OSAT 117

Progressive Era: Muckraker - Upton Sinclair

"I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach," lamented Upton Sinclair, author of the The Jungle, a fictionalized account of the corruption and contamination in Chicago's meatpacking industry. Sinclair was one of the most famous muckrakers of the Progressive Era. He was a journalist and novelists that wrote The Jungle in 1905 to raise public awareness by exposing the foul conditions to which workers in the meatpacking industry were subjected. After being published, the public outcry helped lead to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, both of which established federal regulatory power over the food and drug industries.

(1866) What tribes are referred to as the "Five Civilized Tribes (Nations)?" (OK History)

1. Cherokee 2. Chickasaw 3. Choctaw 4. Muskogee (Creek) 5. Seminole

(1915-1950) What is the order of these 4 racially-based Supreme Court cases, caused by actions of the state of Oklahoma? a. Guinn v. United States (1915) b. Lane v. Wilson (1939) c. Sipuel v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma (1948) d. McLaurin v. OK State Regents v. United States (1950)

1. Guinn v. United States 2. Lane v. Wilson 3. Sipuel v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma 4. McLaurin v. OK State Regents

(1861-1865) What was the timeline of OK's Indian Territory during the Civil War?

1. In 1861, as the Civil War began, the US withdrew military troops from OK's Indian Territory as TX troops moved northward. 2. Confederates and all major Indian tribes signed alliance treaties. 3. An Indian delegate was sent to the Confederate Congress in Richmond, VA, representing the Indian Territories. The South was opposed by some minorities, continuing to fight within Indian Territory. 4. In 1863, once Union troops controlled AR bordering OK, it was not long before Union forces, supported by pro-Union Indians, invaded the territory, winning a strategic victory at Honey Springs. 5. Many pro-Confederate Indians fled south, but Brigadier General Stand Watie, who was Cherokee, continued the Southern rebellion until the end of the war, becoming the last Confederate general to surrender in June of 1865.

(1907) Explain the timeline of Oklahoma statehood:, ratified in 1907 as the 46th state. (OK History)

1. In 1900, Indian Territory (OK) saw more than 30 Indian tribes relocated there. 2. TX ranchers began moving in, seeking new pasture. Settlers who crossed the borders ahead of gov't permission were known as "Sooners," the state nickname. 3. In 1902, Indian Territory (OK) tribal leaders attempted to form their own state, called Sequoyah. 4. In 1905, the Sequoyah Constitutional Convention petitioned Congress with overwhelming support. Although OK and Indian Territory had sufficient population to be admitted as separate states, Congress insisted the territories be granted statehood as a single state, rejecting the idea of separate statehood. Delegates representing the Indian and OK Territories met in OKC at a Joint Statehood Convention. They outlined their reasons for statehood: sufficient land area, population, and resources, then drafted a petition to Congress. 5. January 1906, the OK Statehood Bill, introduced by the House, would've enabled the territories to form a state constitution/government. It included the admission of NM and AZ as one state, making it controversial. The Senate amended it to omit NM and AZ. 6. After the petition from the Joint Statehood Convention was presented March 1906, the Senate voted to admit OK and the Indian Territory as one, but the House fought it. In June, Congress passed the Act allowing the formation of a state constitution and government. 7. In September 1907, citizens voted in favor of it, which was certified and delivered to the president November 16, 1907. 8. November 16, 1907, President Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt, signed Presidential Proclamation 780, admitting OK as the 46th state to the Union, announced to Congress that December.

(1910) An Overview: Reasons Ethnic Groups Originally Settled in OK: German, Italian, and Polish (OK History)

1. In 1910, immigrants comprised 40k of OK's population, equaling more than 2%. While a small proportion of the state, they significantly influenced OK settlement, with evidence remaining to this day. 2. In Pittsburg County's coal fields at the turn of the century, a large population of miners had come from Italy and Poland. The Italian population of OK was once relatively large, but the numbers have decreased since the Great Depression in the 1930s. A large portion of the Italian and Polish living in OK are descended from individuals who immigrated to the US from northern Italy and Poland in the late 1800s to find work and claim land. 3. German Mennonites migrated from their homes in Russia to the western OK area of the Washita River. The German population of Ok was once relatively large, but the number of Germans living in the state declined drastically after the end of WW I. Most of the Germans currently living in OK immigrated to other parts of the US from Germany after WWII or are descendants of individuals who immigrated to other parts of the US from Germany after WWII and moved to OK to find work. 4. Today, Kreb's Italian restaurants, Harrah's Polish store names, Yukon's Czech festival, and OKC's German classes and bilingual services at a church are evidence of European immigrant legacies.

(1910) An Overview: Reasons Ethnic Groups Originally Settled in OK: Asians and Czechs (OK History)

1. In 1910, immigrants comprised 40k of OK's population, equaling more than 2%. While a small proportion of the state, they significantly influenced OK settlement, with evidence remaining to this day. 2. The Asian population of OK has always been relatively small. Many of the Asian individuals living in OK are descended from individuals who immigrated to the US from China, Korea, or Japan in 1889 and the years immediately following 1889 to claim some of the land that the US government made available for settlement at that time. Another large portion of the Asian individuals living in OK are individuals who immigrated from Vietnam after War in the hope of finding food, and a safe place to live. 3. In north-central OK, particularly in Oklahoma County, Lincoln County, and Garfield County, Czech immigrants settled. It has always been relatively small. A large portion of the Czechs living in OK are descended from individuals who originally immigrated to other parts of the US from Austria in the mid- to late- 1800s and then moved to OK to claim some of its land that the US government made available for settlement in 1889. In north-central OK, particularly in Oklahoma County, Lincoln County, and Garfield County, Czech immigrants settled. 4. Today, Kreb's Italian restaurants, Harrah's Polish store names, Yukon's Czech festival, and OKC's German classes and bilingual services at a church are evidence of European immigrant legacies.

(1921) Describe the order of events that took place in Tulsa, OK, during 1921, leading to the Tulsa Race Massacre (Riot),which occurred in America's wealthiest Black community, Greenwood, the Black Wall Street, burning it to the ground:

1. In 1916, a Tulsa ordinance mandated residential segregation, though the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional (Buchanan v. Warley, KY). 2. As returning WWI soldiers reentered the labor market, Black veterans demanded their civil rights; across the North and Midwest, many white immigrants, competing for employment with Black people, frequently led race riots during 1919's Red Summer. 3. After 1915, the Ku Klux Klan expanded from TN into cities nationwide. However, the KKK's first major OK appearance was 2-3 months after the Tulsa Race Massacre (Riot) 4. May 31-June 1, 1921, a white mob formed after allegations broke out that a young Black man by the name of Dick Rowland raped a white woman, even thought there was no evidence. Scared, he fled to his mothers house in Greenwood. The police attempted to protect him, by taking him into custody at the courthouse. The mob attempted to take him, but were thwarted each time by the sheriff. Word spread to the Black community that help was needed. When a member of the white mob attempted to take a gun from a Black man who was offering aid to the sheriff, it discharged, causing the massacre. As result, Greenwood was set on fire. Guardsmen assisted firemen in putting out fires, took African Americans out of the hands of vigilantes and imprisoned all black Tulsans not already interned. Over 6,000 people were held at the Convention Hall and the Fairgrounds, some for as long as eight days. 800 people were treated for injuries and contemporary reports of deaths began at 36. Historians now believe as many as 300 people may have died. Therefore, it was not a riot, it was a massacre.

(1955) An Overview: Oklahoma Governor Raymond Gary (OK History)

1. In 1955, Raymond Gary was elected governor. Prior to his election, he served as an OK state senator between 1941-1955. 2. One of his first acts upon assuming office was to order the removal of "Whites-Only" and "Colored-Only" from the OK State Capitol (and all state buildings), desegregated water fountains, National Guard, and Crime Bureau. 3. He announced in a statewide radio address that he intended to ensure OK's compliance with the US Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, declaring public school segregation unconstitutional and saying he would not tolerate or defend any school board's defiance of the decision. He further demonstrated his support of the law by getting an amendment passed, the Better Schools Amendment, to the OK state constitution to eliminate financing of segregated schools. Quickly voting passage, the legislature recessed so the governor could personally lead a statewide campaign for approval, which voters overwhelmingly voted yes to - making OK the only southern state voluntarily to begin to end segregation.

(1907-1957) In subsequent order, describe the history of the Jim Crow laws (a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation) in OK:

1. In Oklahoma, between 1954-1957, public accommodations, miscegenation, and adoption were the most commonly enforced Jim Crow laws. In 1954, a statute required separate bathrooms in mines. In 1955, a statute prohibited black-white intermarriage, penalized by up to $500 and 1-5 years in prison. In 1957, a statute required adoption petitions to identify the child's and petitioners races. 2. Statutes regarding education and voting rights were common in the 1890s until Brown v. Board of Education prohibited educational segregation in 1954. And while the 15th Amendment granted Black men voting rights in 1870, 1907 OK statutes prohibited indigent (impoverished) and illiterate persons from voting, exempting those enfranchised (given the right to) in 1866 and their descendants. The latter was declared unconstitutional in 1915 (Guinn v. United States), but its literacy provision was upheld. 3. A 1908 statute decreed segregated railroad coaches. 4. a 1925 city ordinance segregated entertainers (bands and boxers) 5. In 1937, a statute segregated public carriers 6. In 1949, a statute ordered a segregated health care institution for disabled or orphaned black children Thus, the most Jim Crow laws passed in OK, occurred between 1954-1957, which encompassed Public accommodation; miscegenation; and adoption.

(1830-1893) What is the timeline of OK cattle industry history?

1. In the 1830s, the Five Civilized Indian Nations (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muskogee (Creek), and Seminole) brought big herds of cattle with them when they were resettled from the SE US to OK's Indian Territory. They practiced communal land ownership, enabling open-range grazing. Without an immediate market, herd sizes grew. 2. During the 1850s, the CA Gold Rush created great demand for cattle, further spurring the Indians to raise more stock. 3. The chaos of the Civil War and raids by cattle thieves caused the Indians to lose roughly 300k head of cattle. In 1867m following the Civil War, the great cattle drives from TX began; the Chisholm and Western Trails both crossed OK, creating an economic boom. 5. In 1893, although Cherokee leaders and cattlemen were against it, the US government ordered the Cherokee Outlet Opening to allow white settlement, removing cattle herds an ending open-range grazing.

(1935) Who are the members known as the "Kiowa Five?," which include a sixth person who was overlooked in the credit for Native American art, sometimes referred to as the "Kiowa Six?" (OK History)

1. Jack Hokeah 2. Monroe Tsatoke 3. Stephen Mopope 4. Spencer Asah 5. James Auchiah 6. Lois Smokey

(1929-1940) Explain the timeline of the Dust Bowl in OK:

1. Originally, native grasses held the Great Plains fine-textured soil in place. The Great Plains were overgrazed by herds of cattle and sheep. 2. European settlers, coming to farm under the US Homestead Act, brought traditional farming methods with them, for example, deep plowing. In addition, mechanized plowing and harvested technologies enabled large-scale agriculture. Crop prices were raised by the effects of the Russian Revolution and WWI together, spurring widespread land cultivation. 3. In addition to deep plowing's eliminating grasses, cotton farmers left their fields unplanted over the winter during the High Plains' windiest season and burned plant stubble before planting to inhibit weeds, depleting organic nutrients and surface growth. These practices made the soil vulnerable to erosion, which attacked the land after a severe 1930 drought. Droughts occurred in 1934, 1936, and 1939 and 1940, though some High Plains areas had drought conditions continuing up to 8 years. 4. The first drought caused crop failure, exposing fields to wind erosion and leading to dust storms so severe that they often reduced visibility to zero during the Dust Bowl.

(1929-1939) Describe the economic impact of the Great Depression on OK:

1. Since 1919, OK's agriculture had been suffering before the onset of the Great Depression. 2. These agricultural difficulties were exacerbated by the regional drought in OK that year. 2. At the same time that the East TX oil field opened, providing a surplus of oil. This created a glut (an excessive supply) on the petroleum market, making oil prices plummet, which in turn caused widespread layoffs of oil-rig employees. 4. Joblessness became so serious that OKC and Tulsa both formed unemployment committees by the end of the 1930s. The economy of OK hit bottom during the winter of 1932 and 1933. The period of 1935-1936 was during FDR's New Deal, which though it did not pull OK out of the Depression, did bring many positive benefits to the state.

(1803-1907) What is the order of the territorial acquisition related to Oklahoma?

1. The Louisiana Purchase acquired the territory that is now Oklahoma in 1803. 2. The Oklahoma Panhandle was ceded to the Spanish government in return for Florida Territory in 1819 through the Adams-Onis Treaty. 3. In 1830, the Indian Removal Act forced Seminole and other tribes to relocate to the land.term-75 4. In 1834, OK's Indian Territory was formed from land set aside by the Indian Intercourse Act of 1834. 5. The Indian Territory originally extended beyond present-day OK, but the size was gradually reduced over the course of the 19th century. 6. In 1835, the forced migration of the Seminole under The Indian Removal Act triggered the Seminole Wars. 7. The Indian Territory originally extended beyond present-day OK, but the size was gradually reduced over the course of the 19th century. In 1889, Congress authorized the opening land seized from the Indian Territory for homestead settlement. 8. Anticipating admission of Oklahoma as a state to the Union, Congress formally designated Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory through the Oklahoma Organic Act in 1890 to establish organized incorporated US territories. 9. In 1890, then President Benjamin Harris nominated George Washington Steele to be the first Governor of the Oklahoma Territory. Congress was allowed to make all the needful laws in the territories and territorial government, which allowed the creation of the Oklahoma Territory and confirmed Steele as the Territorial Governor. 10. Over the following 16 years, Congress passed a series of laws to unite the Indian and Oklahoma Territories into one state, which eventually became OK in November 1907.

