Organizational Ethics - Final LEAD 3133
The ______ is the tendency to live up to the expectations others place on us
Pygmalion effect
Bringing warring groups together begins with
recalling the past and rendering a judgment
______, the obligation to repay others, is a universal norm of human society that encourages cooperation
reciprocation
Justice in the workplace takes all of these forms EXCEPT
relational
The three components of organizational citizenship include all of the following EXCEPT
reliability
______ describes perceptions of consistent and dependable behavior
reliability
______ describes consistent attempts to draw attention to a problem over an extended period of time.
repetition
Someone who values ______ appreciates dependability.
responsibility
With ______, the person takes concrete steps to aid the victim.
restitution
All of the following are components of the 5-R model for evaluating apologies EXCEPT:
revaluating
______ leaders are unable to accept new ideas.
rigid
______ climates are governed by the policies, rules, and procedures developed in the organization
rules
______ means being conscious of, and trusting in, our motives, desires, feelings, and self-concept.
salf-awareness
______ is integral to altruistic leadership.
self-sacrifice
A ______ is a strong culture that holds values and norms very different from those held by the rest of the organization or society as a whole.
social cocoon
Bystander effect is an example of
social proof
A(n) ______ refers to the belief (positive or negative) that we hold about a particular group of people.
stereotype
______, are our beliefs about other groups of people, are closely related to ethnocentrism.
stereotypes
______ refers to acting on behalf of others
stewardship
In ______ conflict, participants argue about the proposal before the group.
substantive
Ethical pluralism refers to
the combining of perspectives to resolve ethical problems
Externally oriented people (externals) believe that life events are beyond their control and are the product of fate or luck instead
true
Hard power uses bonuses, raises, or threats to get people to go along.
true
Hiding suffering is one way to disregard the consequences of harmful actions and reduce the likelihood of self-recrimination.
true
Impression management can be compared to a performance on a stage
true
Impression management can be used to reach immoral ends.
true
In co-optation, leaders offer rewards that reduce newcomers' discomfort with unethical behavior
true
In the West, Greek Philosopher Aristotle (383-322 B.C.) argued that ethical decisions are the product of individual character.
true
Leaders spend a great deal of their time in small groups.
true
Machiavellians are skilled at manipulating others
true
Many of history's villains are traitors.
true
Masculine cultures maintain clearly defined sex roles.
true
More and more academics are studying the link between spiritual values and practices and organizational performance
true
One of the cautions of servant leaders is the focus on followers.
true
One of the cautions of utilitarianism is that there may be unanticipated consequences.
true
Supervisors and instructors signal positive expectations by giving adequate time to employees and students, holding appointments in pleasant surroundings, sitting or standing close to workers or class members, nodding and smiling, making frequent eye contact, and using a warm tone of voice.
true
Supporters of globalization point to free trade producing wealth as a benefit.
true
Taoism has the most to say about the abuse of power and privilege.
true
The positive outcomes of forgiving are experienced in the deepening phase of the forgiveness process
true
Those who use maintaining norms moral reasoning schema are concerned with following rules and laws and making sure that regulations apply to everyone.
true
Values, though critical, have to be translated into action
true
Virtues operate independently of the particular situation.
true
______ is confidence in the character and truthfulness of the organization and its representatives.
trust
The first phase of the four-stage model of forgiveness is ______, a victim may initially deny that a problem exists.
uncovering
______ provide a frame of reference, helping us to set priorities and to determine right from wrong
values
All of the following are components of Virginia Held's model EXCEPT:
values integrity
______ means attacking the person instead of the argument
verbal aggression
All of the following are important features of virtues EXCEPT:
virtues are best learned in early childhood
Being ______ makes them sensitive to ethical issues and encourages them to act morally.
virtuous
______ draws upon knowledge and experience to promote the common good over both the short-term and the long-term.
wisdom
______ believe that leaders have a right to demand obedience, and it is their belief in the legitimacy of the leader that triggers their obedience.
