Organizational Ethics - Final LEAD 3133

The ______ is the tendency to live up to the expectations others place on us

Pygmalion effect

Bringing warring groups together begins with

recalling the past and rendering a judgment

______, the obligation to repay others, is a universal norm of human society that encourages cooperation

reciprocation

Justice in the workplace takes all of these forms EXCEPT

relational

The three components of organizational citizenship include all of the following EXCEPT

reliability

______ describes perceptions of consistent and dependable behavior

reliability

______ describes consistent attempts to draw attention to a problem over an extended period of time.

repetition

Someone who values ______ appreciates dependability.

responsibility

With ______, the person takes concrete steps to aid the victim.

restitution

All of the following are components of the 5-R model for evaluating apologies EXCEPT:

revaluating

______ leaders are unable to accept new ideas.

rigid

______ climates are governed by the policies, rules, and procedures developed in the organization

rules

______ means being conscious of, and trusting in, our motives, desires, feelings, and self-concept.

salf-awareness

______ is integral to altruistic leadership.

self-sacrifice

A ______ is a strong culture that holds values and norms very different from those held by the rest of the organization or society as a whole.

social cocoon

Bystander effect is an example of

social proof

A(n) ______ refers to the belief (positive or negative) that we hold about a particular group of people.

stereotype

______, are our beliefs about other groups of people, are closely related to ethnocentrism.

stereotypes

______ refers to acting on behalf of others

stewardship

In ______ conflict, participants argue about the proposal before the group.

substantive

Ethical pluralism refers to

the combining of perspectives to resolve ethical problems

Externally oriented people (externals) believe that life events are beyond their control and are the product of fate or luck instead

true

Hard power uses bonuses, raises, or threats to get people to go along.

true

Hiding suffering is one way to disregard the consequences of harmful actions and reduce the likelihood of self-recrimination.

true

Impression management can be compared to a performance on a stage

true

Impression management can be used to reach immoral ends.

true

In co-optation, leaders offer rewards that reduce newcomers' discomfort with unethical behavior

true

In the West, Greek Philosopher Aristotle (383-322 B.C.) argued that ethical decisions are the product of individual character.

true

Leaders spend a great deal of their time in small groups.

true

Machiavellians are skilled at manipulating others

true

Many of history's villains are traitors.

true

Masculine cultures maintain clearly defined sex roles.

true

More and more academics are studying the link between spiritual values and practices and organizational performance

true

One of the cautions of servant leaders is the focus on followers.

true

One of the cautions of utilitarianism is that there may be unanticipated consequences.

true

Supervisors and instructors signal positive expectations by giving adequate time to employees and students, holding appointments in pleasant surroundings, sitting or standing close to workers or class members, nodding and smiling, making frequent eye contact, and using a warm tone of voice.

true

Supporters of globalization point to free trade producing wealth as a benefit.

true

Taoism has the most to say about the abuse of power and privilege.

true

The positive outcomes of forgiving are experienced in the deepening phase of the forgiveness process

true

Those who use maintaining norms moral reasoning schema are concerned with following rules and laws and making sure that regulations apply to everyone.

true

Values, though critical, have to be translated into action

true

Virtues operate independently of the particular situation.

true

______ is confidence in the character and truthfulness of the organization and its representatives.

trust

The first phase of the four-stage model of forgiveness is ______, a victim may initially deny that a problem exists.

uncovering

______ provide a frame of reference, helping us to set priorities and to determine right from wrong

values

All of the following are components of Virginia Held's model EXCEPT:

values integrity

______ means attacking the person instead of the argument

verbal aggression

All of the following are important features of virtues EXCEPT:

virtues are best learned in early childhood

Being ______ makes them sensitive to ethical issues and encourages them to act morally.

virtuous

______ draws upon knowledge and experience to promote the common good over both the short-term and the long-term.

wisdom

______ believe that leaders have a right to demand obedience, and it is their belief in the legitimacy of the leader that triggers their obedience.