(1901-1984) Describe OK's history regarding the oil boom and bust that occurred in the 1900s.

1. Tulsa's first oil boom was from 1901-1907. Oil discovered in Red Fork in 1901 transformed Tulsa from a small frontier town into a boomtown. The Glenn Pool oil field, discovered in 1905, ultimately established Tulsa as the petroleum industry's center and OK as a primary American petroleum producer. Following OK's 1907 statehood, refineries were constructed in and around Tulsa. 2. Another wave of 1915-1930 oil strikes established Tulsa as the oil capital of the world. The population expanded, and the city thrived, with prominent architectural and cultural development. Though the Great Depression halted further population growth, it did not damage Tulsa's economy, as in most Midwestern areas. 3. The decades 1940-1960 saw ongoing prosperity, not an oil bust. Tulsa was the first major OK city initiating such a program. 4. Between 1982-1984, the oil bust occurred when Houston overtook Tulsa as oil capital of the world. Tulsa leaders diversified the city's economy to aviation, telecommunications, internet, factory jobs, and also natural gas during its recovery period to date.

(1907) In relation to OK, describe the sequence of the impact/ratification of the 18th Amendment - Prohibition Amendment - which began in 1917, during WWI, in response the Temperance Movement (rising in 1833), but was officially passed into law via the National Prohibition Act/Volstead Act (1920) after WWI in relation to OK:

1. When OK because a state in 1907, it included prohibition in its constitution, 10 years before the government passed wartime prohibition in 1917 during WWI. The Temperance Movement had begin to pick up steam in 1833, influencing OK. 2. That same year (1917), Congress passed resolutions for the 18th Amendment for prohibition. In 1918, The first states to ratify the 18th Amendment were: AZ, DE, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MA, MS, MT, ND, SC, SD, TX, and VA. (CT voted against it.) 3. In January 1919, the second group to ratify the amendment included: AL, AR, CA, CO, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, ME, MI, MO, NB, NH, NC, OH, OK, OR, TN, UT, WA, WV, WY. After this group, enough states ratified it, passing it into law January of 1919. 4. Between Jan-Feb of 1919, additional states ratified the amendment, after the fact: MN, NM, NV, NY, PA, VT, and WI. (RI voted against it.)

(1836-1893) An Overview: The Cherokee Strip, also known as the Cherokee Outlet, and the 4th (and largest ever) Land Run. (OK History)

1836, the Commissioner of the US and Eastern Cherokee reach an agreement to define the land known as the Cherokee Outlet, running S of the OK-KS Border, approximately 60 miles wide. For historical purposes, Indigenous acknowledge 1836 as the "Real" Cherokee Strip, as the whole of the Outlet is synonymous with "Strip." 1865-1893, after the end of the Civil War, a new treaty was provided to the Cherokee Nation and other tribes as settlement on land in the eastern part of the Outlet. The Outlet was used to graze cattle, while the Strip was used by ranchers to move cattle from TX to KS. The Cherokee Strip Livestock Associations' lease was nullified by Congress in 1890, ceding the remaining land from from the Cherokee. The 23rd President Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893) forbade all grazing in the Outlet after October, forcing the Cherokee to sell off their land; however, the tribe was not paid until 1964 (16.7M). On September 16, 1893, the 24th President Grover Cleveland, opened the eastern end of the Outlet's Strip - a 2.5-mile-wide piece of land that ran along the northern border - and allowed the fourth, largest (in history), of OK's five land runs. That land is now current day Enid, Woodward, Ponca City, and Perry.

(1862) Describe the Pacific Railway Act of 1862, which occurred under the 16th President Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)

1850s, Congress commissioned topographical surveys across the West to determine the best route for a railroad, but private corporations were reluctant to undertake the task without Federal assistance. The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 provided federal subsidies in land and loans for the construction of a Transcontinental Railroad across the United States under the 16th President Abraham Lincoln's administration (1861-1865). It designated the 32nd parallel as the initial transcontinental route, and provided government bonds to fund the project and large grants of lands for rights-of-way. The Act aided in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean and secured the use of that line to the government. It authorized two railroad companies, the Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad, to construct the lines. 1863, the Union Pacific Railroad employed more than 8k Irish, German, and Italian immigrants, building W from Omaha, NE. The Central Pacific Railroad's workforce included over 10k Chinese laborers (90%), building eastward from Sacramento, CA. Each company faced unprecedented construction problems and dangerous conditions such as severe weather and conflicts with Natives, whose ancestral lands were transected by the railroads, while receiving low wages. Congress eventually authorized four transcontinental railroads and granted 174 million acres of public lands for rights-of-way. May 1869, the first section of the planned Transcontinental Railroad was completed, with the last spike begin drive in UT. While goods were easier to transport across the US, family farmers paid high shipping costs for smaller supply orders and larger companies received major discounts.

(1887) An Overview: The Dawes Act of 1887

1876, the American government ordered all Indians to relocate to reservations. Lack of compliance led to the Dawes Act of 1887, which ordered assimilation rather than separation, ending the reservation system by authorizing the federal confiscation and redistribution of tribal lands. The aim of the Dawes Act was to destroy tribal governing councils and assimilate Natives into mainstream society by replacing their communal traditions with a culture centered on the individual. Tribal lands were parceled out into individual allotments, and only those Natives who accepted the individual plots were allowed to become citizens. Natives were offered citizenship and a piece of their tribal land if they would accept the lot chosen by the government and live on it separately from their tribe. This act remained in effect until 1934. Reformers also forced Indian children to attend Indian Boarding Schools, where they were not allowed to speak their native language and were immersed into a Euro-centric culture and religion. Children were often abused in these schools and were indoctrinated to abandoned their identity as Native Americans.

(1933-1945) Who was the only president in United States history to have served more than two terms?

32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt served between 1933-1945 - a total of four terms - which was unprecedented. His tenure in office only ended because of his death. As a result of this unprecedented action, in 1951, the 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified, limiting the number of times a person can be elected to office of the presidency. Additionally, the 22nd Amendment created additional requirements

(1830) Indian Removal Act of 1830

7th US President Andrew Jackson oversaw the policy of "Indian removal" when he signed the Indian Removal Act in May 1830, which authorized the migrations known as the Trail of Tears. The Indian Appropriations Act of 1851, also known as the Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs, authorized the establishment of reservations in OK and inspired the creation of reservations in other states. The US federal government envisioned the reservations as a useful means of keeping Native Americans off of lands that white Americans wished to settle. Many Natives resisted the reservation system, sparking a series of conflicts known as the Indian Wars. Through a series of massacres and victories in battle, the US Army ultimately succeeded in relocating most indigenous people onto reservations. For most Natives, life on the reservation was difficult. Although Indigenous people were allowed to form their own tribal councils and courts, and thus retain their traditional governing structures, Natives on the reservations suffered from poverty, malnutrition, low standards of living, and rates of economic development. In 1868, 18th President President Ulysses S. Grant adopted a policy to assimilate Natives into mainstream society. Government officials who oversaw Native affairs were replaced with Christian clergy in order to convert indigenous people. This policy led to violent resistance by many Native and was abandoned by 19th President Rutherford B. Hayes.

(1967-1969) As a part of the Great Society's domestic programs, created by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), what is the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967?

After the First National Conference on Long-Range Financing of Educational Television Stations in December 1964, a study was called for regarding the role of noncommercial educational television. The Carnegie Corporation financed the report, which led to the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, chartering the path to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPC) as a private, non-profit corporation. The CPC initially collaborated with the National Educational Television system, but in 1969 started the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Additionally, this led to the National Public Radio, a public radio system.

Where is Arcadia Lake located in Oklahoma?

Arcadia Lake is N-NE of OKC; it is one of two closest lakes to OKC, which includes Lake Thunderbird.

(1945) What is the purpose and history of the United Nations?

August 1941, FDR (founder) and British PM Winston Churchill drafted the Atlantic Charter, which defined goals for the post-war world, joining with Allied forces, intended to prevent future WWs, succeeding the League of Nations (which had been ineffective and was closed after WW II broke out in 1939). The United Nations Charter was drafted and signed, established the UN after WW II, October 1945. It is an intergovernmental organization to maintain international peace and security, protect human rights, provide humanitarian aid, develop friendly relations among nations, uphold international law, promote sustainable development. Its official headquarters is in NYC with offices in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague (where the International Court of Justice is headquartered). At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; as of 2023, it has 193 - almost all of the world's sovereign states. It is the world's largest international organization. Its mission was complicated in its due to Cold War tensions between the United States and Soviet Union and their allies. It has six principal operational organizations: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the International Court of Justice, the UN Secretariat, and the Trusteeship Council (inactive since 1994). The UN System includes a multitude of specialized agencies, funds, and programs, including the World Bank Group, WHO, the World Food Program, UNESCO, and UNICEF.

(1965) As a part of the Great Society's domestic programs, created by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), what is Medicare?

August 1964, an amendment was proposed to Social Security, which further increased benefits and added hospital insurance to the program. Though the health insurance provision appeared to have majority support in the House, the tactic did not, and the idea was dropped. The Senate voted 4 to 3 to accept a bill only if Medicare were included. Medicare finally came about with the Social Security Act of 1965, which authorized Medicare and provided federal funding for many of the medical costs of older Americans. The American Medical Association criticized it as "socialized medicine." It made benefits available to everyone over sixty-five, regardless of need, and by linking payments to the existing private insurance system. Medicaid was created on July 1965, under the Social Security Act of 1965, allowing welfare recipients of all ages to receive medical care. Each state was directed to maintain its own Medicaid program while the federal government monitored the states, establishing requirements for service delivery, quality, funding, and eligibility standards. Welfare under the program was expanded, which included increases, disability, children between 18-21 in school, widowed spouses, etc.

(1945) What was of the program Project Trinity for the US during WWII?

Both Germany and Japan had scientists working on nuclear bombs, and one of Project Trinity's most important goals was to make sure that the US developed a bomb first and could thereby win the war through superior technology. It was commissioned under the Manhattan Project. Theoretical physicist, J. Robert Oppenheimer, is known as "the father of the atomic bomb." One week after the establishment of White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), the world's first atomic bomb was detonated in the north-central portion of the missile range, approximately 60 miles north of White Sands National Park. The flash of light and shock wave made a vivid impression over an area with a radius of at least 160 miles. By 1953, much of the radioactivity had subsided, and the first Trinity Site open house was held in September of that year. In 1965, Army officials erected a monument on Ground Zero. In 1975, the National Park Service designated Trinity Site as a National Historic Landmark.

(1845-1911) Who is the Indigenous Comanche member known as Quanah Parker? (OK History)

Comanche member, Quanah Parker, was: 1. A warrior and military strategist that began fighting white encroachment on Indian Territory (OK), notably in the Battle of Adobe Walls. Realistically aware that the white man's greater population and weaponry would annihilate the Comanche, he advised them to disarm and "take the white man's road." 2. A successful rancher and farmer, leading diplomat, representing the Comanche in Congress. 3. An astute businessman and major stockholder in the Quanah, Acme, and Pacific Railway, who generated prosperity for the Comanche through leasing grazing land and investments in tribal cattle herds, other ranching, schools, and houses; president of his local school board. 4. A judge in the Court of Indian Offenses. 5. An influential medicine man and religious leader, helping establish the Native American Church and fighting for Indian religious freedom. 6. He combined adapting to white culture and achieving Comanche - white peace with preserving his cultural heritage.

(1887) What was the Dawes Act of 1887 in relation to OK?

Created by Sen. Henry Dawes of MA, it ushered in the "allotment era," but did not pertain to the 5 tribes. Dawes negotiated with the Five Tribes to end tribal land ownership, giving each member individual possession of a portion of tribal lands. Its headquarters were in Muskogee, Indian Territory. Between 1894-1896, Dawes & his commissioners were unsuccessful in negotiating the allotment policy. In 1896, Congress passed the first series of acts, increasing the commissioners powers, changing from diplomacy to judiciary, deciding who was eligible for membership & the land received. Granted by the Curtis Act of 1898, 250k enrollment applications were approved and 101k names were put on the roles for the Five Tribes, closing March 1907; the roles serving as the final eligibility for tribal membership, allotting nearly 16 million acres of land w/ individual allotment based on appraisal value, with some eligible for cash instead and rules varied b/t tribes, ratified by Congress and the tribes. It reserved 125.5k acres for railroads, towns, churches, schools, and cemeteries; segregated 431k acres of Choctaw and Chickasaw land holding coal/asphalt deposits and 1.3 million acres for timber; leased under the gov't supervision and eventually auctioned. 3.2 million acres were sold off. The Dawes Commission was abolished August 1914, and all unfinished business was transferred to the Five Civilized Tribes in Muskogee, OK. Note: While the Commission was abolished in 1914, the Act was not until 1934.

