minimum wage but he was personally opposed to civil rights.

Hiram Revels

He was the first African-American senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Born to free black parents in North Carolina, he worked as a minister throughout the South before entering politics. After serving for just one year, he returned to Mississippi to head a college for African American males.

Bill Cody

Headed the most popular wild west show, begun in 1883. Very distinctly American, showed off war whooping Indians and shooting talent

AFL-CIO merger

In 1955, this brought 85% of all union members into a single administrative unit, which promised aggressive unionism under the leadership of AFL's George Meany as president and CIO's Walter Reuther as vice-president. However, the movement was unable to achieve its old level of success due to the Taft-Hartley Act.

Ulysses S. Grant

In March 1864, Lincoln finally found this general that he trusted to command the war effort. He shared Lincoln's belief in unremitting combat and in making enemy armies and resources, not enemy territory, the target of military efforts.

ICBM

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Fiscal management

It rejected an extreme step to the right side of politics and a return to the pre-New Deal policies. Also, it abandoned the goal of a balanced budget in favor of increased spending to restore prosperity.

Eisenhower Doctrine

January 5, 1957, Eisenhower made a speech to the joint House of Congress to limit communist expansion. Authorized March 7, this allowed the president to extend economic and military aid to certain nations as well as use of $200 million mutual security funds.

Gettysburg, PA

Largest battle in the Western Hemisphere. Where General Pickett gave a pep talk to 15,000 CSA soldiers and sent them on a charge to die.

Chief Joseph

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations.

Thomas Stonewall Jackson

Led a Confederate army that staged a rapid march north through the Shenandoah Valley, as if preparing to cross the Potomac and attack Washington. They army was able to defeat two Union forces and slip away before McDowell could catch them.

Youth Rebellion

Led by the 'Beats", this youth movement in the US rejected middle-class American values, customs and taste, especially ones of conformity and security in favor of radical politics, mystical religions, and exotic music, art and literature. These outliers that started in the 1950s would evolve and mature (like the Baby Boomers themselves) into the turbulence of the 1960s.

Amendment 18

Liquor Abolished

Vicksburg, MS

Location of a Union victory that gave them control of the Mississippi River

Antietam, MD

Location of a battle in Maryland won by the Union won only because Lee's plans were found; Lincoln used the victory to deliver his Emancipation Proclamation

Andersonville, GA

Location of one of the largest of many established prison camps during the American Civil War. Built early in 1864, more than 45,000 Union soldiers were kept here, nearly 13,000 died from disease, poor sanitation, malnutrition, or exposure to the elements.

Little Big Horn River (1876)

Location where Colonel George Armstrong Custer attacked 2,500 Sioux warriors during the Sioux War of 1876-1877.

U-2 Incident

May 3, 1960, the USSR announced an American U-2 plane was shot down in Soviet territory. May 5, NASA released a cover story of a lost weather research plane. May 7, pilot Francis Gary Powers confessed to being a CIA spy. May 11 Eisenhower admitted to authorization of U-2 flights explaining that they were cheaper than military buildup.

Amendment 8

No Cruel and Unusual Punishment

Amendment 3

No Quartering of Soldiers

Bricker Amendment

On January 7, 1954, Senator John W. Bricker proposed this constitutional amendment to limit the executive power of the president. His proposal called for a limit on the power of the president to negotiate treaties and executive agreements. Rejected February 26, 1954 by one vote in the Senate.

William T. Sherman

One of the leaders of one of the two great offensives for 1864. In Georgia, the western army, under this man, would advance toward Atlanta and destroy the remaining Confederate force, now under the command of Joseph E. Johnston.

NDEA Act (National Defense Education Act)

Passed in 1958 to provide $300 million in loans to students of undergraduate and graduate status, funds for training teachers, and for the development of new instructional material to ensure a higher level of national security. It also began to provide lump sum grants to colleges for the purpose of developing better weapons for national security.

Landrum-Griffin Act

Passed in 1959 to regulate the government of unions, guarantee members' rights, provisions for anti-corruption, and fair elections. Enacted due to the concern of financial misconduct on the part of union officials and connected to gangsters and organized crime.

