Osseous Tissue and the skeletal system flash cards PT. 1

newborn medullar cavity

all spongy bine contain red marrow

proliferation

area of cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate, enervative, new cells formed upward, pushing epiphysis, away form diaphysis cause lengthen

hypertrophic

area of older chondrocytes closer to diaphysis, cartilage lacunae enlarge and encode, form inert-connecting space

intamembranous ossification

begins with fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchyndal cells, forms frontal, occipital, temporal, clavicle(flat, irregular,short bones), one ossification center

ephyseal plate

between two ossification centers, last part to ossify

step 1 endrochondrail

bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model

osteoblast

bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid )

bone structure

bones are organs because they contain different types of tissue, osseous predominates, has nervous tissue, cartilage , fibrous tissue, muscle cells, epithet cells in blood vessels

appendicular skeleton (location )

bones of upper and lower limbs

depression

bowl or groove like out, serves as passage way for vessel and nerves

osteoid

calcium and collagen binding proteins

bone mineral and growth factor storage function

calcium and phosphors, growth factor resivoir

appositional gowth

cartilage forming cells in perichondrium secret matrix against external face of existing cartilage

canals and canaliculi

central canals run through core of osteon, contain blood vessels and nerve fibers, perforation canals ,lacunae (osteocytes )

step 2 endrochondrail

central cartilage in diaphysis, calcifies then develops cavities

ossification

chondrocyte deterioration leaves long spicules of cartilage, spicules are eroded by osteoblesat covered with new osteoblast, re[lace with spongy bone

intersitual growth

chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expand cartilage form within, new matrix made up

irregular bones (shape)

complicated shapes, vertebrae, hip bones

osteon cylinders

consist of several rings of lamellae, contain collagen fivers run in different directions, withstand stress and twisting, bone salts found between collagen fivers

short, irregular, flat bones structure

consist of thin plates of spongy bone, dipole covered by compact bone, compact bone is sandwiched between connective tissue, periostiem = outside covering , endostiem = inside lining , bone marrow scattered, hyaline cartlige convert area of movable joint

short bones (shape)

cubed shaped (wrist and ankle) sesamoid (within tendons ex patella ) vary in size

circumferential lamellae

deep into periosteum, superficial to endostum, extended ground surface of diaphysis, helping bone resist twisting

endosteum

delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface, covers tabeculae of spongy bone, lines canals, contains osteogenic cells

bone marking types

depression, opening

osteoclast

derived form hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages giant, multinucleate cells function in bine respiration (bone breakdown) cells have ruffled borders increase surface area

step 4 endrochondrail

diaphysis elongates and forms medullar cavity

physics

end of long bone, compact bone externally, spine bone internally, articular cartlidge covers joint surface

step 5 endrochondrail

epiphysis ossifies

bone triglyceride (fat ) storage function

fat used for energy, stored in bine cavities

bone lining

flat cells on surface help maintain surface, on external bone surface (periosteum cells), internal surface (endosteal cells )

bone support function

for body and soft organs

enochondral ossification

forms all bones inferior to base of skull, except clavicla, uses perviously formed hyaline cartilage, requires breakdown of hyaline cartridge prior to ossification, begins at primary ossification center, forms long bone and some short bones

diaphysis

forms long axis of bone, compact bone surrounding central medullar cavity filled with yellow bone marrow

three levels of bone structure

gross, microscopic, chemical

growth in length of long bones

grow length wise by interstitial growth of epiphyseal plate, requires presence of epiphyseal cartilage in epiphyseal plate

canaliculi

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canals

structure of typical long bones

have a shaft (diaphysis), none end (epiphyisis), ,membranes

adult red marrow

heads of femur and humerus, most active flat bone dipole and some irregular bones

bone blood cell formation function

hematopoises occur in red marrow, cavities of certain bones

opening

hile or canal that severs as passageway for blood vessels or nerves

inorganic components

hydroxyapatiteties make up 65% bone mass, consist mainly of calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers, responsible for hardness, mineral composition , long after death, half as strong as steal= resist compression, strong as steel= resisting tension

