Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure - Chapter 6

leverage

6-1 The skeletal system has five primary functions 1. Support 2. Storage of Minerals 3. Blood Cell Production 4. Protection 5. _________

protection

6-1 The skeletal system has five primary functions 1. Support 2. Storage of Minerals 3. Blood Cell Production 4. ________ 5. Leverage

blood cell production

6-1 The skeletal system has five primary functions 1. Support 2. Storage of Minerals 3. _____ _____ _______ 4. Protection 5. Leverage

storage of minerals

6-1 The skeletal system has five primary functions 1. Support 2. _______ ___ _______ 3. Blood Cell Production 4. Protection 5. Leverage

support

6-1 The skeletal system has five primary functions 1. ______________ 2. Storage of Minerals 3. Blood Cell Production 4. Protection 5. Leverage

osteopenia

6-10 The bones of the skeleton become thinner and weaker as a normal part of the aging process. Inadequate ossification is called ____________ , and all of us become slightly osteopenic as we age.

osteoclast-activating factor

6-10 Osteopenia has a widespread effect on aging skeletal tissue Osteoporosis can also develop as a secondary effect of many cancers. Cancers of the bone marrow, breast, or other tissues release a chemical known as [________-_______ _____]. This compound increases both the number and activity of osteoclasts and produces severe osteoporosis.

osteoporosis

6-10 Osteopenia has a widespread effect on aging skeletal tissue When the reduction in bone mass is sufficient to compromise normal function, the condition is known as _________. The fragile bones that result are likely to break when exposed to stresses that younger individuals could easily tolerate. For example, a hip fracture can occur when a ninety-year-old simply tries to stand.

bone markings

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings (Surface Features) Depressions, grooves, prihections and tunnels in bone indicate sites where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate the bone. Detailed examination of these ____ _____(s), or surface features, can yield an abundance of anatomical information.

sesamoid bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes 1. Long bones 2. Flat bones 3. Sutural bones 4. Irregular bones 5. Short bones 6. ______ ______(s)

short bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes 1. Long bones 2. Flat bones 3. Sutural bones 4. Irregular bones 5. ____ ____(s) 6. Sesamoid bones

irregular bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes 1. Long bones 2. Flat bones 3. Sutural bones 4. _____ ____(s) 5. Short bones 6. Sesamoid bones

sutural bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes 1. Long bones 2. Flat bones 3. _____ _____(s) 4. Irregular bones 5. Short bones 6. Sesamoid bones

flat bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes 1. Long bones 2. ____ _____(s) 3. Sutural bones 4. Irregular bones 5. Short bones 6. Sesamoid bones

long bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes 1. ____ ____(s) 2. Flat bones 3. Sutural bones 4. Irregular bones 5. Short bones 6. Sesamoid bones

flat bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes ____ ____(s) have thin roughly parallel surfaces. Flat bones form the roof of the skull (Figure 6-1 b), the sternum, the ribs, and the scapulae. They provide protection for underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive surface area for the attachment of skeletal muscles.

sutural bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes ____ ____(s), or Wormian bones, are small, flat, irregularly shaped bones between the flat bones of the skull. There are individual variations in the number, shape, and position of the sutural bones. Their borders are like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, and they range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter.

long bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes _____ ___(s) are relatively long and slender . _____ ___(s) are located in the arm and forearm, thigh and leg, palms, soles, fingers, and toes. The femur, the long bone of the thigh, is the largest and heaviest bone in the body.

short bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes ______ ____(s) are small and boxy. Examples of short bones include the carpal bones (wrists) and tarsal bones (ankles).

sesamoid bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes ______ _____(s) are generally small, flat, and shaped somewhat like a sesame seed. They develop inside tendons and are most commonly located near joints at the knees (patellae), the hands, and the feet.

irregular bones

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Shapes ______ _____(s) have complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces (Figure 6-1d). The spinal vertebrae, the bones of the pelvis, and several skull bones are irregular bones

epiphysis

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Structure At each end is an expanded area known as the _________.

medullary cavity

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Structure Compact bone, which is relatively solid, forms a sturdy protective layer that surrounds a central space called the _____ _____, or marrow cavity.

cortex

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Structure Spongy bone consists of an open network of struts and plates that resembles latticework with a thin covering, or _____, of compact bone.

cortical bone

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Structure Spongy bone consists of an open network of struts and plates that resembles latticework with a thin covering, or cortex, of compact bone. This superficial layer covering spongy bone is also known as _____ _____.