Amendment 17

People Elect the Senators

Amendment 10

Powers of the States and People

George B. McCllelan

Presidential nomination by the Democrats to run against Lincoln. He was a celebrated former Union general, and adopted a platform, for what it's worth, denouncing the war and calling for a truce. However, the Democrats were clearly the peace party in the campaign, trying to profit from the growing war weariness.

Amendment 25

Presidential succession, vice presidential vacancy, and presidential disability

Amendment 20

Presidential, Congressional Terms, Lame Duck -- shortened the period of time between presidential election and inauguration

Amendment 4

Protection from illegal searches & seizures

Amendment 27

Provides that Congress' member can't increase their salary until the next election.

George Meade

Replaced Hooker in heading ther Union army of the potomac, starting June 28, 1863. Met the Confederate army, led by Lee, in Gettysburg, PA. There on July 1-3, 1863, they fought the most celebrated battle of the war. He ended up winning when Lee surrendered.

Amendment 6

Right to a Speedy Trial

Amendment 2

Right to keep and bear arms

Amendment 5

Right's Protection of The Accused, No Double Jeopardy, Due Process

Massive Retaliation (know mutually assured destruction)

Secretary of State John Foster Dulles assigned the Strategic Air Command as the primary deterrent for Soviet attack. Great Britain, Turkey, and Italy stationed intermediate-range nuclear weapons in their countries to provide for a capacity for?

Interstate Highway Act

Signed by Eisenhower, this was the largest and most expensive public-works system in American history that allowed for the building of 41,000 miles of expressways in 1956. Allowed for suburban growth, the decay of central cities, a constant source for employment in the road construction industry, and an increased reliance on cars and therefore dependence on gasoline.

Amendment 13

Slavery Abolished

Amendment 11

States can not be sued in federal court

Jefferson Davis

Struggled to form a solid government for the CSA to be governed by. He worked hard with solidating the civil government and carrying out military operations. - Defended slavery on every point - President of CSA - Favored southern route for transcontinental railroad and encouraged Gadsden Purchase

Abilene, KS

The 'cowtown' at the end of Chisholm Trail, where trains picked up cattle to take them east to be sold. Shotgun committees would block railroads from having tick-infested cattle enter into their state.

Sputnik

The Soviet Union launched this first satellite into orbit on October 4, 1957. Humiliated at being upstaged by the Russians, the U.S. reshaped the educational system in efforts to produce the large numbers of scientists and engineers than Russia had. In addition, to better make scientific advancements, NASA was created in 1958. Created by Congress, it brought a national aeronautics agency to administer nonmilitary space research and exploration.

Separate but equal

The Supreme Court (following the enactment of the Nuremberg Laws) said that it had no place in schools, so it ordered the desegregation of schools, navy yards and veteran's hospitals. Enacted because of the inferiority complex given to blacks, it set forth an attempt to liberalize without losing control so as not to create a violent backlash by those used to the current racist system in place.

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka

The case in which the Supreme Court reversed Plessy v. Ferguson in 1954 by ruling in favor of the desegregation of schools. The court held that "separate but equal" violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and was unconstitutional. Refusing to force the white south to accept the ruling, defiance toward the law sprang up. Many southerners saw it as "an abuse of judiciary power."

Military Industrial Complex

The demands of national security had produced the symbiotic relationship of immense military establishment and industry. These intertwined interests helped lead to leverage in government and threatened subordination to the military and the constant fear of overseas threat to enhance military development. In Ike's final address to the nation as its president, Eisenhower warned the nation against the growing power of this as defense spending more than tripled during his two terms in office.

Fort Sumter, SC

The location of a 14 hour long bombardment, during which one horse tragically gave the ultimate sacrifice for God and Country. Was dramatic enough to get NC and VA to join the CSA

1955 Geneva Summit

The meeting of "Four Powers," US, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. Also present was Khrushchev, the 1st Secretary of the Communist Party. Decided to reunify Germany (some day), and on disarmament, and how to improve relations between east and west.

Claudette Colvin

The pregnant 17 year old who was the first to refuse to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery. Rosa Parks copied her demonstration while the cameras were rolling.