Authoritarians

Diverse followers, varying levels of relationships, and elements of the situation make ______ an ethical burden of leadership.

consistency

Most people are at the ______ level of moral reasoning

conventiona

______ can encourage us to endure in the face of hardship, such as physical disability or an economic setback.

courage

______ are voluntary agreements between leaders and followers.

covenants

All of the following are suggestions for addressing the ethical challenges of virtual teams EXCEPT

create very large groups

Along with taking stock of the potential moral pitfalls of globalization, leaders need to recognize that ______ makes ethical decision-making even harder.

cultural diversity

In the ______, aggression provokes retaliation which in turn provokes further aggression

cycle of evil

Leaders act irresponsibly when they fail to

make reasonable efforts to prevent misdeeds on the part of their followers

The dimension of Hofstede's model that reflects attitudes toward the roles of men and women is called ______ versus ______.

masculinity/femininity

According to the ______, leaders often become victims of their own successes

Bathsheba Syndrome

Which of the following is true of forgiveness?

Takes place over an extended period of time

Donna Ladkin identifies three components that contribute to a beautiful leadership performance, which are all of the following EXCEPT

clarity

______ refers to the fact that organization members desire connection to others.

community

______ is an orientation that puts others ahead of the self.

compassion

Diffusing or spreading out responsibility also lessens personal accountability for immoral behavior

true

Employers are also gathering more and more information about employee behavior both on and off the job.

true

All of the following are cautions of pragmatism EXCEPT

assures that communities will develop similar standards

All of the following are examples of the common characteristics of moral exemplars EXCEPT:

production

Which common spiritual practice involves self-examination?

. Engaging in reflective practice

______ leaders lack self-control and are enabled by followers who don't want to intervene or can't.

. Intemperate

A leader submits a false expense report, thinking he deserves the extra money because of his importance to the company. Which type of faulty assumption is he demonstrating?

. faulty theories about ourselves

In the ______, group members falsely believe that everyone supports a decision

Abilene paradox

______ socialization begins before an individual joins a new organization or organizational unit and is shaped by past work experiences, friends, families, and other factors.

Anticipatory

______ encompasses all the skills needed to make responsible ethical choices, including moral awareness, moral understanding, moral reasoning and dialogue, and the resolution of competing arguments and demands.

Cognitive decision-making competence

______ engage in destructive behavior while obeying their leaders.

Conformers

Which type of thinker looks to others for guidance when deciding how to act?

Conventional

Which "face of evil" is a form of narcissism (self-centeredness)?

Deception approach

______ is creating a master-servant relationship in which bosses can do whatever they want because they feel superior.

Deification

Effective ethics training can typically do all of these EXCEPT

Develop negotiation skills

______ and ______ are self-conscious emotions

Embarrassment/guilt

______________ is the conviction that we have motivation and skills to make an ethical choice and follow through on it.

Ethical efficacy

______ is the tendency to see the world from our point of view.

Ethnocentrism

______ altruistic behaviors include providing training, technical assistance, and mentoring.

Individual-focused

Which "face of evil" focuses on the power of situational factors to produce evildoing?

Evil as ordinary approach

______ cultures are more likely to stress interdependence, intuition, and concern for others.

Feminine

_____ is a concern about future consequences of actions for this and future generations.

Generativity

According to ______, what is right for one is right for all.

Kant

From a ______ perspective, businesses and other organizations function as moral communities in which members have a significant voice in the rules and policies that govern them.

Kantian

______ theory is based on the notion that a leader develops a closer relationship with one group of followers than with others.

LMX

______ claim the right or authority to make a request; aligning the request with the organization's rules, policies, and traditions.

Legitimating tactics

Which of the following was identified as a weakness of the 12 questions process

May not reach a conclusion

______ altruistic attitudes and actions include demonstrating commitment and loyalty, protecting organizational resources, and whistleblowing.

Organizational-focused

______ leaders care for the welfare of subordinates at the expense of organizational goals.

Supportive/disloyal

______ must exert upward influence to shape the actions, attitudes, and behaviors of their leaders if they are to function as effective, ethical followers

Subordinates

A research scientist would be a prototype or example of which value orientation?

