Organ and Body Systems
Explain how negative feedback is used to regulate internal body temperature.
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A person has pneumonia and the gas exchange between the blood in their lungs and the air is decreased. What will this to do the levels of carbon dioxide in their blood?
Carbon dioxide levels in the blood will increase.
Describe how epithelial tissues are classified.
Classified by shape/type and size/number of layers
Endocrine System
Consists of glands to and cells that secrete hormones Hormones regulate body and cell growth, cope with stress Works with other organs to help body maintain homeostasis Directs or controls other organ systems
Circulatory System
Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood Works with the respiratory system to deliver gases to the body Blood distributes hormones and nutrients to the cells Picks up waste produced by the cells
Describe the characteristics of epithelial tissues.
Densely packed with cells. Used to cover body surfaces, line internal organs and cavities. Can be squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
Describe the systems that help an animal exchange materials with its environment.
Digestive - absorbs nutrients into bloodstream/releases unabsorbed materials; Respiratory - absorbs O2 into the bloodstream and releases CO2; Urinary - removes metabolic wastes from bloodstream
Define a tissue and name the four main types of animal tissue.
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Describe the different types of connective tissues in the body.
Loose - most widespread, rope-like collagen and elastic fibers that are strong and resilient, helps to join skin to underlying tissue; Fibrous - has densely packed collagen fibers and forms tendons that attach muscle to bone; Adipose- stores fat in large closely packed cells held in a matrix of fibers. Cartilage - strong and flexible skeletal material, commonly surrounds the ends of bones; Bone - matrix of collage fibers, embedded in a hard mineral substance containing calcium, magnesium, and phosphate; Blood - transports substances throughout the body
Digestive System
Mechanically and chemically digests food materials Absorbs nutrients Expels waste products
When you see a cookie and decide that you want to eat it, it is the __________ system that enables you to grab the cookie.
Nervous
Do hormones regulate the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood?
No
Nervous System
Perceives sensory stimuli, integrates response and generate appropriate response Helps control all other systems of the body Responsible for consciousness, intelligence, and memory
Urinary System
Processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in the nephrons Concentrates waste products in form of urine Maintains proper concentrations of electrolytes, pH, & water Expels urine from the body
Muscular System
Produces body movement Generates heat when muscles contract
Reproductive System
Produces sex cells and primary sex hormones Transfers sperm or receives sperm Site of fertilization, growth and development of fetus
Integumentary System
Provides protection against pathogens and water loss Regulates body temperature Allows sensation of heat, pain, touch, hot/cold Makes precursor to vitamin D
Skeletal System
Provides support and protects internal organs Site of blood cell production Store calcium and phosphorus Movement (with muscular system)
Respiratory System
Responsible for exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and the air, and between the blood and body cells
Describe nervous tissue, including the location and function.
Senses stimuli and transmits information, neurons carry signals by electrical impulses, other cells: insulate axons, nourish neurons, regulate fluid around neurons.
Name the different types of muscle tissue and state where they are located.
Skeletal - attached to the bones by tendons; causes voluntary movements; Cardiac - forms contractile tissues of the heart; pumps blood Smooth - moves walls of internal organs, like intestines, responsible for involuntary activities like movement of food thru digestive track;
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Temperature regulation
Describe the levels of organization in an animal's body.
Tissues - integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function. Organs - perform a specific task and consist of two or more tissues Organ systems - consist of multiple organs that together perform a vital body function Organism - composed of organ systems, each of which has a vital function
Lymphatic/Immune System
Transport lymph Filters lymph for pathogens Initiates immune response if pathogens are found
Describe the function of epithelial tissues.
Used to cover body surfaces, line internal organs and cavities
Is the digestive system is responsible for the absorption of nutrients from the food we eat.
Yes
Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?
adipose
Explain what is meant by internal environment of the body; define interstitial fluid.
cells not exposed to the external, this internal must provide the cells with all the materials and remove waste produced. interstitial fluid - fluid that surrounds the cells; absorbed nutrients move from bloodstream to the fluid, then into the cells
Epithelial tissues
cover both external and internal body surfaces.
Which of the following is a major category of animal tissue?
epithelium
Which of the following items has a shape most like a squamous epithelial cell?
fried egg
Which of the following is an example of a tissue
heart muscle
The primary organ system that helps to regulate our body temperature is the
integumentary system
Structure in the living world is organized into hierarchical levels. Which of the following lists these from least inclusive to most inclusive?
molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Explain the function of muscle tissue in the body.
most abundant tissue in animals, functions in movement
Which is the most abundant kind of tissue in an animal, such as a gorilla?
muscle
Which type of tissue forms a communication and coordination system within the body?.
nervous
An organ system consists of
organs that collectively perform a vital body function.
Describe the characteristics of connective tissues.
smaller number of cells (compared to epithelium) scattered in an extracellular material called the matrix
Define the concept of homeostasis and illustrate it with examples.
the active maintenance of a steady state within the body; regulate internal conditions in spite of fluctuating conditions in the external environment.
Which organ system removes waste products from blood?
urinary