spongy bone

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Structure The epiphyses consist largely of ____ ____, also called cancellous or trabecular bone.

compact bone

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Structure The wall of the diaphysis consists of a layer of _____ _____, or dense bone.

diploe

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Structure Within the cranium, the layer of spongy bone between the layers of compact bone is called the ______ (DIP-lo-e; diplous, twofold).

diaphysis

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings Bone Structure long bone with an extended tubular shaft, or _______

206

6-2 Bones are classified according to shape and structure, and feature surface markings The typical adult skeleton contains ____major bones

calcium salts

6-3 Bone is composed of matrix and several types of cells:osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts Four characteristics of bone: 1. The matrix of bone is very dense and contains deposits of _____ ____(s). 2. The matrix contains bone cells, or osteocytes, within pockets called lacunae. (The spaces that chondrocytes occupy in cartilage are also called lacunae.p. 112) Thelacunae of bone are typically organized around blood vessels that branch through the bony matrix. 3. Canaliculi, narrow passageways through the matrix, extend between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branching network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases. 4. Except at joints, the outer surfaces of bones are covered by a periosteum, which consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers.

osteocytes

6-3 Bone is composed of matrix and several types of cells:osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts Four characteristics of bone: 1. The matrix of bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. 2. The matrix contains bone cells, or ________(s), within pockets called lacunae. (The spaces that chondrocytes occupy in cartilage are also called lacunae.p. 112) The lacunae of bone are typically organized around blood vessels that branch through the bony matrix. 3. Canaliculi, narrow passageways through the matrix, extend between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branching network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases. 4. Except at joints, the outer surfaces of bones are covered by a periosteum, which consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers.

canaliculi

6-3 Bone is composed of matrix and several types of cells:osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts Four characteristics of bone: 1. The matrix of bone is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. 2. The matrix contains bone cells, or osteocytes, within pockets called lacunae. (The spaces that chondrocytes occupy in cartilage are also called lacunae.p. 112) The lacunae of bone are typically organized around blood vessels that branch through the bony matrix. 3. _______, narrow passageways through the matrix, extend between the lacunae and nearby blood vessels, forming a branching network for the exchange of nutrients, waste products, and gases. 4. Except at joints, the outer surfaces of bones are covered by a periosteum, which consists of outer fibrous and inner cellular layers.

osteoblast

6-3 The Cell of Bones Immature bone cell that secretes organic components of matrix.

osteoprogenitor cell

6-3 The Cell of Bones Maintain populations of osteoblasts and are important in the repair of a fracture .

osteocyte

6-3 The Cell of Bones Mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix.

osteoclast

6-3 The Cell of Bones Multinucleate (more than one nucleus) cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix. ________ are cells that remove and recycle bone matrix.

hydroxyapatite

6-3 The Matrix of Bone Calcium phosphate interacts with calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, to form crystals of ________. They can withstand compression.

central canal

6-4 The Structure of Compact Bone In an osteon, the osteocytes are arranged in concen tric layers around a ______ ______, or Haversian canal. This canal contains one or more blood vessels.

osteon

6-4 The Structure of Compact Bone The basic functional unit of mature compact bone is the _______, or Haversian system.

perforating canals

6-4 The Structure of Compact Bone _______ ______(s) or canals of Volkmann, extend roughly perpendicular to the surface of the bone. . Blood vessels in these canals supply blood to osteons deeper in the bone and to tissues of the medullary cavity.

periosteum

6-4 The Structure of Spongy Bone Except within joint cavities, the superficial layer of compact bone that covers all bones is wrapped by a ___________, a membrane with a fibrous outer layer and a cellular inner layer

trabeculae

6-4 The Structure of Spongy Bone In spongy bone, lamellae are not arranged in osteons. The matrix in spongy bone forms struts and plates called _________.

yellow bone marrow

6-4 The Structure of Spongy Bone Spongy bone may contain ____ ____ ___— adipose tissue important as an energy reserve.

red bone marrow

6-4 The Structure of Spongy Bone Spongy bone within the epiphyses of long bones, such as the femur, and the interior of other large bones such as the sternum and ilium, contains ______ _____ ______ responsible for blood cell formation

endosteum

6-4 The Structure of Spongy Bone The _______, an incomplete cellular layer, lines the medullary cavity. This layer, which is active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling, covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and lines the inner surfaces of the central canals.