(1942) What is the Manhattan Project and its significance?

December 1938, scientists in Germany discovered fission. In August 1939, Hungarian Leo Szilard wrote a letter for Albert Einstein to sign to send to FDR warning that an "extremely powerful bomb" might be constructed. Fearing development by Nazi Germany, FDR formed the Advisory Committee on Uranium, meeting in October 1939. The Manhattan Project was an unprecedented, top-secret World War II government program that rushed to develop and deploy the world's first atomic weapons. The US Army Corps of Engineers located 3 rural sites that met a distinct list of criteria: Hanford, WA; Los Alamos, NM; and Oak Ridge, TN. Using eminent domain, authorities in the Second War Power Act of 1942 to acquire the sites, they displaced Tribes, farming communities, and homesteaders - leaving some only 30 days to vacate with minimal compensation. Tribes were displaced and lost access to their traditional homelands and subsistence areas. The Trinity Test ushered in the nuclear age with the world's first human-caused nuclear explosion. The Manhattan Project ushered in the nuclear age, determined how the next war, the Cold War, would be fought, and served as the organizational model behind the achievements of American "big science." It has raised ethical and moral questions. More than 200k people died in 1945 as a direct result. The advancement of nuclear science has given rise nuclear energy and medicine, as well as radioactive waste and health problems.

(1911) Describe the strategy of 1911's Dollar Diplomacy (not formal legislation) on East Asia, enacted of the 27th President William H. Taft

During William Taft's presidency (1909-1913), he instituted "Dollar Diplomacy," executed by diplomats. He believed the goal of diplomacy was to create stability abroad and promote American commercial interests and private capital. Taft defended his dollar diplomacy as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. In East Asia, Taft used America's banking power to create a American interest in China to limit the scope of other powers, increasing the opportunity for trade and investment, maintaining the Open Door policy of trading opportunities of all nations. Dollar diplomacy was based on the false assumption that American financial interests could mobilize their potential power. American financial systems were unable to handle international finance, like loans and large investments, depending primarily on London. Britain wanted an open door in China but did not support the US. Other powers had territorial interests, like naval bases and designated areas inside China, while the US refused anything of the kind. Bankers were reluctant. Most efforts were failures. Finally, the US forced its way into the Hukuang international railway loan made by the so-called China Consortium in 1911, which helped spark a widespread "Railway Protection Movement" revolt against foreign investment that overthrew the Chinese government. Historians agree Taft's Dollar Diplomacy was a failure everywhere, alienating Japan and Russia, and created a deep suspicion among powers hostile to American motives. Dollar Diplomacy continued until 1913, when Woodrow Wilson was elected president.

(1911) Describe the strategy of 1911's Dollar Diplomacy (not formal legislation) on Latin America, enacted of the 27th President William H. Taft

During the 27th President William Taft's (1909-1913) administration, he instituted "Dollar Diplomacy," supported in part by diplomats. He believed the goal of diplomacy should be to create stability abroad and promote American commercial interests and private capital. This approach was America's effort to influence Latin America and East Asia through economic rather than miliary means. The policy was characterized as substituting dollars for bullets, encouraging and supporting American bankers and industrialists to secure new opportunities abroad. Taft's efforts in these areas were not to be political or warlike, instead focusing on peaceful and economic goals. His justification was to protect the Panama Canal, which was vital to US trade interests. It not allowed the US to financially gain from countries while restraining others from reaping any, including other world powers. Taft defended his dollar diplomacy as an extension of the Monroe Doctrine. In spite of Taft's assurance that Dollar Diplomacy was a peaceful approach, many interventions proved violent. During Latin American revolts, such as those in Nicaragua, the US sent troops to settle the revolutions. Afterward, bankers moved in to help support the new leaders through loans. Latin Americans tend to use the term "Dollar Diplomacy" disparagingly to show their disapproval of the role that the U.S. government and U.S. corporations have played in using economic, diplomatic and military power to open up foreign markets. Dollar Diplomacy continued until 1913, when Woodrow Wilson was elected president.

(1913) Describe the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, also known as the Glass-Owens Act, enacted under 28th President Woodrow Wilson

During the 28th President Woodrow Wilson's administration (1913-1921), the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, also known as the Glass-Owens Act, was passed by the Senate and signed into law, creating a Federal Reserve System and central bank of the United States. In 1912, Before Democrats won the WH and Congress. In 1913, the Senate created its first Banking and Currency Committee, chaired by OK Senator Robert D. Owen. Before Wilson officially assumed office in 1913, he proposed creation of a government-run Federal Reserve system. This was in response to the financial panic of 1907, when the stock market collapsed, banks failed, and credit evaporated. Because the federal government lacked the tools to respond, it had to depend on private bankers, such as J. P. Morgan, to infuse capital to sustain the banking system. To correct the problem of an "inelastic currency," Congress created a National Monetary Commission" which proposed a system ran by private bankers acting as federal agents. Progressives opposed what they called the "Money Trust" and blocked its passage, but failed. It was passed by an almost party-line vote, signed into law on December 23, 1913.

(1900-1930) What is the history of Oklahoma's economic, population, and natural resource history between the years 1900-1930? (OK History)

From 1900-1930, Oklahoma's: 1. Employment increased from 266k-828k, more than triple. 2. Population increased from 790k to 2,396,000, more than triple. 3. While agriculture continued to be the state's primary activity, it did not grow during this time. It decreased from 70% to 37% of the state's employment. 4. Oklahoma's natural resources, including petroleum, cattle, and cotton, contributed to the majority of new manufacturing industry, like oil refineries, meat-packing plants, and cotton gins.

(1915) In previous OK statutes, ordinances, laws, and misconduct regarding racism, what was Guinn v. United States? (OK History)

In 1915, Guinn v. United States, the Supreme Court struck down a grandfather clause exempting white voters from a literacy test required of Black voters. Guinn v. United States struck down the "grandfather clause" in Oklahoma's Voter Registration Act of 1910 because the clause discriminated against Black people, therefore, violating the 15th Amendment. The statute required voters to pass a reading test. However, the law exempted all those who were entitled to vote on January 1, 1866, just after the Civil War ended (before 1870 of the 15th Amendment, guaranteeing voting rights for all male citizens, regardless of race), as well as their descendants. The law allowed those whose "grandfathers" were entitled to vote in 1866 to register without passing a literacy test. Uneven application of the law to Black persons became an immediate issue. Local voting registration officials interpreted the Voter Registration Act to mean that they could flatly refuse to administer literacy tests to blacks or could impose unreasonable ones. In one instance officials rejected a college graduate even though there was not "the slightest room for doubt as to whether" he was entitled to vote. In 1915 the U.S. government, therefore, prosecuted the officials for criminal conspiracy to deny voting rights to black Oklahomans.

(1939) In previous OK statutes, ordinances, laws, and misconduct regarding racism, what was Lane v. Wilson? (OK History)

In 1916, Oklahoma passed a voter registration law requiring citizens who had not voted in 1914 to register to vote in 11 days or lose their voting rights. In Lane v. Wilson, the Supreme Court invalidated this law in 1939. Lane, a Black a resident of AL, attempted to register in 1934. The county registrar, who said he "was instructed by higher-ups not to register any colored person," refused to register him. Lane filed suit in federal court. The trial court and court of appeals both rejected Lane's claim of discrimination, observing that the law barred whites as well as Black people who had neither voted in 1914 nor registered in 1916. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter focused on the automatic grant of voting rights to many white citizens and the narrow window for those who were Black to register, invalidated 'grandfather clause' under the Fifteenth Amendment. Lane v. Wilson (1939) was an important step towards ensuring equal voting rights.

(1940-1988) An Overview: US Treatment of Immigrants During and After WWII

In 1940, the US passed the Alien Registration Act, which required all aliens older than 14 to be fingerprinted and registered. They were also required to report changes of address within 5 days. Tensions between whites and Japanese immigrants in CA, which had been building since the beginning of the century, came to a head with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. February 1942, FDR signed Executive Order 9066, excluding them from War Restricted zones along the Pacific Coast. March 1942, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) was established, Believing that Japanese living in the US were likely to be loyal and/or spies, took all people of Japanese descent into custody and isolated them in exclusion zones known as War Relocation (internment) Camps. Approximately 120k Japanese Americans, 2/3 of them US citizens, were sent to 10 camps. In 1944, the Supreme Court ruling Korematsu v. United States determined their evacuation and internment was constitutional. Those who were eventually certified as loyal were allowed to leave the camps. In 1976, FDR's Executive Order 9066 was repealed by President Gerald R. Ford. In 1988, Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act, which awarded 80K+ Japanese Americans reparations.

(1948) In previous OK statutes, ordinances, laws, and misconduct regarding racism, what was Sipuel v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma? (OK History)

In 1948, In Sipuel v. Board of Regents of University of Oklahoma, the Supreme Court required Oklahoma to admit a Black woman into law school. After two Supreme Court sessions, with Thurgood Marshall's leadership, the state gave Sipuel a one-person "law school" with two professors, using the State Capitol library. Sipuel returned to state court, arguing the separate-but-equal treatment did not meet the Supreme Court standards, still applying to the law school. Eventually, the university president ordered her admission, but she and other Black students were segregated. While Sipuel was still there, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents remedied this in 1950. The Court ruled segregation removed from a graduate student's right to equal protection under the law, setting the precedent for Brown v. Board of Education with public schools in 1954.

(1950) In previous OK statutes, ordinances, laws, and misconduct regarding racism, what was McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents? (OK History)

In 1950, McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, began when the University of Oklahoma denied George W. McLaurin admission to its graduate program in education, citing the segregation statute, which made it a misdemeanor to operate a school in which both Black and white people were taught. He filed suit in a federal court in OKC, and a three-judge panel struck down the law, to the extent that it prohibited McLaurin from attending OU. The university tried to segregate him on campus, sitting him in separate sections of the classroom, library, and cafeteria. The federal court upheld the discrimination, observing that the Constitution "does not abolish distinction based on race.. nor was it intended to enforce social equity between classes and races." The U.S. Supreme Court heard McLaurin's appeal in April 1950 and in June unanimously reversed the lower court. Chief Justice Fred Vinson, writing for the court, held that the differential treatment given to McLaurin was itself a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause. McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) signaled that the Supreme Court would no longer tolerate any separate treatment of students based on their race. McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents set the precedent that led up to the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

(1964) As a part of the Great Society's domestic programs, created by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), what consume protection programs were created?

In 1964, Johnson named Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson to be the first presidential assistant for consumer affairs. The Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act of 1965 required packages to carry warning labels. The Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966 set standards through creation of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The Fair Packaging and Labeling Act requires products identify manufacturer, address, clearly mark quantity and servings. The Child Safety Act of 1966 prohibited any chemical so dangerous that no warning can make it safe, while the Flammable Fabrics Act of 1967 set standards for children's sleepwear. The Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 required inspection of meat which must meet federal standards, while the Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968 required inspection of poultry which must meet federal standards. The Truth-in-Lending Act of 1968 required lenders and credit providers to disclose the full cost of finance charges in both dollars and annual percentage rates, on installment loan and sales, and the Land Sales Disclosure Act of 1968 provided safeguards against fraudulent practices in the sale of land. The Radiation Safety Act of 1968 provided standards and recalls for defective electronic products.

(1934) US Indian Reorganization Act, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or the "Indian New Deal"

In the 1930s, during the Great Depression (1929-1939) , 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt encouraged the passage of the US Indian Reorganization Act, which instituted a "New Deal" for Natives, authorizing them to reorganize and form their own tribal governments. It was the first legislation designed to help protect Native lands, safeguard tribal sovereignty, and empower tribes with self-rule. It fostered jobs and supported traditional culture. The act ended the land allotments created by Dawes Act of 1887, and resurrected the reservation system, which remains in place today. After WWI, gratitude toward Natives that served in the military resulted in a study of reservations across the US, detailing the impoverished conditions, finding economic opportunities were rare. In 1933, FDR appointed John Collier, one of the founders of the American Indian Defense Association, to head the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Collier opposed assimilation and was the driving force behind the IRA. The IRA reversed the allotment policy, aimed at breaking up communal lands into a patchwork of privately-owned plots. The IRA made it easier for tribes to hold communal lands and purchase land back, returning 2 million acres. It also closed boarding schools, building 100 community day schools on tribal lands and hired ethnographers to create school lessons in tribal languages. The IRA also established a framework for tribes to make and ratify their own constitutions, recognized by the federal government. These constitutions serve as the law in Indian territory. Although many believe that the IRA failed to improve economic conditions for Natives, it laid the groundwork for tribal sovereignty, paving the way for the rollback of federal assimilation policies.

(1862-1869) An Overview: Transcontinental Railroad

Initiated by the Pacific Railway Act of 1862 under the administrations of 16th President Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) and 18th President Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877), the Transcontinental Railroad was America's first transcontinental railroad. It was 1,911-mile continuous railroad line built between 1863-1869, connecting the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Council Bluffs, Iowa, with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay.