Authoritarians
Diverse followers, varying levels of relationships, and elements of the situation make ______ an ethical burden of leadership.
consistency
Most people are at the ______ level of moral reasoning
conventiona
______ can encourage us to endure in the face of hardship, such as physical disability or an economic setback.
courage
______ are voluntary agreements between leaders and followers.
covenants
All of the following are suggestions for addressing the ethical challenges of virtual teams EXCEPT
create very large groups
Along with taking stock of the potential moral pitfalls of globalization, leaders need to recognize that ______ makes ethical decision-making even harder.
cultural diversity
In the ______, aggression provokes retaliation which in turn provokes further aggression
cycle of evil
Leaders act irresponsibly when they fail to
make reasonable efforts to prevent misdeeds on the part of their followers
The dimension of Hofstede's model that reflects attitudes toward the roles of men and women is called ______ versus ______.
masculinity/femininity
According to the ______, leaders often become victims of their own successes
Bathsheba Syndrome
Which of the following is true of forgiveness?
Takes place over an extended period of time
Donna Ladkin identifies three components that contribute to a beautiful leadership performance, which are all of the following EXCEPT
clarity
______ refers to the fact that organization members desire connection to others.
community
______ is an orientation that puts others ahead of the self.
compassion
Diffusing or spreading out responsibility also lessens personal accountability for immoral behavior
true
Employers are also gathering more and more information about employee behavior both on and off the job.
true
All of the following are cautions of pragmatism EXCEPT
assures that communities will develop similar standards
All of the following are examples of the common characteristics of moral exemplars EXCEPT:
production
Which common spiritual practice involves self-examination?
. Engaging in reflective practice
______ leaders lack self-control and are enabled by followers who don't want to intervene or can't.
. Intemperate
A leader submits a false expense report, thinking he deserves the extra money because of his importance to the company. Which type of faulty assumption is he demonstrating?
. faulty theories about ourselves
In the ______, group members falsely believe that everyone supports a decision
Abilene paradox
______ socialization begins before an individual joins a new organization or organizational unit and is shaped by past work experiences, friends, families, and other factors.
Anticipatory
______ encompasses all the skills needed to make responsible ethical choices, including moral awareness, moral understanding, moral reasoning and dialogue, and the resolution of competing arguments and demands.
Cognitive decision-making competence
______ engage in destructive behavior while obeying their leaders.
Conformers
Which type of thinker looks to others for guidance when deciding how to act?
Conventional
Which "face of evil" is a form of narcissism (self-centeredness)?
Deception approach
______ is creating a master-servant relationship in which bosses can do whatever they want because they feel superior.
Deification
Effective ethics training can typically do all of these EXCEPT
Develop negotiation skills
______ and ______ are self-conscious emotions
Embarrassment/guilt
______________ is the conviction that we have motivation and skills to make an ethical choice and follow through on it.
Ethical efficacy
______ is the tendency to see the world from our point of view.
Ethnocentrism
______ altruistic behaviors include providing training, technical assistance, and mentoring.
Individual-focused
Which "face of evil" focuses on the power of situational factors to produce evildoing?
Evil as ordinary approach
______ cultures are more likely to stress interdependence, intuition, and concern for others.
Feminine
_____ is a concern about future consequences of actions for this and future generations.
Generativity
According to ______, what is right for one is right for all.
Kant
From a ______ perspective, businesses and other organizations function as moral communities in which members have a significant voice in the rules and policies that govern them.
Kantian
______ theory is based on the notion that a leader develops a closer relationship with one group of followers than with others.
LMX
______ claim the right or authority to make a request; aligning the request with the organization's rules, policies, and traditions.
Legitimating tactics
Which of the following was identified as a weakness of the 12 questions process
May not reach a conclusion
______ altruistic attitudes and actions include demonstrating commitment and loyalty, protecting organizational resources, and whistleblowing.
Organizational-focused
______ leaders care for the welfare of subordinates at the expense of organizational goals.
Supportive/disloyal
______ must exert upward influence to shape the actions, attitudes, and behaviors of their leaders if they are to function as effective, ethical followers
Subordinates
A research scientist would be a prototype or example of which value orientation?
Theoretical
Which habit emphasizes a cooperative approach to communication
Think win/win
______ is the recognition that employees have an inner life that nourishes and is nourished by meaningful work that takes place in the context of community.