Theoretical

Which habit emphasizes a cooperative approach to communication

Think win/win

______ is the recognition that employees have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.

Workplace spirituality

Verbal aggressiveness has been linked to spousal abuse and family violence and has been found to reduce student learning and instructor credibility

True

Impression management is integral to effective leadership because followers have images of ideal leaders called

prototypes

The ______ thinkers value form and harmony.

aesthetic

Which of the following is a danger posed by workplace spirituality?

all

All of the following are examples of internal enemies or monsters, EXCEPT:

anxiety

Leaders generally rely on ______ when they want to influence others who take a different side on controversial issues like immigration reform or tax increases

arguments

According to the GLOBE study, ______ cultures encourage individuals to be tough and competitive.

assertive

According to the Lonergan/Baird Method, Step 1 is to ______ and consider what works and what doesn't

be attentive

According to Mary Gentile from Giving Voice to Values, all of the following are examples of pillars that help us make ethical choices EXCEPT

be empathetic in your decision-making

All of the following are steps in the Lonergan/Baird method EXCEPT:

be encouraging

Treating others with respect and promoting their development is the most important Confucian virtue of ______.

benevolence

______ is a central value of Confucianism

benevolence

______ is kindness toward others, desire to promote the happiness, and prosperity of employees.

benevolence

The Dark Triad of leadership are all of the following personality disorders EXCEPT:

borderline personality

______ leaders are uncaring or unkind, ignoring or downplaying the needs, wants, and wishes of followers.

callous

All of the following are examples of hardship events that leaders face EXCEPT:

career advancement

______ climates emphasize concern or care for others

caring

The term ______ means "without exception

categorical

Determining the actor is one of Kidder's nine ethical checkpoints

true

In the ______ stage of forgiveness, the forgiver recognizes the high price he or she is paying for dwelling on the injury.

decision

In the four-stage model of forgiveness, at the _____ step, the injured party realizes he or she is paying a high price for dwelling on the injury and considers possibilities.

decision

With the concept of ______, the idea is that it is easier to mistreat others if they are seen as less than fully human.

dehumanization

______ leaders act against the interests of both subordinates and the organization.

derailed

______ is putting members of selected groups, such as women, minorities, disabled employees, older workers, and homeless people, at a disadvantage

discrimination

The 911 operators demonstrate the importance of ______ listening.

discriminative

______ group members are those who are inflexible and claim to have all the answers

dogmatic

______ and ______ represent the power of leaders to either illuminate the lives of their followers or cast them in darkness.

light/shadow

According to Hunter and Boster, ______ highlights the way in which leaders must balance the cost of using a tactic against the goal they seek.

emotional-ethical threshold

One of the consequences of mismanaged agreement is continuing to pursue a failed course of action, which is called ______.

escalation of commitment

Deceiving ourselves into thinking we are acting morally when we are not is called

ethical fading

______ leader leaves followers unsure where he or she stands on moral issues.

ethically neutral

______ is likely to continue when others fail to intervene to stop it.

evil

______ is how much a person expects that his or her effort will lead to high group performance.

expectancy

Groups suffering from groupthink exhibit which of the following?

fail to seek consensus

"The United States imprisons too many of its citizens," is a form of grounds, according to Toulmin's model.

false

Affective conflict promotes good group decisions

false

Authentic apologies are frequently vague.

false

Derailed leaders reach organizational goals while abusing followers.

false

Followers may unintentionally cast shadows because they lack the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience.

false

Greece is an example of a low uncertainty avoidant society.

false

Humble leaders have low self-esteem.

false

In ethical problem-solving groups, therapeutic listening is more important than other types of listening

false

In evil as ordinary group, members draw a mental circle.

false

Inaccurate or incomplete citation of sources and quotations is an example of faculty reasoning in your position.

false

Leaders are either transactional or transformational

false

Moral justification involves comparing unethical or criminal acts with even worse activities, thus making them appear more tolerable.

false

One of the advantages of Nash's 12 questions is that it ignores implementation.

false

Pessimists put their groups, organizations, and countries at risk because their dreams and visions are unrealistic and can't be implemented.

false

Powerful leaders are not prone to biased judgments

false

Pseudo-transformational leaders promote cooperation and harmony

false

Religion and spirituality are interchangeable terms.

false

Someone who values humility appreciates new ideas and creations.