(1964) As a part of the Great Society's domestic programs, created by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), what is the Wilderness Act of 1964?

It created the legal definition of wilderness in the United States, creating the National Wilderness Preservation System and protected 9.1 million acres of federal land. The result of a long effort to protect federal wilderness and to create a formal mechanism for designating wilderness. term-110 The current amount of areas designated by the NWPS encompasses 109.5 million acres of federally owned land in 44 states and Puerto Rico.

(1965) As a part of the Great Society's domestic programs, created by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), what is Head Start and the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965?

It provided significant federal aid to public education, initially allocating more than $1 billion to help schools purchase materials and start special education programs for those with a high concentration of low-income children. It provided grants to states for school districts, allowing funds to use community facilities for education, improve educational research, strengthen state departments of education, and grants for the purchase of books and library materials. The Act also established Head Start, an early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and families, making it a permanent program. It authorized more college aid, providing better libraries, 10-20 new graduate centers, new technical institutes, classrooms, and 25-30 new community colleges a year. It was followed by the Higher Education Act of 1965, increasing federal dollars for universities to create scholarships and low-interest loans for students, and established a national Teacher Corps to provide teachers to poverty-stricken areas of the United States. The Act also began a transition from federally funded institutional assistance to individual student aid.

(1935) A member of the "Kiowa Five," who is Jack Hokeah? (OK History)

Jack Hokeah was an artist that gained fame in eastern white America, and later inspired numerous artists in Santa Fe, New Mexico, for 10 years.

Progressive Era: Muckraker - Jane Addams

Jane Addams was a famous activist, social worker, author, and Nobel Peace Prize winner in 1931, best known for founding the Hull House in Chicago, IL - a progressive social settlement aimed at reducing poverty by providing social services and education to working class immigrants and laborers. Hull House served more than 2,000 residents weekly. She and others helped to launch numerous important social programs, including: Immigrants' Protective League Juvenile Protective Association, the first juvenile court in the US Juvenile Psychopathic Clinic, later called the Institute for Juvenile Research. These women helped enact protective legislation for women and children, child labor regulations, and mandatory minimum education laws. Addams help found the National Child Labor Committee, chartered by Congress in 1907, led to the creation of the Federal Children's Bureau in 1912 and passage of the Federal Child Labor Law in 1916. President and chairman for many organizations, including the NAACP. She campaigned for women's suffrage and the founding of the American Civil Liberties Union in 1920. She was a pacifist that opposed WWI.

(1955-1961) Who was Jonas Salk and what was his significance to the United States and the world?

Jonas Salk was born in 1914 to a Polish-Jewish immigrant family, and was a 1st generation graduate. He studied medicine at NYU School of Medicine and dabbled in research for the influenza virus as a student. He obtained a research fellowship at the University of Michigan to work on the development and implementation of an influenza vaccine for the US military, which heavily affected troops during WWII. Following the fellowship, Salk turned his attention to the poliovirus, beginning his work at the University of Pittsburgh. Salk had written scientific and theoretical articles regarding polio, which captured the attention of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, a charitable organisation established by US President FDR, resulting in funding. The National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis is now known as the March of Dimes. April 1955, it was announced the vaccine was safe and effective. Between 1955-57, 29k active cases of polio declined to less than 6k. By 1959, the vaccine had been distributed to 90 countries. He was never awarded a Nobel Prize as a result of trivialising others contributions before him and his own research team. His colleagues received Nobel Prizes in 1954. Later, research showed after vaccine distribution began in the US, some subjects developed paralysis at the injection site. Improperly inactivated vaccines had released the live virus into more than 100,000 doses causing paralysis and death. Dr Albert Sabin and Dr Hilary Koprowski conducted trials outside the US, developing an oral vaccine in 1957 - given to 10 million children in the Soviet Union. In 1961, it replaced Salk's vaccine. Polio was eliminated from North America by 1994 and in most countries shortly thereafter.

Muckrakers

Journalists and novelists of the Progressive Era who sought to expose corruption in big business and government, influencing the passage of key legislation, strengthening protections for workers/consumers. Famous muckrakers: Jane Addams, Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Ida B. Wells, 26th President Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909), and 28th President Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921). Both presidents expanded federal govt's power to impose regulations on private industry and implement protections for workers, consumers, and the environment. Meat Inspection Act of 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, creating the Food and Drug Administration. The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 to curb business practices aimed at stifling competition. The Dark Side: Progressive reformers advocated selective breeding, or eugenics, to improve the genetic quality of the population Based on a racial and class hierarchy, placed white, Protestants at the top. Lower classes, minorities, recent immigrants, mentally ill, and developmentally disabled all occupied lower rungs. In 1907, the United States became the first country to pass a compulsory sterilization law, inspiring Adolf Hitler and the genocidal policies of Nazi Germany, but not before over 60,000 American men and women were forcibly sterilized to prevent them from having children. Wilson's presidency (1913-1921) pursued a racial agenda that segregated the federal government and revived the KKK. Xenophobic labor unions supported restrictions on immigration, blaming immigrants for low wages and harsh working conditions, which led to the Immigration Act of 1917 and the National Quota Law of 1921, severely limited immigration based on nationality, excluding virtually all Asian immigrants.

Where is Lake Eufaula located in Oklahoma?

Lake Eufaula, a very large lake, is E and S of OKC, on Route 40 and S of it, and also on Route 69 and 270. Moreover, Sardis Lake is SE of Lake Eufaula.

Where is Lake Texoma located in Oklahoma?

Lake Texoma is far S-SE of OKC at the state's southern border on Routes 35 and 69. Moreover, Atoka Lake is SE of OKC and NE of Lake Texoma near Route 69.

Where is Lake Thunderbird located in Oklahoma?

Lake Thunderbird is S-SE of OKC; it is one of two closest lakes to OKC, which includes Lake Arcadia.

(1935) A member of the "Kiowa Five," who is actually the 6th member, who is Lois Smokey? (OK History)

Lois Smokey, though her work was included in most of the early Kiowa artists' exhibits, and while she and the other members of the "Kiowa Five" (Jack Hokeah, Monroe Tsatoke, Stephen Mopope, Spencer Asah, and James Auchiah) were students at Oklahoma University, her parents rented a large house in Norman where they all lived; she was subsequently overlooked in the credit given the others for Native American art.

Market Structure in an Output Market: Monopoly

Monopoly - A single seller controls the product and its price. Barriers to entry, such as prohibitively high fixed cost structures, prevent other sellers from entering the market. There are 4 kinds of market structures in an output market: 1. Perfect competition 2. Monopoly 3. Monopolistic competition 4. Oligopoly Additionally, there are 4 types of monopolies: 1. Natural - a single supplier has distinct advantage over other suppliers. 2. Geographic - one business offers the product in a certain area. 3. Technological - one company controls the technology necessary to supply the product. 4. Government - government agency is the only provider of a single good/service.

(1935) A member of the "Kiowa Five," who is Monroe Tsatoke? (OK History)

Monroe Tsatoke painted a series of murals on the walls of the Oklahoma Historical Society's third floor in OKC.

(1945) WW II and the Use of the Atomic Bombs: September 2, 1945, Created by Project Trinity:

On May 8, 1945, due to prior years events of D-Day, Germany surrendered to the Allies ending World War II in Europe, leaving the Allies to turn their full attention to the war in the Pacific, which Japan was still fighting. As a final blow, the US dropped two atomic bombs in Japan, one on Hiroshima and the other on Nagasaki. This was the first time atomic bombs had been used in warfare, and the devastation was horrific and demoralizing. Imperial Japan surrendered on September 2, 1945, which became V-J Day (Victory over Japan Day) in the US, in effect bringing the war to an end under the presidency of Harry S. Truman.

Progressive Era: Settlement Houses

One of the most influential organizations in the history of American social welfare was the "settlement house." The establishment and expansion of social settlements and neighborhood houses in the US corresponded closely with the Progressive Era, woman suffrage, absorbing millions of new immigrants in America, and developing professional social work. Settlements were organized to be "friendly and open households," where members of the privileged class could live and work as pioneers or "settlers" in poor areas where social and environmental problems were great. Originally meant to conduct sociological observation and research, residents of settlements learned as much or more from their neighbors than they taught them. Members of settlement houses witness the powerlessness of the poor, abuse of immigrants,terrible conditions in which men, women and children required to work in factories and sweatshops,failures of officials to enforce laws, dangers of unsanitary conditions, and the debilitating effects of tuberculosis and other diseases. They learned the result of these atrocities were not b y choice but of necessity. They confronted local and state officials, became spokespeople, and advocates for proposed civic/political measures. The lasting contributions made by residents of settlement houses are in: education, public health, recreation, labor organizing, housing, local and state politics, women's rights, crime and delinquency, music and the arts

(1920) 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote

Passed by Congress June 1919, and ratified on August 1920, the 19th amendment granted women the right to vote. The victory took decades of agitation and protest, which began in the mid-19th century. Women lectured, wrote, petitioned, protested, marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience. Between 1878, when the amendment was first introduced in Congress, and August 18, 1920, when it was ratified, champions of voting rights for women worked tirelessly. By 1912, Nine western states adopted legislation by 1912. Others challenged male-only voting laws in the courts. Some suffragists used more confrontational tactics such as picketing, silent vigils, and hunger strikes. Often supporters met fierce resistance: heckled, jailed, and physically abused them. By 1916, almost all of the major suffrage organizations were united behind the goal. When NY adopted suffrage in 1917 and President Wilson changed his position to support an amendment in 1918, the political balance shifted. May 21, 1919, the HoR passed the amendment; two weeks later, the Senate followed. When TN became the 36th state to ratify the amendment August 1920, it passed its final hurdle, obtaining 3/4 of the states. Ratification did not ensure full enfranchisement. Decades of struggle endured for Black and other minority women, who remained unable to vote long into the 20th century because of discriminatory state voting laws.

An Overview: Muckraker - Ida B. Wells

Progressive Era, Ida B. Wells, an African American journalist and suffragist, and an influential female muckraker. She had been born into slavery in MS in 1862. In the 1890s, she became involved in anti-lynching activism. In 1892, she published Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases, which detailed the systematic disenfranchisement of Southern Blacks and even some poor whites. Wells was very influential in the early movement for civil rights. Wells was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909.

(1845-1911) An Overview: Contributions of Quanah Parker to the People of Oklahoma

Quanah Parker was a Comanche who originally lived in the area that is now TX. He fought against the US government as it attempted to force Comanche off their ancestral lands, but he was ultimately forced onto a reservation with the rest of the Comanche people in the area that is now the SW section of OK. He was made chief of the Comanche once the tribe arrived at the reservation in 1875. He fought to protect the Comanches' culture for the rest of his life. He is well known for establishing a close relationship with a number of powerful white individuals, including Theodore Roosevelt and the wealthy rancher Samuel Burk Burnett. These close relationships allowed Quanah to protect the lands that the Comanche had received on the reservation, to establish a lucrative ranch, and to promote the beliefs that eventually became the foundation for the Native American Church.

F (1877) An Overview: The Compromise of 1877

Removed federal protections for African Americans in the South

(1802-1840s) An Overview: Salina OK and the Osage Fur Trade

Salina, a small town located in NE OK, was originally the first permanent trading settlement in OK. It was established by Jean Pierre Chouteau in 1802 as a location in which the Chouteau family could trade with the Osage for the furs they collected. Before establishing the post in Salina, OK, he was originally from New Orleans. Jean-Pierre Chouteau was a French-Creole fur trader whose family began trading in the 1760s. He was a merchant, politician, and slaveholder. In 1799, he acquired territory from the Osage in present-day Chouteau Springs, MO. After establishing the fur trading post in OK, the 3rd President Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) named Chouteau the US Agent for Indian affairs west of the Mississippi River. He served as the negotiator of the Treaty of Fort Clark, also known as the Osage Treaty of 1808, in which he convinced the tribe to sell large portions of their land in present-day MO and AR to European-American settlers for Federal annuities. The demand for fur was so high at the time that the trading post was successful. This allowed the family to expand operations several times over the next 30-40 years, which brought a large amount of business into the area until fur trade began to decline in the 1840s. His father was sued by a former slave for false imprisonment and assault; a ruling that was upheld by the Supreme Court.

(1829-1842) Who is the Indigenous Cherokee man Sequoyah? (OK History)

Sequoyah, an Indigenous member of the Cherokee tribe. He: 1. Sequoyah was born in TN in 1776. Published accounts speculate that he was born to a Cherokee mother and a white father, Nathaniel Gist, a commissioned officer in the Continental Army and emissary ( a diplomatic representative sent on special missions) of George Washington. 2. During his youth, he moved to GA. While in GA, after learning to write English from a white farmer, he began developing a Cherokee writing system in 1809. 3. After living in GA, he moved to AL, and fought in the War of 1812 for the United States, against the Creek Indians and British troops. 4. After the War of 1812, he invented the 85-letter Talking Leaves Cherokee written alphabet, a phonetic system referred to as a "syllabary" that the Cherokee Nation adopted in 1821. Because of Sequoyah's contribution, thousands of Cherokee achieved literacy within months of its adoption, enabling them to record history; read military orders; write letters, and publish newspapers, educational materials, religious brochures, and legal documents. He not only designed the language but traveled through Cherokee lands to teach it to as many people as he could. 5. In 1824, he moved to AR and served as a delegate to the federal government. 6. In 1829, Sequoyah moved to Indian Territory (OK) to Big Skin Bayou, where he built Sequoyah's Cabin, which served as his home for rest of his life, declared a National Landmark in 1965. 7. In 1838, the Cherokee tribe was forced to walk the Trail of Tears, a part of forced relocation out west, which he was not a part of. 8. In 1842, he went from OK to TX and Mexico to aid the Cherokee, dying from the trip. It is unclear if he died in TX or in Mexico, but he had been attempting to contact fellow Cherokee who had moved farther away from encroaching whites.