endochondral ossification

6-5 During development, most bones originate as hyaline cartilages that are miniature models of the corresponding bones of the adult skeleton. These cartilage models are gradually converted to bone through the process of _____________ _____________.

intramenbranous ossification

6-5 _________ ________begins when osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. This type of ossification is also called dermal ossification because it normally occurs in the deeper layers of the dermis. The bones that result are called dermal bones. Examples of dermal bones are the flat bones of the skull, the mandible (lower jaw), and the clavicle (collarbone).

spicules

6-5 Intramembranous Ossification:Step 1 The developing bone grows outward from the ossification center in small struts called _______.

ossification center

6-5 Intramembranous Ossification:Step 1 The location in a tissue where ossification begins is called an ______ ______..

calcification

6-5 Ossification and appositional growth are mechanisms of bone formation and enlargement The process of _________—the deposition of calcium salts—occurs during ossification, but it can also occur in other tissues.

ossification

6-5 Ossification and appositional growth are mechanisms of bone formation and enlargement The process of replacing other tissues with bone is called _________. The term refers specifically to the formation of bone.

remodeling

6-6 Bone growth and development depend on a balance between bone formation and bone resorption The organic and mineral components of the bone matrix are continuously being recycled and renewed through the process of ___________

scurvy

6-7 Exercise, hormones, and nutrition affect bone development and the skeletal system Hormonal and Nutritional Effects on Bone Adequate levels of vitamin C must be present in the diet. This vitamin, which is required for certain key enzymatic reactions in collagen synthesis, also stimulates osteoblast differentiation. One of the signs of vitamin C deficiency—a condition called ______—is a loss of bone mass and strength.

calcitriol

6-7 Exercise, hormones, and nutrition affect bone development and the skeletal system Hormonal and Nutritional Effects on Bone The hormone _______, synthesized in the kidneys, is essential for normal calcium and phosphate ion absorption in the digestive tract. ______ is synthesized from a related steroid, cholecolciferol (vitamin D3), which may be produced in the skin or absorbed from the diet. * Not to be confused with calcitonin, which is secreted from the thyroid gland.

calcitonin

6-8 Calcium plays a critical role in bone physiology Hormones and Calcium Balance If the calcium ion concentration of the blood instead rises above normal, special cells (parafollicular cells, or C cells) in the thyroid gland secrete ________.

calcitonin

6-8 Calcium plays a critical role in bone physiology Hormones and Calcium Balance This hormone has two major functions, which together act to decrease calcium ion concentrations in body fluids: 1. Inhibiting osteoclast activity 2. Increasing the rate of excretion of calcium ions at the kidneys.

parathyroid glands

6-8 Calcium plays a critical role in bone physiology Hormones and Calcium Balance When calcium ion concentrations in the blood fall below normal, cells of the ______ _____(s), embedded in the thyroid gland in the neck, release (PTH) into the bloodstream.

parathyroid hormone

6-8 Calcium plays a critical role in bone physiology Hormones and Calcium Balance _________ _______ has three major effects, all of which increase blood calcium levels: 1. Stimulating osteoclast activity and enhancing the recycling of minerals by osteocytes. (PTH also stimulates osteoblast activity, but to a lesser degree.) 2. Increasing the rate of intestinal absorption of calcium ions by enhancing the action of calcitriol. Under normal circumstances, calcitriol is always present, and parathyroid hormone controls its effect on the intestinal epithelium. 3. Decreasing the rate of excretion of calcium ions at the kidneys

fracture

6-9 Despite its mineral strength, bone can crack or even break if subjected to extreme loads, sudden impacts, or stresses from unusual directions. The damage produced constitutes a _______.

fracture hematoma

6-9 A fracture is a crack or break in a bone Step 1 In even a small fracture, many blood vessels are broken and extensive bleeding occurs. A large blood clot, or _______ _______, soon closes off the injured vessels and leaves a fibrous meshwork in the damaged area.

external callus

6-9 A fracture is a crack or break in a bone Step 2 An ______ _____ (callum, hard skin), or enlarged collar of cartilage and bone, forms and encircles the bone at the level of the fracture.

internal callus

6-9 A fracture is a crack or break in a bone Step 2 An extensive ______ ______ organizes within the medullary cavity and between the broken ends of the shaft.

red bone marrow

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms Blood cell formation occurs in ______

endochondral

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms In ________ ossification, bone develops from a cartilage model.