false

The hypocritical leader is not clearly seen as either ethical or unethical

false

The principle of reciprocity is based on the idea that most of us recognize that we are more likely to comply with the requests of people we like.

false

To forgive, we must forget past wrongs and move on.

false

U.S. workers prefer leaders who rely on legitimate power.

false

Utilitarianism seeks to minimize harm for the greatest number of people

false

According to the Global Business Standards Codex, the ______ principle acts on behalf of the company and its investors

fiduciary

In the four strands that explain how warring groups can bind together, ______ means to reject revenge in favor of restraint.

forbearance

All of the following are suggestions for resisting groupthink, EXCEPT

give the team strict time limits

The United Nations recently launched the ______ to encourage multinational corporations to honor human rights, labor rights, and the environment while, at the same time, fighting corruption.

global compact

______ is a characteristic of someone who is driven to earn more and accumulate additional perks.

greed

The following are all examples of functional atheism EXCEPT:

group pressure

______ are repeated behaviors or routines that foster virtuous behavior.

habits

______ power uses inducements (bonuses, raises) and threats (arrests, firings) to get people to go along, while ______ power is based on attracting others rather than forcing them or inducing them to comply.

hard/soft

______ is the extent to which a culture encourages and honors people for being altruistic, caring, kind, fair, and generous

humane orientation

All of the following are strategies for improving organization-wide performance through self-efficacy EXCEPT:

improving emotional intelligence

According to LMX, the ______ have high levels of trust, mutual influence, and support that characterize their exchanges with the leader.

in-groups

Transformational leaders act as coaches or mentors who foster personal development. This is referred to as

individualized consideration

Former U.S. President Bill Clinton behaved in a/an ______ manner when he didn't intervene in the Rwandan genocide that took the lives of 800,000-1 million people in 1994.

insular

______ leaders draw a clear boundary between the welfare of his or her immediate group or organization and outsiders.

insular

Leaders with ______ are honest in their dealings with others

integrity

Individuals with a/an ______ locus of control believe that they can determine what happens to them

internal

With moral ______, leaders persuade themselves that their harmful behavior is actually moral and beneficial.

justification

______ ethical climates are driven by external criteria like professional codes of conduct

law and order

According to the text, ______ is a mixed blessing.

leadership

All of the following are psychological subprocesses according to James Rest, EXCEPT

moral competence

__ are made up of moral crises and moral confrontations.

moral episodes

In ______, organizational members want to appear moral instead of being moral.

moral hypocrisy

For those with a highly developed sense of ______, to betray their ethical values is to betray themselves.

moral identity

All of the following are applications of Kant's perspective EXCEPT

moral obligations may conflict with one another

Extreme ______ have a "grandiose sense of self-importance," believe that they are special, like attention, constantly seek positive feedback, lack empathy, and feel entitled to their power and positions.

narcissists

Which habit is based on the idea that "all things are created twice"?

none

Which of the following is a true statement about authentic leadership?

none

All of the following were identified in the text as signs of selfishness EXCEPT

obsession

All of the following are examples of conformers EXCEPT:

opportunists

______ are more willing to face the reality of defeat.

optimists

All of the following are ethical blind spots EXCEPT

out-group favoritism

______ transactional leaders wait for problems to arise before taking action, or they avoid taking any action at all

passive

______ is the degree to which a society encourages and rewards group members for improving performance and demonstrating excellence

performance orientation

To which two leadership shadows does Taoism speaks MOST directly?

power and privilege

______ refers to prejudging of out-group members based on prior experiences and beliefs.

prejudice

Leaders almost always enjoy greater ______ than followers do

privileges

______ followers do not wait to be asked

proactive

According to Kassing's five strategies, ______ is vowing to quit in order to get the management to respond.

threatening resignation

Our moral identity is both a ______ and a ______.

trait/state

Deontological ethicists argue that we ought to make choices based on our duties.

tru

A great deal of destructive leadership behavior is driven by self-centeredness, which manifests itself through pride and greed.

true

According to the Foursquare Protocol Element 1, you need to dig into the facts

true

According to the four steps of principled negotiation, combining the people from the problem is the first step

true

Altruism appears to be a universal value.

true

Conformity is a problem for many small groups.

true