(1870-1920/Late 1800s-Early 1900) What was the Social Gospel Movement that moved through Oklahoma in the late 1800s and early 1900s? (OK History)

Social justice evolved from the "Social Gospel," a movement in the early 20th century. It developed from Protestant to Baptist to Episcopal and on to Catholic. It believed that all Christians should work to improve social conditions for the poor, the sick and the downtrodden. Many of these who supported the Social Gospel supported the New Deal of Franklin Roosevelt in 1933, and later the Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The Social Gospel's theological turn stressed the need for both individual redemption from sinful behavior, and the redemption of whole societies from damaged community relationships. Revivalists not only entreated listeners to reject personal habits like drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco, gambling, theater-going, and extramarital sex. For this reason, they influenced the state constitution's prohibition section before prohibition went into affect nation-wide in 1917.

(1935) A member of the "Kiowa Five," who are Stephen Mopope, James Auchiah, and James Auchiah? (OK History)

Stephen Mopope later painted murals depicting pre-Oklahoma statehood Kiowa life on the walls of the Anadarko Post Office building, sponsored by FDR's Works Project Administration (WPA) project; Kiowa members Spencer Asah and James Auchiah assisted him. Today, these murals still exist.

Progressive Era: Muckraker - Ida Tarbell

Tarbell was one of the most famous muckrakers. A woman, teacher, author, and journalist, she published a series of articles in McClure's Magazine in 1902. These articles became the foundation for her book, The History of the Standard Oil Company, which was published in 1904, and depicted Standard Oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller as a greedy, miserly monopolist. The book quickly became a bestseller and established Tarbell as an early pioneer of investigative journalism.

(1866) An Overview: Five Civilized Tribes/Nations (OK History)

The "Five Civilized Tribes" included the: Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muskogee (Creek), and Seminole. The Cherokee and Muskogee (Creek) were originally located throughout the area that is now the SE US, but they were forced to leave their lands and march 800 miles to OK in the late 1830s as the result of the Indian Removal Act. The route that these tribes marched is known as the Trail of Tears. The Chickasaw and Choctaw were also forced out of the SE US during the 1830s as a result of the IRA. However, the Chickasaw specifically inhabited the area that is now MS and TN, and the Choctaw specifically inhabited the area that is now AL, MS, and LA before the tribes were forced out. The Seminole were located in FL, and a portion of the tribe was forced to move to OK. A large portion of the tribe managed to maintain their lands in FL in spite of the government's repeated attempts to remove them.

(1973) What was the 1973 Arab-Israeli War?

The 1973 Arab-Israeli War was a watershed for U.S. foreign policy toward the Middle East. It forced the 37th President Richard Nixon;s (1969-1974) administration to realize that Arab frustration over Israel's unwillingness to withdraw from the territories it had occupied in 1967 could have major consequences for the US, thus paving the way for Secretary of State Henry Kissinger's "shuttle diplomacy" and ultimately, the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty of 1979. Before the War: Tensions had been simmering for years after the 1967 Six-Day War, where Israel captured territories from Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. Arab nations felt frustrated by the Israeli occupation and wanted to reclaim lost land. Israel felt insecure due to surrounding hostility and built fortified defenses along the borders. The Spark: In 1973, on Yom Kippur & the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, Egypt and Syria launched surprise attacks against Israel.Egyptian forces crossed the Suez Canal, while Syrian troops advanced in the Golan Heights. Initially, Israel faced heavy losses due to the surprise attacks and unpreparedness, but they quickly mobilized and launched counter-offensives, pushing back Egyptian & Syrian forces. The war caused significant casualties on both sides. The Aftermath: The war ended after 1 month w/ the intervention of the US and Soviet Union. A ceasefire agreement was reached; negotiations towards peace treaties began. It had a profound impact on the region, reshaping political landscapes and influencing future conflicts.

(1945) What is the 38th Parallel North and its significance?

The 38th parallel north is a circle of latitude, 38° N of the equator, crossing Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. It is the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War. Japan ruled the Korean peninsula from 1910-1945. When Japan surrendered August 1945, the 38th parallel was established as the boundary between Soviet and American occupation zones, dividing the Korean peninsula in the middle. In 1948, the parallel became the boundary between the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) and the Republic of Korea (South Korea), both of which claim to be the government of Korea. June 1950, after a series of cross-border raids and gunfire from both the North and the South, the North Korean Army crossed the parallel and invaded South Korea, sparking the UN's Security Council Resolution 82, which called for the North to return its troops behind the parallel, and condemned the Korean War, with UN troops (mostly American) hterm-122elping South Korean troops to defend themselves. July 1953, after the Armistice agreement was signed, a new line was established to separate North and South Korea, called the "Military Demarcation Line," surrounded by a Demilitarized Zone. It crosses the 38th parallel, from the SW to the NE. The Demarcation Line is often confused with 38th parallel, but the two are not the same.

Where is the Arkansas River in Oklahoma located?

The Arkansas River is a major river in Oklahoma that enters the state at its northern border east of center and heads southeast out of the state into Arkansas at Oklahoma's eastern border, slightly south of the middle.

(1863) Civil War, OK: Battle of Honey Springs

The Battle of Honey Springs refers to a battle that took place on the eastern side of OK near the SE edge of Muskogee County. The battle is significant because it was the only major battle fought in OK during the American Civil War, and it was an important victory for the Union Army. The Battle of Honey Springs began on July 17, 1863, when the Union forces under the command of Major General James G. Blunt attempted to prevent the Confederate forces under the command of Brigadier General Douglas H. Cooper from reaching the Confederate depot at Honey Springs. Cooper's forces were attempting to make their way to the camp because they were dangerously low on men and supplies, and Cooper was hoping that he would be able to resupply his troops waiting for reinforcements. Blunt's forces intercepted Cooper's forces before they were able to enter Honey Springs. This allowed Blunt to push the Confederate forces back and seize control of the supply at Honey Springs.

Where is the Canadian River in Oklahoma located?

The Canadian River is a major river that runs through the middle of Oklahoma, entering from Texas south of the term-18Oklahoma panhandle at the western border, dipping south of the state's center, then moving north to the middle, through Eufaula Lake to the east, and joining with the Arkansas River.

(1879) An Overview: The AA Exodus of 1879

The Exodus of 1879 was the first mass migration of AA's from the South after the Civil War. As Jim Crow segregation entrenched the South during Reconstruction, racial violence and the repression of AA's created hostile environmentS. After the Compromise of 1877 removed federal protections for AA's in the South, anyone who attempted to resist racial oppression would be subjected to vigilante justice by the KKK or supremacist organizations. Southern Blacks sought to escape, mass migrating in 1879. Most migrants were former slaves and became known as exodusters, taken from biblical Exodus, when Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery into the Promised Land. Exodusters settled in CO, KS, and OK. Kansas was particularly promising, because it fought hard for its status as a free state. Life for the exodusters in KS was difficult. Many that attempted to homestead remained poor. Most successful exodusters migrated to urban areas like Topeka, finding domestic/trade work. Despite KS' reputation as a land of opportunity for AAs, many whites resented them, and local govt's did little to protect them. Exodusters founded several black communities, like Nicodemus, KS.

(1964) As a part of the Great Society's domestic programs, created by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), what is the Food Stamp Act of 1964?

The Food Stamp Act of 1964 expanded the federal food stamp program.

(1870-1917) Describe the Gilded Age, and the Progressive Era.

The Gilded Age - a term coined by Mark Twain - refers to the period after Reconstruction, which lasted from the late 1800s to the early 1900s and was characterized by economic growth for the wealthy and extreme poverty for the working classes. There was a societal shift from agriculture to industry, resulting in a movement to cities for some and westward migration for others. It marked the beginning of industrialization in America—a time of innovation (mechanization of industries), transportation growth (railroads), and full employment. It was also a time of economic devastation and dangerous working conditions for labor. Organized labor, investigative journalism (communication networks, corruption/scandal, muckrakers), and progressive ideologies (women/black) began to spell the end of the Gilded Age and its rigid class structure, leading to labor unions, higher pay, and immigration. The "Progressive" Era (1896-1917) describes the period of time of intense political and social reforms (suffrage, election reform, direct votes for senators). Progressive reformers sought to expand the regulatory power of the government in order to expose corruption, eliminate unfair business practices (monopolies), waste (conservation of resources, environmental), inefficiency, and improve societal conditions. They criticized industry tycoons such as Rockefeller and Carnegie for amassing vast wealth at the expense of the working class. It gave rise to labor unions, and demanded protections for women and children. They are responsible for: 16th Amendment: established a federal income 17th Amendment: allowed for direct election of Senators 18th Amendment: prohibited sale of alcohol, and 19th Amendment: guaranteed women the right to vote.

Progressive Era: Gospels of Wealth - Andrew Carnegie

The Gospels of Wealth is an article written b y Andrew Carnegie in 1889, describing the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. The Gospel of Wealth asserts that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth. Carnegie proposed that the best way of dealing with wealth inequality was for the wealthy to utilize their surplus in a responsible manner, arguing against wasting money on extravagant, irresponsible, self-indulgent spending. Instead, he promoted administering capital over one's lifetime to reduce income inequality. At 35, Carnegie limited his wealth and donate the surplus. He disapproved of charitable, as it could be abused. He created libraries, advocated for taxes to maintain them, and established the Carnegie Corporation to continue his program of giving after his death. He praised high death taxes enacted by the British for he felt that dead millionaires lived unworthy lives. When criticized, he published essays defended: individualism, private property, and the accumulation of wealth so long as it benefited the human race; he edited his original doctrine, so that it read "Help those who will help themselves." Controversy: Carnegie Steel busted its union in 1892. The Homestead Strike ended in a showdown between 300 guards and a crowd of workers and supporters, ending in gunfire, 7 dead workers, and many wounded

(1929-1940) The Great Depression and the Dust Bowl: A Simple Overview

The Great Depression refers to a time period in which the economy of the US and other nations throughout the world began to decline. This period of economic downturn began when the stock market crashed on October 29, 1929, and the effects of that crash lasted into the early 1940s. This period brought widespread closure of businesses throughout the world, and, as a result, the unemployment rate skyrocketed throughout OK and the rest of the nation. It is important to note that the rampant unemployment that occurred in OK during this time period was linked more to the Dust Bowl than the stock market crash. The Dust Bowl refers to a time period in which a drought affected the Great Plains and the surrounding area. This drought, which began in the early 1930s and lasted into the early 1940s, caused the heavily farmed area to dry up and turn to dust. This led to a series of powerful dust storms that inflicted massive damage throughout a number of states, including OK.

(1963-1969) As a part of the Great Society's domestic programs, created by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), what Air and Water Quality Acts were created?

The Great Society's main contribution to the environment was an extension of protections beyond those aimed at the conservation of untouched resources. Environmental legislation enacted included: Clean Air Act of 1963 Wilderness Act of 1964 Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 Water Quality Act of 1965 Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 National Trails System Act of 1968 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

(1862) An Overview: The Homestead Act of 1862

The Homestead Act of 1862 was not the first land-grant legislation in US history; that was the NW Ordinance of 1787. The Homestead Act of 1862 parceled out millions of acres of land to settlers: all citizens, women, African Americans, freed slaves, and immigrants, were eligible to apply for "homestead," 160 acres of land. 1.5 million acres (10% of the US) were given out in a series of "land rushes" rapidly across the W and MW. Requirements: settle and farm the land for at least five years, be 21 of head of household, and not been a Confederate ally. After Congress was empty of Southern slaveholding legislators, President Lincoln, a Republican, signed the Act in 1862. After a Supreme Court decision in 1898, immigrants became eligible to apply. Northerners and Republicans wanted to open the land to settlement by individual farmers. Southern Democrats sought to make the land of the west available only to slaveholders. The exodusters were African American migrants who left the South after the Civil War to settle in the states of Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma.

(1851) An Overview: Indian Appropriations Act of 1851

The Indian Appropriations Act of 1851, also known as the Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs, authorized the establishment of reservations in OK, inspiring the creation of reservations in other states. The US federal government envisioned the reservations as a means of keeping Natives off of lands that white Americans wished to settle. Many Natives resisted the reservation system, sparking conflicts known as the Indian Wars. Through a series of massacres and victories, the Army succeeded in relocating most Indigenous onto reservations. The surrounding land and natural resources of the West were thereby opened up to white settlers. Life on reservations was difficult. Although Indigenous were allowed to form their own tribal councils and courts, and thus retain their traditional governing structures, Natives on the reservations suffered from poverty, malnutrition, low standards of living, and rates of economic development. In 1868, 18th President Ulysses S. Grant adopted a policy to assimilate Natives into mainstream society. Government officials who oversaw Native affairs were replaced with Christian clergy in order to convert indigenous people. This policy led to violent resistance and was abandoned under 19th President Rutherford B. Hayes.