intramembranous

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms In ________ ossification, bone develops from mesenchyme or fibrous connective tissue.

collagen

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms List the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix. organic = _______ inorganic = hydroxyapatite crystals

hydroxyapatite crystals

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms List the organic and inorganic components of bone matrix. organic = collagen inorganic = _______ ______(s)

osteon

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms The basic functional unit of compact bone is the Haversian system or _______.

calcitonin and parathyroid

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms The hormones that coordinate the storage, absorption, and excretion of calcium ions are [ ___ and ____ hormone ]

periosteum

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms The membrane found wrapping the bones, except at the joint cavity, is the ______.

osteopenia

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms The nonpathologic loss of bone that occurs with aging is called ______.

osteoporosis

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms The primary reason that _________ accelerates after menopause in women is reduced levels of circulating estrogens.

C and D

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms The vitamins essential for normal adult bone maintenance and repair are [ ___ and ____ ]

crystals of calcium phosphate

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms Two-thirds of the weight of bone is accounted for by [ [ _____ of _______ ________ ].

skeletal

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms What are the five primary functions of the ______ system? 1. Support 2. Storage of minerals and lipids 3. Blood cell production 4. Protection 5. Leverage

parathyroid

Level 1: Reviewing Facts and Terms _______ hormone stimulates osteoclast (multinucleate cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix) activity, increases the rate of intestinal absorption of calcium ions, and decreases the rate of excretion of calcium ions.

bone markings

Level 2: Reviewing Facts and Terms How might bone markings be useful in identifying the remains of an individual who was shot and killed years ago? _____ _____(s) give clues as to the size, age, sex, and general appearance of an individual.

trabeculae

Level 2: Reviewing Facts and Terms If spongy bone has no osteons, how do nutrients reach the osteocytes? Nutrients reach the osteocytes in spongy bone by diffusing along canaliculi that open onto the surface of the ________.

endochondral

Level 2: Reviewing Facts and Terms The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal cartilage is similar to _________ ossification.

kidneys

Level 2: Reviewing Facts and Terms What are the functional relationships between the skeleton, on the one hand, and the digestive and urinary systems, on the other? The digestive and urinary systems (_____(s)) play important roles in providing the calcium and phosphate minerals needed for bone growth. In return, the skeleton provides protection and acts as a reserve of calcium, phosphate, and other minerals that can compensate for changes in the dietary supplies of these ions.

osteons

Level 2: Reviewing Facts and Terms Why are stresses or impacts to the side of the shaft in a long bone more dangerous than stress applied to the long axis of the shaft? The _____(s) are aligned parallel to the long axis of the shaft, which does not bend when forces are applied to either end. Stresses or impacts to the side of the shaft can lead to a fractur

calcium

Level 2: Reviewing Facts and Terms Why do extended periods of inactivity cause degenerative changes in the skeleton? The lack of stress during inactivity leads to the removal of ______ salts from bones. Up to one-third of the bone mass can be lost in this manner, causing the bones to become thin and brittle.

stronger

Level 2: Reviewing Facts and Terms Why does a second fracture in the same bone lend to occur at a site different from that of the first fracture? Once a bone fracture has been repaired, the bone tends to be _______ and thicker than normal at the fracture site.

epiphyseal cartilage

Level 2: Reviewing Facts and Terms Why would a physician concerned about the growth patterns of a young child request an x-ray of the hand? There are many long bones in the hand, each of which has an _______ ______ (plate). Measuring the width of these plates will provide clues to the hormonal control of growth in the child.

periosteal

The Blood and Nerve Supplies to Bone Blood vessels from the periosteum provide blood to the superficial osteons of the shaft. During endochondral bone formation, branches of _____ vessels also enter the epiphyses, providing blood to the secondary ossification centers.

nutrient artery and vein

The Blood and Nerve Supplies to Bone The [_____ _____ and ____]. The blood vessels that supply the diaphysis form by invading the cartilage model as endochondral ossification begins

metaphyseal

The Blood and Nerve Supplies to Bone The _______ vessels supply blood to the inner (diaphyseal) surface of each epiphyseal cartilage, where that cartilage is being replaced by bone.

nutrient foramina

The Blood and Nerve Supplies to Bone The vessels enter the bone through one or more round passageways called ______ _______ in the diaphysis.

metaphysis

The diaphysis is connected to each epiphysis at a narrow zone known as the ________.