Workplace spirituality
Verbal aggressiveness has been linked to spousal abuse and family violence and has been found to reduce student learning and instructor credibility
True
Impression management is integral to effective leadership because followers have images of ideal leaders called
prototypes
The ______ thinkers value form and harmony.
aesthetic
Which of the following is a danger posed by workplace spirituality?
all
All of the following are examples of internal enemies or monsters, EXCEPT:
anxiety
Leaders generally rely on ______ when they want to influence others who take a different side on controversial issues like immigration reform or tax increases
arguments
According to the GLOBE study, ______ cultures encourage individuals to be tough and competitive.
assertive
According to the Lonergan/Baird Method, Step 1 is to ______ and consider what works and what doesn't
be attentive
According to Mary Gentile from Giving Voice to Values, all of the following are examples of pillars that help us make ethical choices EXCEPT
be empathetic in your decision-making
All of the following are steps in the Lonergan/Baird method EXCEPT:
be encouraging
Treating others with respect and promoting their development is the most important Confucian virtue of ______.
benevolence
______ is a central value of Confucianism
benevolence
______ is kindness toward others, desire to promote the happiness, and prosperity of employees.
benevolence
The Dark Triad of leadership are all of the following personality disorders EXCEPT:
borderline personality
______ leaders are uncaring or unkind, ignoring or downplaying the needs, wants, and wishes of followers.
callous
All of the following are examples of hardship events that leaders face EXCEPT:
career advancement
______ climates emphasize concern or care for others
caring
The term ______ means "without exception
categorical
Determining the actor is one of Kidder's nine ethical checkpoints
true
In the ______ stage of forgiveness, the forgiver recognizes the high price he or she is paying for dwelling on the injury.
decision
In the four-stage model of forgiveness, at the _____ step, the injured party realizes he or she is paying a high price for dwelling on the injury and considers possibilities.
decision
With the concept of ______, the idea is that it is easier to mistreat others if they are seen as less than fully human.
dehumanization
______ leaders act against the interests of both subordinates and the organization.
derailed
______ is putting members of selected groups, such as women, minorities, disabled employees, older workers, and homeless people, at a disadvantage
discrimination
The 911 operators demonstrate the importance of ______ listening.
discriminative
______ group members are those who are inflexible and claim to have all the answers
dogmatic
______ and ______ represent the power of leaders to either illuminate the lives of their followers or cast them in darkness.
light/shadow
According to Hunter and Boster, ______ highlights the way in which leaders must balance the cost of using a tactic against the goal they seek.
emotional-ethical threshold
One of the consequences of mismanaged agreement is continuing to pursue a failed course of action, which is called ______.
escalation of commitment
Deceiving ourselves into thinking we are acting morally when we are not is called
ethical fading
______ leader leaves followers unsure where he or she stands on moral issues.
ethically neutral
______ is likely to continue when others fail to intervene to stop it.
evil
______ is how much a person expects that his or her effort will lead to high group performance.
expectancy
Groups suffering from groupthink exhibit which of the following?
fail to seek consensus
"The United States imprisons too many of its citizens," is a form of grounds, according to Toulmin's model.
false
Affective conflict promotes good group decisions
false
Authentic apologies are frequently vague.
false
Derailed leaders reach organizational goals while abusing followers.
false
Followers may unintentionally cast shadows because they lack the necessary knowledge, skills, and experience.
false
Greece is an example of a low uncertainty avoidant society.
false
Humble leaders have low self-esteem.
false
In ethical problem-solving groups, therapeutic listening is more important than other types of listening
false
In evil as ordinary group, members draw a mental circle.
false
Inaccurate or incomplete citation of sources and quotations is an example of faculty reasoning in your position.
false
Leaders are either transactional or transformational
false
Moral justification involves comparing unethical or criminal acts with even worse activities, thus making them appear more tolerable.
false
One of the advantages of Nash's 12 questions is that it ignores implementation.
false
Pessimists put their groups, organizations, and countries at risk because their dreams and visions are unrealistic and can't be implemented.
false
Powerful leaders are not prone to biased judgments
false
Pseudo-transformational leaders promote cooperation and harmony
false
Religion and spirituality are interchangeable terms.
false
Someone who values humility appreciates new ideas and creations.