(1934) US Indian Reorganization Act, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or the "Indian New Deal"

The Indian New Deal included a push for much-needed Native employment. Indians were designated as preferred employees for any Bureau of Indian Affairs jobs on Indian lands. More than 85K Native men enrolled in the Civilian Conservation Corps' Indian Division from 1933-1942, building roads, working on forest management and erosion control, generally improving reservation lands. These workers impacted millions of acres on 200 reservations in 23 states. States received federal funds to support Native agriculture and business development. After such a long history of harsh treatment from the US, many tribes expressed skepticism/opposition, to Collier and the IRA. In Navajo country, government efforts to minimize soil erosion by mandatory livestock reductions were at odds with longstanding tribal land management practices. The result only deepened the Depressions' economic devastation. While the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act encouraged self-rule, many tribes resented American-style constitutions and bylaws in exchange for subsidies. Instead of perpetuating traditional ways of organizing their people, tribes were encouraged to create formal councils that used strict blood quantum criteria, or a calculation of one's amount of genetic tribal purity, to determine tribal membership eligibility. In a vote to establish new tribal councils, 174 Native communities voted to organize their own city council-style governments. 78 tribes rejected the idea.

(1944) D-Day, the Normandy Invasion of June 6th, 1944

The Italian Campaign involved Allied operations in Italy between July 1943 and May 1945, including Italy's liberation front. On June 6th, 1944, codenamed "Operation Neptune," but more commonly referred to as D-Day, the Allies invaded France at Normandy. Soviet troops moved on the eastern front at the same time, driving German forces back.

(1907-1957) Jim Crow Laws and OK: An Overview

The Jim Crow laws were a series of laws passed in a number of states throughout the late 1800s to mid-1900s that prohibited Black person from using the same facilities or, in some cases, the same areas as white Americans. The first Jim Crow law in OK was passed on December 18, 1907, and it prohibited Black people from using the same railroad cars, trolley cars, and other forms of public transportation than white Americans used. This law was later followed by a number of other laws, limiting their ability to live in the same neighborhoods as white Americans, suing the same hospitals, and from performing other similar activities.

(1950-1953) Korean War: Events and Importance

The Korean War began in 1950. For the first time in history, a world organized - the United Nations - played a military role in the war. North Korea sent communist troops into South Korea, seeing to bring the entire country under communist control. The UN sent out a call to member nations, asking them to support South Korea. Truman sent troops, as did many other UN member nations. The war ended three years later, in 1953, with a truce rather than a peace treaty, and Korea remains divided at the 38th parallel north, with communist rule remaining in the North and democratic government ruling in the South.

(1921) An Overview: Ku Klux Klan In Relation to OK (OK History)

The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) formed shortly after the Civil War to promote white supremacy through a variety of illegal activities that included but was not limited to arson, larceny, murder, and voter intimidation. They were aimed at discouraging individuals from supporting Black people's interests and preventing them from participating in society. The groups activities were focused in the South, but the frequency began to decline throughout the US in the 1870s after a government crackdown. A resurgence occurred in the 1920s as jobs shifted from the rural communities to the cities, causing a drastic increase in the crime rate. This increase in crime led a number of individuals to support the KKK in the hopes of returning the society of the South to the way it was before the 1920s.

(1803-1804) An Overview: The Louisiana Purchase and What Would Become Oklahoma

The LA Purchase refers to an agreement between the US and France in which the US agreed to purchase from France all the lands between the MS River and the area that is now located near the western border of the states of OK, CO, WY, and MT. This agreement allowed the US to acquire over 828,000 square miles of land in exchange for $15 million, a relatively low price at the time. The LA Purchase Agreement, also known as the LA Purchase Treaty, was signed by representatives of President Thomas Jefferson in Paris April 30, 1803. The French transferred ownership of New Orleans to the US on December 20, 1803, before the rest of the land, because acquiring New Orleans was the primary concern of the US. However, the remainder of the land, including the land that now makes up most of the state of OK, was officially transferred to the US on March 10, 1804.

(1877) What was the Nez Perce Conflict of 1877?

The Nez Perce is a tribe of the PWN that came to OK as prisoners of war in 1878. More than 100 died in Indian Territory before the tribe returned home in 1885. At the end of the 1900s, their memberships consisted of ID and the Confederated Tribes of WA. Operating under Chief Joseph, hey surrendered to Gen. Nelson in MT, in October 1877, guaranteeing their settlement on ID's Lapwai Reservation. Miles's superiors broke the promise, exiling the tribe to Indian Territory, and began their Trail of Tears. They went to Ft. Leavenworth, KS for the winter, then to the Quapaw Reservation in NE Indian Territory. Sickness and lack of supplies reduced them from 410 to 391. In October 1878, better land was selected for them near Salt Fork river in present. Chief Joseph visited the Office of Indian Affairs in D.C. in January 1879 and proposed to surrender all Nez Perce claims in the NW in exchange for land in Indian Territory and a $250,000 bonus. That summer, 370 Nez Perce arrived at the Oakland Agency near present Tonkawa. During their six years there, they were appropriated $100,000 in government assistance. Despite droughts, disease, and theft, the Nez Perce farmed, sold lumber, leased ranchland, developed schools, pursued Christianity, and built homes, yet their population dwindled. Through the efforts of eastern advocates and publication, in July 1884 they received word that they could go home. Those not under indictment returned to Lapwai. The rest, including Chief Joseph, went to the Colville Reservation in WA. 268 Nez Perce left Indian Territory in May 1885. Their reservation was soon occupied by the Tonkawa and Lipan Apache.

(1960) What is the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)?

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) originally headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq, and consisting of 5 founding countries: Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela who signed an agreement in September 1960 that: Aimed to coordinate and unify petroleum policies of its member countries to ensure stable oil prices in the international market; efficient, regular supply of oil to nations; fair return on capital for those investing in the oil industry. In 2023, there are now 13 member countries: Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. They produce 40% of the world's crude oil, giving them influence on global oil prices. OPEC achieves influence by adjusting the amount of oil it produces. With less production, oil prices rise; more production, prices fall. Its actions have major impacts on the global economy, from transportation costs to inflation. It has been praised for its role in stabilizing oil markets and ensuring a steady supply. It has also manipulated prices for its benefit, harming consumers and businesses in other nations. Its headquarters are in Vienna, Austria. It has faced challenges in recent years with the rise of alternative energy and increased production from non-OPEC countries, yet it remains a force in the global market whose actions have a significant impact on the world economy.

(1876-1896/Late 1800s-Early 1900s) What was the grassroots political movement, started by southern and western farmers, that originated from KS and moved into OK in the late 1890s, referred to as the Populist (People) Party.

The Populist movement arose in the US as a political movement, originated in southern Kansas. They denounced exploitative enterprise, monopolies; promoted regulation of mercantile businesses, arbitration of labor disputes, and free homes for settlers; called for low taxes; supported funding for the disadvantaged, women's suffrage, education, bridges, and roads. The opposed bankers and territorial militia due to expenses and their penchant to break labor strikes, and capital punishment. Most were family farmers, as were 2/3 of their legislators. Their coalition advocated for the capital to be moved from Guthrie to OKC, and in return, they were given the agricultural college in Stillwater. That school, the OK Agricultural and Mechanical College (A&M) eventually became OSU. The Populist (People's) Party was a major contender for political power, becoming OK's second largest party, challenging Republicans for political control in the mid 1890s, even with high sentiments in Indian Territory, although tribal politics dominated that region. Some of their political agendas did not become law until after the Party dissolved. In the state constitution, influences such as popular election of officeholders, initiative and referendum, establishment of a corporate commission, the ability for governments to enter business for itself, and the creation of the Department of Labor and Board of Agriculture. The Populists turned to socialism as the next wave of third-party reform, making OK the strongest Socialist Party in 1914.

Where is the Red River in Oklahoma locate?

The Red River is a major Oklahoma river that runs along the Oklahoma-Texas border.

(1905) Sequoyah Constitutional Convention

The Sequoyah Constitutional Convention played an important role in OK's movement for statehood. This is because the convention, which took place on August 21, 1905, was the first unified attempt by the Five Civilized Tribes to form a new state. They proposed the creation of a Native American state known as the State of Sequoyah that would be separate from the rest of the OK Territory. The federal government denied the convention's petition because it was hoping to have a single state in the area, rather than two distinct states. As a result, WIlliam H. Murray, a representative of the Chickasaw Nation, and Charles N. Haskell, a representative of the Muskogee (Creek) Nation, proposed to hold a second convention to discuss the creation of a state that included the proposed State of Sequoyah and the OK Territory. This second convention designed a second petition, which ultimately led to the creation of the state of Oklahoma on November 16, 1907.

(1945) Importance of the Atomic Bomb During WW II

The atomic bomb, developed during WW II, was the most powerful bomb ever invented. A single bomb, carried by a single plane, held enough power to destroy and entire city. This devastating effect, displayed through Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, ended the war. However, the bombings resulted in as many 150k immediate deaths and many more as time passed, mostly due to radiation poisoning. Whatever the arguments against the use of "The Bomb," the post-WWII era saw many countries develop similar weapons to match the newly expanded military power of the US. The impact of those developments and the use of nuclear weapons continue to haunt international relations today.

(1901-1930) Oil Boom in OK: An Overview

The oil boom in OK began in the early 1900s, when Frank Chesley and Robert Galbreath discovered oil in the area in which the city of Glenpool is now located. This discovery led to a large influx of individuals who hoped to find oil in the area. They not only brought a large amount of money into the area, as both the wealthy and the poor came in search of oil, but also created new jobs for people both inside and outside of the oil industry. This allowed the economy of the area to grow rapidly as the oil industry and the industries that served individuals working in the oil industry continued to expand. This rapid growth led to a number of problems as individuals attempted to circumvent the laws that existed in the area. The population of the area quickly became more than the area's law enforcement could handle, and a number of individuals attempted to bribe officials, so they could swindle the Native Americans out of their land rights or conduct other illegal activities.

(Late 1800s-1907-1920s) An Overview: The Temperance Movement in OK (OK History)

The temperance movement refers to a political movement that consisted of individuals that hoped to bring about the complete prohibition of alcohol in any form. This movement, which originally began in the mid-1600s, peaked in the 1920s, when the US passed a federal law outlawing the sale and consumption of alcohol. The temperance movement began in OK in the late 1800s, when the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) and other similar temperance groups began advocating for prohibition in the OK Territory. These groups began to hold meetings, pass out anti-alcohol magazines, and gather public support. Their ultimate success came when they lobbied for prohibition at the Constitutional Convention for the state of OK. They managed to convince the convention to allow the people of OK to vote on a constitutional provision that would outlaw sales and consumption. This vote led to prohibition, which lasted until 1959.

Where is Tom Steed Lake located in Oklahoma?

Tom Steed Lake is directly N of Altus and Route 62, SW of OKC. Moreover, Lake Altus-Lugert is W-NW of Lake Tom Steed and Altus.

(1951) The 22nd Amendment to the United States Constitution

Two-Term Limit on Presidency Section 1: No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. Note: This amendment was the direct result of the 32nd President FDR's 4-year term, which lasted between 1933-1945, ending with his death while in office.

(1942-1945) What is the right to "Habeas Corpus" and what amendment does it belong to?

Under the 5th Amendment, outlined in the Bill of Rights, the "habeas corpus" is a fundamental right guaranteed in the United States Constitution, which protects against unlawful and indefinite imprisonment. Habeas Corpus is Latin for "Show me the body." It is the right to brought before a court. In 1942, when FDR signed Executive Order 9066, the writ of habeas corpus was suspended, denying Japanese Americans their rights under the Fifth Amendment, which states that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process.

(1964-1966) As a part of the Great Society's domestic programs, created by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969), what was the Housing Act 1964?

Under the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, loans were authorized to low-income farm families for small improvements and nonfarm enterprises that would add income, provide assistance to dislocated families and small businesses, and authorize below market interest loans for rehabilitating housing in urban renewal areas. The Housing Act of 1964 and 1965 created a rural housing program funded on an insured-loan basis, which opened the way to expanding loan and grant programs for water and waste disposal systems. It insured loans for community facilities, and farm ownership increased from $200 to $450 million. The Housing and Urban Development Act of 1965 included rent subsidies for low-income families, rehabilitation grants to enable low-income homeowners in urban renewal areas to improve their homes instead of relocating, and improved and extended benefits for relocation payments. The Demonstration Cities Act of 1966 established comprehensive neighborhood renewal, strategic investments in housing renovation, urban services, neighborhood facilities, and job creation activities.

(1935) An Overview: The "Kiowa Five" or "Kiowa Six" (OK History)

Used to refer to a group of 5 men and one woman from the Kiowa tribe who painted a series of paintings in Oklahoma during the 1920s and 1930s. Noteworthy, Lois Smokey, the sixth member and woman, was a member for a short period of time in 1927. Each member of the group possessed a number of artistic talents in addition to their painting skills, but they are primarily known for their large number of paintings that they created portraying the ceremonies, stories, and, ultimately the culture of the Kiowa people.