primary ossification center

incenter of shaft, blood vessels infiltrate perichondrium converting to periosteum, mesechumal cells specialized into osteoblast

organic components

include osteogenic cell, osteoblast, bone lining, osteoclast, osteoid, osteoid makes up 1/3 of organic bone matrix, consist of ground substance and collagen fibers

osteogenic layer

inner layer touching bone, containing primitive osteogenic stem cell that rise most bones

types of ossification

intramembranous and endochondral

inersitual lamellae

lamellae not part of osteomyelitis, fill gabs between forming osteomyelitis , remnants of osteomyelitis cut by bone remodeling

Step 4 of intramembranous

lamellar bone replaces woven bone and red marrow appears

compact bone

lamellar bone, osteomyelitis, canals, and cancauli, interstitial and circumferential lamellae

prichondrium

layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle, resist outward expansion, blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

bone movement function

levers for muscle action

perforating (volkmans ) canals

lined with endosteum that occur at right angles, connects blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullar cavity, central canal

axial skeleton (location)

long axis of body, skull , vertebral column, rib cage,

long bones (shape)

longer than they are wide, limb bones

spongy bone

made of a honeycomb of small , needle or flat bone called traecula, open spaced between traceula are frilled with red/yellow bone marrow

cartilage

made of condrocyes, cells encased in small cavities (lacunae) wishing jelly like extracellular matrix

osteocytes

mature bone cell in lacunae no longer divide, maintain bone matrix, act as stress or strain, respond to stumble, communicate informations to osteoblast and osteoclast

Step 1 of intramembranous

ossification centers are formed the mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblast

bone development

ossification= bone tissue formation, formation begins 2 months of development, postnatal bone growth occurs till early childhood, bone remodeling/repair = life long

boen hormone production function

osteocalcin secreted by bones help regulate insulin secretion, glucose level, metabolism

Step 2 of intramembranous

osteoid is secreted then calcified

osteogenic

osteoprogenerator cell, mitotically active stem cell in endeosteum and periosteum, stimulated= differentiate into osteoblast or bone lining, some remain same

fibrous layer

outer layer, dense irregular connective tissue, sharpie fibers secure bone to matrix

projection

outward bulge of bone, increased stress form muscle pull, modification of joint

step 3 endrochondrail

periostal bud invades catties leading to formation of spongy bone

membranes

periosteum and endosteum

ossification center

primary is in mid diaphysis secondary in epiphysis

bone protection function

protect brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

hematopoietic tissue in bones

red marrow found in trabecular cavities (spongy bone) dipole of flat bones ex sternum yellow marrow can go to red if they turn anemic

epiphyseal line

remains of epiphyseal plate from childhood growth

5 zones

resting , proliferator, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification

compact bone

sense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid

bone markings

site of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment on external surface, involved in joint formation

Skeletal Cartilage

skeleton initially consist of molded cartilage that turns to bone, highly resilient, consist primarily of water , no blood, vessels or nerves, perichondrium, resist outward expansion

lacunae

small cavities that contain osteocytes

cells of bone tissue

specialized form of some basic cell type , osteogenic cell, osteoblast, osteocytes, bone lining, osteoclast

osteomyelitis (Haversian system )

structural unit of compact bone, elongated cylinders run parallel to axis bone, act as tiny weight barring pillars

function of bone

support, protection, movement, mineral and growth, factor storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride(fat) storage, hormone production

classification

surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies, chondrocytes dies and deteriorate

resting zone

Area of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive

flat bones (shape)

thin, flat, slightly curved, sternum, scapula, ribs, most of skull

periosteum

white double layer membrane covers external surface except joint

growth in width in bone

widen as they lengthen, occur throughout life, bones thicken in repose to increased stress, usually more building up than breaking sown = thicker bone , osteoblast beneath periosteum secrets bone matrix on external bone osteoclast removes external bone on endosteal surface

Step 3 of intramembranous

woven bone is formed when osteoid is layered down around blood vessels result in tubmculae