false
The hypocritical leader is not clearly seen as either ethical or unethical
false
The principle of reciprocity is based on the idea that most of us recognize that we are more likely to comply with the requests of people we like.
false
To forgive, we must forget past wrongs and move on.
false
U.S. workers prefer leaders who rely on legitimate power.
false
Utilitarianism seeks to minimize harm for the greatest number of people
false
According to the Global Business Standards Codex, the ______ principle acts on behalf of the company and its investors
fiduciary
In the four strands that explain how warring groups can bind together, ______ means to reject revenge in favor of restraint.
forbearance
All of the following are suggestions for resisting groupthink, EXCEPT
give the team strict time limits
The United Nations recently launched the ______ to encourage multinational corporations to honor human rights, labor rights, and the environment while, at the same time, fighting corruption.
global compact
______ is a characteristic of someone who is driven to earn more and accumulate additional perks.
greed
The following are all examples of functional atheism EXCEPT:
group pressure
______ are repeated behaviors or routines that foster virtuous behavior.
habits
______ power uses inducements (bonuses, raises) and threats (arrests, firings) to get people to go along, while ______ power is based on attracting others rather than forcing them or inducing them to comply.
hard/soft
______ is the extent to which a culture encourages and honors people for being altruistic, caring, kind, fair, and generous
humane orientation
All of the following are strategies for improving organization-wide performance through self-efficacy EXCEPT:
improving emotional intelligence
According to LMX, the ______ have high levels of trust, mutual influence, and support that characterize their exchanges with the leader.
in-groups
Transformational leaders act as coaches or mentors who foster personal development. This is referred to as
individualized consideration
Former U.S. President Bill Clinton behaved in a/an ______ manner when he didn't intervene in the Rwandan genocide that took the lives of 800,000-1 million people in 1994.
insular
______ leaders draw a clear boundary between the welfare of his or her immediate group or organization and outsiders.
insular
Leaders with ______ are honest in their dealings with others
integrity
Individuals with a/an ______ locus of control believe that they can determine what happens to them
internal
With moral ______, leaders persuade themselves that their harmful behavior is actually moral and beneficial.
justification
______ ethical climates are driven by external criteria like professional codes of conduct
law and order
According to the text, ______ is a mixed blessing.
leadership
All of the following are psychological subprocesses according to James Rest, EXCEPT
moral competence
__ are made up of moral crises and moral confrontations.
moral episodes
In ______, organizational members want to appear moral instead of being moral.
moral hypocrisy
For those with a highly developed sense of ______, to betray their ethical values is to betray themselves.
moral identity
All of the following are applications of Kant's perspective EXCEPT
moral obligations may conflict with one another
Extreme ______ have a "grandiose sense of self-importance," believe that they are special, like attention, constantly seek positive feedback, lack empathy, and feel entitled to their power and positions.
narcissists
Which habit is based on the idea that "all things are created twice"?
none
Which of the following is a true statement about authentic leadership?
none
All of the following were identified in the text as signs of selfishness EXCEPT
obsession
All of the following are examples of conformers EXCEPT:
opportunists
______ are more willing to face the reality of defeat.
optimists
All of the following are ethical blind spots EXCEPT
out-group favoritism
______ transactional leaders wait for problems to arise before taking action, or they avoid taking any action at all
passive
______ is the degree to which a society encourages and rewards group members for improving performance and demonstrating excellence
performance orientation
To which two leadership shadows does Taoism speaks MOST directly?
power and privilege
______ refers to prejudging of out-group members based on prior experiences and beliefs.
prejudice
Leaders almost always enjoy greater ______ than followers do
privileges
______ followers do not wait to be asked
proactive
According to Kassing's five strategies, ______ is vowing to quit in order to get the management to respond.
threatening resignation
Our moral identity is both a ______ and a ______.
trait/state
Deontological ethicists argue that we ought to make choices based on our duties.
tru
A great deal of destructive leadership behavior is driven by self-centeredness, which manifests itself through pride and greed.
true
According to the Foursquare Protocol Element 1, you need to dig into the facts
true
According to the four steps of principled negotiation, combining the people from the problem is the first step
true
Altruism appears to be a universal value.
true
Conformity is a problem for many small groups.
true