(1983-2010) Who was Wilma Mankiller? (OK History)

Wilma Mankiller was the first female in modern history to lead one of the largest tribes. She: 1. 1983, elected deputy chief of the Cherokee Nation for two years 2. 1985, Primarily known as the first woman to become principal chief of the Cherokee Nation's, assuming the position wehn Principal Chief Ross Swimmer resigned. She was reelected in 1987 and 1991, serving for 10 years. She was popular and might have been re-elected in 1995 but did not run due to poor health. 3. During her time as Principal Chief, acquired the funds necessary to carry out a number of projects aimed at increased the number of tribal business and improving the community's resources: Cherokee health care, educational, and governmental systems. Additionally, she strengthened the Nation's relations with the federal government. 4. Was a women's rights activist, discouraging gender bias within the Nation. 5. She published books on history; state-diplomacy; a traditional Cherokee cookbook; her autobiography "Mankiller: A Chief and Her People (1993); coauthored "Every Day Is a Good Day: Reflections by Contemporary Indigenous Women (2004) with a foreword by her close friend and feminist leader Gloria Steinem 6. Taught for three months in 1996 at Dartmouth College 7. Received many awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998; after her death in 2010, President Obama honored her for having "transformed the nation-to-nation relationship between the Cherokee Nation and the federal government" and inspiring women nationwide.

(Late 1940s-1950-1957-Early 1960s) In the early 1950s, the birthrate in the US kept climbing steadily each year, from around 3.6 million births in 1950 to 4.3 million births in 1957. Which phrase BEST describes this post war phenomenon, and tells an effect of the phenomenon? a. "Baby Boom," benefitted the US economy and led to a greater demand for consumer products b. "Women Quitting Work Effect," caused an increase in employment opportunities for men c. "Soldiers Returning Effect," caused more out-of-wedlock births d. "Baby Bust," led to decreased prosperity in the 1950s

a. "Baby Boom," benefitted the US economy and led to a greater demand for consumer products A baby boom is a period marked by a significant increase of births. People born during this periods are referred to as "Baby Boomers." In the US, the best-known Baby Boom occurred after WWII between 1946-1964. The results was an increase in the economy and consumer demand for products, evidence of a strong postwar economy in which Americans felt confident they could support a larger number of children. (Note: There is no such phenomenon named the "Women Quitting Work Effect." While there is a "Soldiers Returning Effect" - a phenomenon which suggests that more boys are born during and immediately after wars - it is not historicterm-107ally accurate for the period after WWII.)

(1921) Among the background factors contributing to the Tulsa Race Massacre (Riot), which of these came first? a. A Tulsa city ordinance mandated residential segregation, ignoring the Supreme Court. b. White immigrants competing with Black people for jobs led race riots during Red Summer. (As lynching's increased, so did race riots, with at least 25 across the United States over several months in 1919, a period referred to as Red Summer.) c. The presence of the Ku Klux Klan became prominent in OK, specifically in Tulsa. d. A potential lynch mob's formation over unsubstantiated assault rumors led to gunfire.

a. A Tulsa city ordinance mandated residential segregation, ignoring the Supreme Court.

What characteristic has NOT yet been used to define a historical era in United States history? a. A land form b. Years of war c. Years of social reforms d. A time of economic growth or failure

a. A land form There has not yet been an era in US history defined by a land form (i.e., "Rocky Mountain era."). There was a Gold Rush era, but that was not named specifically for a land form. There have been eras defined by wars (Civil War Era), economic growth (Roaring Twenties, Great Depression), and by social reform (Progressive Era).

(1944) "Around 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of French coastline to fight Nazi Germany. More than 5,000 ships and 13,000 aircraft gave support for the Allied attack." Which World War II battle does the above information describe? a. D-day, the Normandy Invasion b. Battle of the Bulge c. Battle of Midway d. Battle of Britain

a. D-day, the Normandy Invasion

(1900-1930) Which of the following is true about the relationship of Oklahoma's natural resources to its economic development from 1900 to 1930? (OK History) a. Employment more than tripled during this period b. The state's population quadrupled during this period c. Agriculture, the state's main activity, grew even more d. Dominant industries included oil and meat but not cotton

a. Employment more than tripled during this period

(1921-1935) What is one conclusion that can be made based on this timeline? 1921 - 32nd President Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1945) acquires polio, losing the use of his legs at 39 1930s - Polio outbreaks became more frequent in the US 1938 - FDR founded the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (NFIP), later renamed the March of Dimes Foundation, to help fund research for a vaccine 1955 - Dr. Jonas Salk developed and tested the first successful polio vaccine a. Historical events and the specific needs of society can contribute to medical inventions b. Polio outbreaks were worse in the US than in other countries in the 1920s. c. A disease outbreak can only be prevented by the development of a vaccine. d. Franklin Roosevelt developed the first successful polio vaccine.

a. Historical events and the specific needs of society can contribute to medical inventions It can BEST be made based on the timeline facts. Historical events and the specific needs of society can contribute to medical inventions, such as how the history of polio outbreaks and how a President having the disease contributed to the scientific discovery of a polio vaccine. Based on the time, the other statements cannot be proven to be true. For example, other countries besides the US also had polio outbreaks between 1920-1930. Outbreaks can be prevented in other ways than only vaccines. And it was Jonas Salk, not FDR, who invented the polio vaccine, although FDR helped raise money to fund scientific research.

(1910) During the settlement of OK, which of these is accurate regarding European migration? a. In the year 1910, more than 2% of OK's population consisted of immigrants. b. Large German and Russian populations lived in Pittsburg County in the 1900s. c. Polish and Italian miners inhabited the Washita River area early in the 1900s. d. A large Czech ethnic community settled in Enid in north central OK.

a. In the year 1910, more than 2% of OK's population's consisted of immigrants.

(1887) The 1887 General Allotment Act, also known as the Dawes Act, had a policy of giving private property ownership to Native Americans in order to divide the Native American reservations into individual "family farms." What was a practical result of this policy? a. Many Native American tribes lost large portions of their reservations b. Many Native Americans became assimilated to the American culture of family farming c. The Nez Perce Conflict occurred between Nez Perce Native Americans and US army forces d. American settlers moved to lands formerly owned by Native Americans and slaughtered most of the buffalo that Native Americans depended on for their livelihood.

a. Many Native American tribes lost large portions of their reservations Sequence of events: 1. Before the Dawes Act of 1887, American settlers moved to lands formerly owned by Native Americans and slaughtered most of the buffalo that Native Americans depended on for their livelihood. 2. In 1877, The Nez Perce Conflict occurred between Nez Perce Native Americans and US army forces. 3. The intention behind the Dawes Act was that many Native Americans became assimilated to the American culture of family farming but was not a practical result. 4. The result of the Dawes Act was many Native American tribes losing large portions of their reservations.

(1907) Regarding prohibition in response to the temperance movement ( America's Protestants urged moderation, then encouraged resisting temptation, then demanded local, state, and national govt's prohibit alcohol ), which of these is true about OK? a. OK originally included prohibition in its constitution when it became a state. b. OK's first prohibition was in compliance with the US prohibition law during WWI (1914-1918). c. OK was included in the first group of states that voted to ratify the 18th Amendment (Prohibition Amendment, declaring production, transport and sale illegal, although it did not outlaw the actual consumption of alcohol. Shortly after the amendment was ratified, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act/Volstead Act to provide for the federal enforcement of Prohibition). d. OK was included in the states that ratified the 18th Amendment (the Prohibition Amendment) after it was passed.

a. OK originally included prohibition in its state constitution when it became a US state.

(1929-1940) Regarding the multiple factors contributing to the Dust Bowl in the 1930s OK, which of these is the MOST accurately represents the sequence in which they occurred? a. Overgrazing; farming methods; drought; erosion b. Erosion; drought; farming methods; overgrazing c. Drought; overgrazing; erosion; farming methods d. Farming methods; erosion; overgrazing; drought

a. Overgrazing; farming methods; drought; erosion

(1920) When the 29th President Warren Harding (1921-1923) called for a "Return to Normalcy" in 1920, the BEST summary of what he meant would be: a. A return to the high employment rate that had dominated the US during World War I b. A return to peaceful times and a focus on domestic issues, as opposed to a focus on international war c. A return to a period of high immigration rates that were contributing to a diverse culture and growing economy in the US d. A return to finding more territories, such as Puerto Rico and Guam acquired during the Spanish-American War, for expanding US markets

b. A return to peaceful times and a focus on domestic issues, as opposed to a focus on international war World War I (1914-1918) was a global conflict fought between two coalitions: The Allies (France, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, and the United States) against the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria). Fighting took place throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. President Warren Harding was calling for a return to peaceful times and a focus on domestic issues, as opposed to a focus on international war.

(1898) Which turning point event in the Spanish-American War occurred in 1898? a. America gave financial support to Cuban nationalists' revolution against Spain. b. Americans blamed Spain for the sinking of the USS Maine (1895) c. The Philippines declared independence from US rule after Spain had transferred their rule of the Philippines to the US. (1899) d. The US withdrew from Cuba (1902)

b. Americans blamed Spain for the sinking of the USS Maine The sinking of the USS Maine happened in 1898, and the fact that America blamed Spain was a major cause of the US and Spain declaring war on each other that year. All other events listed did not happen in 1898, even though they are related to the Spanish-American War.

(1977) He was called the "richest man in America" for his approximate net worth of $37 billion, which he earned in the computer industry. He tries to keep the American Dream alive for others by philanthropically donating money to schools, libraries, and computer labs. Who is this American entrepreneur? a. Warren Buett b. Bill Gates c. Robert Johnson d. Sam Walton

b. Bill Gates

(1945) Why was Project Trinity a very important program for the US during WWII? "Project Trinity was the name given to the war-time effort [in the United States] to produce the first nuclear detonation. A plutonium-fueled implosion device was detonated on 07/16/1945 at the Alamogordo Bombing Range in south-central NM." a. The US wanted to use nuclear energy to power their factories in helping the war effort. b. Germany and Japan had programs to build an atomic bomb, so the US needed one first to win the war c. Italy and Germany had plans to build an atomic bomb, so the US needed on to build before the enemies did d. The US wanted to use the threat of a nuclear bomb to put down any insurrections that might start in Japanese internment camps in NM

b. Germany and Japan had programs to build an atomic bomb, so the US needed one first to win the war Italy was not yet working on atomic bombs.

(1887) - Provided that shipping rates should be fair and reasonable - Required that rate information be made public - Outlawed secret rebates - Made price discrimination against small markets illegal - Promised investigation of any rate abuses The above list shows provisions of which piece of legislation? a. Pacific Railway Act of 1862 b. Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 c. Dollar Diplomacy Act of 1911 d. Federal Reserve Act of 1913

b. Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 February 1887, the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 created an Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to oversee the conduct of the railroad industry. With this act, the railroads became the first industry subject to Federal regulation. The law required "just and reasonable" rate changes; prohibited special rates or rebates for individual shippers; prohibited "preference" in rates for any particular localities, shippers, or products; forbade long-haul/short-haul discrimination; prohibited pooling of traffic or markets Congress passed the law with the support of both political parties largely in response to decades of public demand that railroads be regulated. In the years following the Civil War, railroads were privately owned and entirely unregulated. The railroad companies held a natural monopoly in the areas that only they serviced. Monopolies are generally viewed as harmful because they obstruct the free competition that determines the price and quality of products and services offered to the public. The railroad monopolies had the power to set prices, exclude competitors, and control the market in several geographic areas. Although there was competition among railroads for long-haul routes, there was none for short-haul runs. Railroads discriminated in the prices they charged to passengers and shippers in different localities by providing rebates to large shippers or buyers. These practices were especially harmful to American farmers, who lacked the shipment volume necessary to obtain more favorable rates. (It is important to note that the Dollar Diplomacy was a strategy, not an actual piece of legislation.)

(1950) - Communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950 - President Truman worried that the Soviet Union and China planned to expand Communism throughout Asia - The United Nations passed a resolution in 1950 urging the United Nations member countries to give assistance to South Korea in their battle against North Korea What would be the BEST title for this list that summarizes what all of the items on the list have in common? a. Reasons Why the Policy of Containment was Ineffective b b. Reasons for United States Involvement in the Korean War c. Reasons for the Popularity of McCarthyism in the United States d. Reasons Why the House Un-American Activities Committee Formed

b. Reasons for United States Involvement in the Korean War While all the titles have a connection of some kind to at least one or two items on the given list; however, the policy of containment may have been partially effective, because Korea was only one country falling to communism.

(1942-1945) During World War II, Japanese Americans in internment camps, also known as War Relocation Camps, were denied the right to be brought before a court to challenge the legality of their imprisonment. This was a violation of which constitutional right? a. Right against involuntary servitude b. Right to habeas corpus c. Right to assemble d. Right to vote

b. Right to habeas corpus

(1848-1890) Among the following events in OK cattle industry history, which one occurred the latest? a. The Civil War caused the Five Civilized Nations to lose more than 300k cattle. b. The Cherokee Outlet Opening for settlement terminated open-range grazing. c. The CA Gold Rush created a market for huge herds of open-range cattle. d. TX cattle drivers created an economic boom on the Chisholm and Western trails.

b. The Cherokee Outlet Opening for settlement terminated open-range grazing (1890).