Richmond, VA

The second capital of the CSA

Film Noire

The term used to describe the downbeat and dark themes of the films of the late 1940s and 1950s. These films reflected the tensions and insecurities of the time period - fear, mistrust, bleakness, loss of innocence, and despair were all part of this genre, reflecting the chill of the Cold War period when the threat of instant nuclear annihilation was ever-present.

brinkmanship (It was also dubbed "Mutually Assured Destruction" M.A.D.)

This is another of the policies of John Foster Dulles that caused considerable controversy during the Cold War. Dulles declared that the United States must be prepared to "go to the brink" of war in order to attain its objectives. This stance was labeled what?

Amendment 7

Trial by Jury in Civil Cases

Election of 1952

Truman would not seek reelection. The Democrats drafted Adlai Stevenson, who was unsuccessful. In reality, the Democrats could have chosen anybody and they would not have been successful against Eisenhower. The Republicans decided to back the war hero Dwight D. Eisenhower who chose Nixon as his running mate. The GOP controlled both houses.

Amendment 9

Unenumerated rights (the people hold more rights than those only listed in the Constitution), Rights Retained by the People

Amendment 26

Voting Age Set to 18 Years

the West

Was originally referred to as the "Great American Desert," but after the Civil War it was affectionately called the "frontier."

Montgomery, AL

Was the og capital of the CSA

Amendment 19

Women's Suffrage, women gain the right to vote

Helen Hunt Jackson

an author who wrote A Century of Dishonor which chronicled the government's actions against the Indians. She also wrote Romona, which was a love story about Indians. Her writing helped inspire sympathy towards the Indians, but not until 17 million had already died.

Bret Harte

author from the west; wrote gold-rush stories like "The Luck of Roaring Camp" and "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"

Abraham Lincoln

nicknamed "Old Abe" and "Honest Abe"; born in Kentucky to impoverished parents and mainly self-educated; a Springfield lawyer. Republicans chose him to run against Senator Douglas (a Democrat) in the senatorial elections of 1858. Although he loss victory to senatorship that year, Lincoln came to be one of the most prominent northern politicians and emerged as a Republican nominee for president. Although he won the presidential elections of 1860, he was a minority and sectional president (he was not allowed on the ballot in ten southern states). - Abhorred slavery but not an abolitionist, only wanting to prevent its spreading - Didn't believe blacks and whites were equal

Amendment 14

rights of citizens: 1)all persons born in the united states are granted citizenship, 2) no state can deny any person the equal protection of the laws, 3)no state can deny any person life, liberty, property without due process of law

Samuel Tilden

A New York lawyer who rose to fame by bagging big boss Tweed, a notorious New York political boss in New York. Was nominated for President in 1876 by the Democratic party because of his clean up image. This election was so close that it led to the compromise of 1877. Even though he had more popular votes the compromise gave presidency to the Republicans and allowed the Democrats to stop reconstruction in the south.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Republican leader and one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives. He was chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee,and a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader who dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War. He was majorly pissed at the confederacy because his iron works was destroyed in the war.

Gunnar Myrdal

A Swedish economist who wrote about anticipated changes in race relations, as well as the problems between the races in 1944. He specifically noted that Black veterans returned with very high expectations from civilian life due to war against fascism and totalitarianism.

Preemptive strike

A plan of acting first with nuclear or conventional weapons as a defensive action.

Andrew Johnson

A political leader of the nineteenth century. He was elected vice president in 1864 and became president when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865. Heis one of two presidents to have been impeached; the House of Representatives charged him with illegally dismissing a government official. The Senate tried him, and he was acquitted by only one vote. (he opposed radical republicans who passed reconstruction acts over his veto, and also wanted wealthy southerners to personally apologize to him for starting the war)

the Black Hills

A rush in this area from 1874-'76 occurred when an army under Colonel George Armstrong Custer went to prove there was no gold in this area but ended up finding massive amounts. Gamblers, miners, desperados, and prostitutes flocked to Deadwood, and the Sioux were forced out.

Peaceful Coexistence

A term applied to the actions of the US under Eisenhower and USSR under Khrushchev for maintaining peace and reducing the possibility of war between the two nations. The implementation of the phrase is seen in the Geneva Summit where the "spirit of Geneva" was one of peace and collaboration to create a secure and peaceful world. March 1959 the USSR and the U.S agreed to suspend atomic testing in many situations.

Amendment 24

Abolition of Poll Tax in National Elections