Which of the following rivers is NOT a major Oklahoma River? a. The Red River b. The Pecos River c. The Canadian River d. The Arkansas River

b. The Pecos River

(1803-1804) In the history of territorial acquisition related to Oklahoma, which occurred first? a. The Oklahoma Panhandle was ceded to the Spanish government in return for Florida Territory b. The land that is the state of Oklahoma today was acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase c. The US government's Indian Removal Act forced Seminole tribes to relocate to Indian Territory d. The Oklahoma Territory was formally designated by US Congress via the Oklahoma Organic Act

b. The land that is the state of Oklahoma today was acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase

(1929-1939) Which of the following is true about OK during the Great Depression? a. OK agriculture had been booming for the 10 years before the Depression. b. The regional drought in 1930 exacerbated the decade-long agricultural difficulties. c. Oil production in east TX did not compete with OK until the later 1930s. d. The economy of OK declined until it reached an all-time low from 1935-1936.

b. The regional drought in 1930 exacerbated the decade-long agricultural difficulties.

(1901-1984) Which of the following is correct regarding the oil boom and bust in OK history? a. There was a single boom in Tulsa, OK, from 1901-1907. b. There were two oil booms in Tulsa, OK: from 1901-1907 and 1915-1930. c. The oil bust happened in Tulsa, OK, between 1940-1960. d. The oil bust in Tulsa, OK, took place between 1960-1980.

b. There were two oil booms in Tulsa, OK: from 1901-1907 and 1915-1930.

(1942-1943) What was one main purpose of a Victory Garden in the US during World War II? Pictured, "victory gardeners" grew vegetables between 1942-43 a. To ensure that the domestic food supply was not being poisoned by foreign spies or infiltrators b. To decrease demand on commercial vegetable growers, making more food available to soldiers c. To provide more nutritious food for poor immigrant populations d. To sell grown foods at markets and raise money for war bonds

b. To decrease demand on commercial vegetable growers, making more food available to soldiers A main purpose of Victory Gardens was to decrease demand on commercial vegetable growers, thereby making more food available to soldiers. There were other purposes, such as providing nutritious foods to all people (not just poor immigrants) on the home front and boosting morale at home, but those were secondary and are not listed as answer choices.

Of the following Oklahoma lakes, which two are closest to OKC? a. Lake Eufaula and Sardis Lake b. Lake Texoma and Atoka Lake c. Arcadia Lake and Lake Thunderbird d. Tom Steed Lake and Lake Altus-Lugert

c. Arcadia Lake and Lake Thunderbird

(1876-1896) Late 1800s-Early 1900s) What grassroots political movement, started by southern and western farmers, arose in the 1890s to fight banks, railroads, large corporations, and other "elites?" a. Entrepreneurship Movement b. Farmers United c. Populist Movement d. Social Gospel Movement

c. Populist Movement

(1964-1965) All of the programs listed below fall under what category? - A Wilderness Protection Act saved forestland from being developed - The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided money for public schools - Medicare was started to help elderly with the costs of healthcare - A Housing Act provided money to build low-income housing - Pollution controls became stronger due to the Air and Water Quality Acts - Standards were raised for safety in consumer products - A Food Stamp program was enacted - Head Starts' preschool programs for poor children were created - The Corporation for Public Broadcasting was created, providing many public television and radio stations a. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal programs b. President John F. Kennedy's Civil Rights programs c. President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs Correct d. President Richard M. Nixon's American Welfare prog

c. President Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society programs All the domestic programs listed were a part of domestic programs, termed "Great Society" in the United States, launched by 36th President Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969) The programs were launched 1964-1965. The main goal was the total elimination of poverty and racial injustice. In scope, they resembled the 1930s New Deal of FDR and the Kennedy administration's New Frontier proposals. Anti-war Democrats complained that spending on the Vietnam War choked off the Great Society. While some of the programs have been eliminated or their funding reduced, many of them, including Medicare, Medicaid, the Older Americans Act and federal education funding, continue to the present. They were expanded under Republican administrations of Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford.

(1935) Who is/are the artist(s) from the Kiowa Five who later painted murals on the Anadarko Post Office under FDR's 1930s Works Progress Administration (WPA), which are still there today? (OK History) a. Jack Hokeah b. Monroe Tsatoke c. Stephen Mopope d. Spencer Asah and James Auchiah

c. Stephen Mopope

(1948-1949) Post World War II Germany, around 1948-49, showing Germany divided into American, British, French, and Russian sectors. The capital city of Berlin was also divided into those four sectors after the war. This map shows political divisions of Germany after World War II. What else does this map illustrate with the use of arrows? a. The area designated as "free airspace" where travelers from the different sectors could travel in between East and West Germany b. The "Berlin Bombing" routes used by Allied aircraft to bomb enemy targets in East Berlin that were under control of the U.S.S.R. c. The "Berlin Airlift," the routes used by Allied aircraft to airlift supplies to West Berlin because the Soviet Union was imposing a blockade on supplies to West Berlin Correct d. The plans for moving Germany's defeated air force and airplanes in between new airports owned by Soviet, American, French, and British

c. The "Berlin Airlift," the routes used by Allied aircraft to airlift supplies to West Berlin because the Soviet Union was imposing a blockade on supplies to West Berlin Correct The map's arrows show the routes the Berlin Airlift used to supply West Berlin with food supplies during a Soviet blockade.

(1907) Oklahoma became America's __________ state in ______________. a. 40th; 1900 b. 43rd; 1902 c. 45th; 1905 d. 46th; 1907

d. 46th; 1907

(1845-1911) Of the following, which is the MOST accurate regarding Quanah Parker? (OK History) a. He rejected the "white man's road" b. He embraced the "white man's road" c. He preserved his Comanche heritage d. He embraced the "white man's road" and preserved his Comanche heritage, rather than rejecting the "White man's road."

d. He embraced the "white man's road" and preserved his Comanche heritage, rather than rejecting the "White man's road."

(1829-1842) Which of the following is true about the Native American Sequoyah? (OK History) a. He was born in Oklahoma b. He lived his whole life in Oklahoma c. He fought in the War of 1812 for the (Muskogee) Creek Indians d. He invented the first written Cherokee language alphabet

d. He invented the first written Cherokee language alphabet

(1955) Which of the following is true about former Oklahoma Governor Raymond Gary? (OK History) a. He ordered the Oklahoma State Capitol restrooms be desegregated. b. He supported and enforced the Brown v. Board of Education ruling. c. He was not involved in Oklahoma politics before becoming governor. d. He accomplished both (a) and (b), but (c) is not true about him.

d. He ordered the OK State Capitol restrooms be desegregated and enforced Brown v. Board of Education; however, he was involved in OK politics before elected governor.

(1915-1950) Among Supreme Court civil rights cases in OK, which of these occurred the most recently? a. In Guinn v. United States, the Supreme Court struck down a grandfather clause exempting white voters from a required literacy test. b. In Lane v. Wilson, the Supreme Court struck down a state law that racially manipulated voting by putting a time limit on registration. c. In Sipuel v. Board of Regents of University of OK, the Supreme Court required OK to admit a Black woman into law school. d. In McLaurin v. OK State Regents, the Supreme Court set the precedent with higher education for Brown v. Board of Education.

d. In McLaurin v. OK State Regents, the Supreme Court set the precedent with higher education for Brown v. Board of Education.

(1870-1898) The "laissez-faire" economists of the late 1800s, before Progressives had more influence, believed that businesses were best regulated by which entity? a. Federal government b. State or local government c. Trust-busting laws d. Marketplace forces

d. Marketplace forces This largely took place over the Jacksonian Democracy (1820-1830s) during the Jacksonian Democracy, also known as the "Era of the Common Man," as America adjusted to the implications of an enlarged electorate, becoming populist (striving to appear as if one is with the people). Andrew Jackson perpetuated this by opposing the formation of a federal bank, allowing the Second Bank of the United States to collapse by vetoing a bill to renew the charter. In best description of what laissez-faire economists believed, marketplace forces were enough to regulate businesses. This is counter to what Progressives wanted: trust-busting laws and federal, state, and local government intervention to help regulate businesses that were producing unsafe products, forming monopolies and driving up prices, taking advantage of working people. From an ECON standpoint, marketplace forces are the actions of buyers and sellers that cause the prices of goods and services to change without control - also known as the economic forces of supply and demand, which heavily affected those who weren't white and benefited the few, wealthy elite. A market economy is based on supply and demand. Demand has to do with what customers want and need, as well as the quantity they are able to purchase based on other economic factors. Supply is how much can be produced to meet demand, or how much suppliers are willing and able to sell. It is all determined by consumers and suppliers; no one else.

(1919-1920) Which of the following methods was NOT used by suffragettes in their attempt to get the 19 Amendment (allowing women the right to vote) passed by Congress on June 4, 1919 and ratified August 1920? a. Marches b. Nonviolent protests c. Speeches and written articles d. Payments to key senators to help the cause

d. Payments to key senators to help the cause

(1954-1957) In which areas were the Jim Crow laws (a collection of state and local statutes that legalized racial segregation, rooted in the 1865 Black Codes - ended by the 1965 Voting Rights Act - concluded by the Fair Housing Act of 1968) most commonly passed in OK from 1954-1957? a. All of these areas b. Voting rights; education; and railroads c. Entertainment; public carriers; and health care d. Public accommodation; miscegenation (sexual relationships or reproduction between people of different ethnic groups); and adoption

d. Public accommodation; miscegenation (sexual relationships or reproduction between people of different ethnic groups); and adoption

(1983-2010) Which of the following is true about Wilma Mankiller? (OK History) a. She was the first woman elected principal chief of the Cherokee Nation and was reelected twice b. She was a women's right activist and improved Cherokee health care, education, and government c. She published two books, one with a foreword by Gloria Steinem, and taught at Dartmouth College d. She achieved all these, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and President Obama's posthumous tribute

d. She achieved all these, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and President Obama's posthumous tribute

(1876) The author of this excerpt is describing the social and economic/business effects of which technological innovation? "The foreman of a Pittsburg coal company may now stand in his subterranean office and talk to the president of the Steel Trust, who sits on the twenty-first floor of a New York skyscraper. The long-distance talks, especially, have grown to be indispensable to the corporations whose plants are scattered and geographically misplaced—to the mills of New England, for instance, that use the cotton of the South and sell so much of their product to the Middle West. To the companies that sell perishable commodities, an instantaneous conversation with a buyer in a distant city has often saved a carload or a cargo." a. Coal smelting b. Stock ticker c. Telegraph d. Telephone

d. Telephone The astute student will see that the excerpt describes businessmen talking to each other, therefore the excerpt is describing the benefits of the telephone invention. While Italian innovator Antonio Meucci s credited with inventing the first basic phone in 1849, and Frenchman Charles Bourseul devised a phone in 1854, Alexander Graham Bell -an American - won the first U.S. patent for the device in 1876.

(1973-1974) When the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) declared an oil embargo against the United States from 1973 to 1974, what was an effect on the US free enterprise system? a. Car owners stocked up on gasoline. b. Auto manufacturers in the US started selling cars to European customers instead of to US customers. c. The effect on the US free enterprise system was minor; the US had stockpiles of oil reserves and was actively drilling for oil in Texas and Alaska. d. The US experienced inflation, economic recession, and restrictions on gasoline purchases; auto manufacturers started making smaller and more fuel-efficient cars.

d. The US experienced inflation, economic recession, and restrictions on gasoline purchases; auto manufacturers started making smaller and more fuel-efficient cars. During the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposed an embargo against the US and other countries, although Allies (Europe/Japan) had short-term, but needed assistance. It was in retaliation to resupplying Israeli military, and to gain leverage in post-war peace negotiations b/t Israel and its Arab neighbors. It banned petroleum exports to nations and introduced cuts in production. Negotiations b/t oil-producing nations and companies had already destabilized decades-old pricing system. Oil barrels doubled, then quadrupled, and the dollar devalued. It strained the economy, causing inflation and economic recession. 1973, OPEC demanded foreign oil corps increase prices and cede greater shares of revenue to local subsidiaries, triggering U.S. attempts to address policy challenges over long-term dependence on foreign oil: restrictions on gas purchases, auto manufacturers making smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, and Nixon's Project Independence to promote domestic energy independence via energy conservation and development of domestic energy sources. t also engaged in diplomatic efforts among Allies, promoting a consumers' union to control oil pricing, but was only partially successful. The US began negotiations with other key oil producers such as Egypt, Syria, and Israel. Nov 1973, Kissinger and Arab leaders attempted the first Egyptian-Israeli Disengagement Agreement in 1974, failing. The prospect of ending hostilities b/t Israel and Syria was sufficient and convinced the parties to lift the embargo in March. It also prompted the creation of the International Energy Agency.

(1861-1865) Which statement is most accurate about OK's Indian Territory during the Civil War? a. The Confederate forces controlled it throughout the war. b. The Union forces controlled it throughout the war. c. Early Confederate - tribal alliances defeated the Union forces. d. The last surrendering Confederate general was Cherokee.

d. The last surrendering Confederate general was Cherokee.