Osseous Tissue and the skeletal system flash cards PT. 1
newborn medullar cavity
all spongy bine contain red marrow
proliferation
area of cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate, enervative, new cells formed upward, pushing epiphysis, away form diaphysis cause lengthen
hypertrophic
area of older chondrocytes closer to diaphysis, cartilage lacunae enlarge and encode, form inert-connecting space
intamembranous ossification
begins with fibrous connective tissue membranes formed by mesenchyndal cells, forms frontal, occipital, temporal, clavicle(flat, irregular,short bones), one ossification center
ephyseal plate
between two ossification centers, last part to ossify
step 1 endrochondrail
bone collar forms around diaphysis of cartilage model
osteoblast
bone forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix (osteoid )
bone structure
bones are organs because they contain different types of tissue, osseous predominates, has nervous tissue, cartilage , fibrous tissue, muscle cells, epithet cells in blood vessels
appendicular skeleton (location )
bones of upper and lower limbs
depression
bowl or groove like out, serves as passage way for vessel and nerves
osteoid
calcium and collagen binding proteins
bone mineral and growth factor storage function
calcium and phosphors, growth factor resivoir
appositional gowth
cartilage forming cells in perichondrium secret matrix against external face of existing cartilage
canals and canaliculi
central canals run through core of osteon, contain blood vessels and nerve fibers, perforation canals ,lacunae (osteocytes )
step 2 endrochondrail
central cartilage in diaphysis, calcifies then develops cavities
ossification
chondrocyte deterioration leaves long spicules of cartilage, spicules are eroded by osteoblesat covered with new osteoblast, re[lace with spongy bone
intersitual growth
chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix, expand cartilage form within, new matrix made up
irregular bones (shape)
complicated shapes, vertebrae, hip bones
osteon cylinders
consist of several rings of lamellae, contain collagen fivers run in different directions, withstand stress and twisting, bone salts found between collagen fivers
short, irregular, flat bones structure
consist of thin plates of spongy bone, dipole covered by compact bone, compact bone is sandwiched between connective tissue, periostiem = outside covering , endostiem = inside lining , bone marrow scattered, hyaline cartlige convert area of movable joint
short bones (shape)
cubed shaped (wrist and ankle) sesamoid (within tendons ex patella ) vary in size
circumferential lamellae
deep into periosteum, superficial to endostum, extended ground surface of diaphysis, helping bone resist twisting
endosteum
delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface, covers tabeculae of spongy bone, lines canals, contains osteogenic cells
bone marking types
depression, opening
osteoclast
derived form hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages giant, multinucleate cells function in bine respiration (bone breakdown) cells have ruffled borders increase surface area
step 4 endrochondrail
diaphysis elongates and forms medullar cavity
physics
end of long bone, compact bone externally, spine bone internally, articular cartlidge covers joint surface
step 5 endrochondrail
epiphysis ossifies
bone triglyceride (fat ) storage function
fat used for energy, stored in bine cavities
bone lining
flat cells on surface help maintain surface, on external bone surface (periosteum cells), internal surface (endosteal cells )
bone support function
for body and soft organs
enochondral ossification
forms all bones inferior to base of skull, except clavicla, uses perviously formed hyaline cartilage, requires breakdown of hyaline cartridge prior to ossification, begins at primary ossification center, forms long bone and some short bones
diaphysis
forms long axis of bone, compact bone surrounding central medullar cavity filled with yellow bone marrow
three levels of bone structure
gross, microscopic, chemical
growth in length of long bones
grow length wise by interstitial growth of epiphyseal plate, requires presence of epiphyseal cartilage in epiphyseal plate
canaliculi
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canals
structure of typical long bones
have a shaft (diaphysis), none end (epiphyisis), ,membranes
adult red marrow
heads of femur and humerus, most active flat bone dipole and some irregular bones
bone blood cell formation function
hematopoises occur in red marrow, cavities of certain bones
opening
hile or canal that severs as passageway for blood vessels or nerves
inorganic components
hydroxyapatiteties make up 65% bone mass, consist mainly of calcium phosphate crystals in and around collagen fibers, responsible for hardness, mineral composition , long after death, half as strong as steal= resist compression, strong as steel= resisting tension
primary ossification center
incenter of shaft, blood vessels infiltrate perichondrium converting to periosteum, mesechumal cells specialized into osteoblast
organic components
include osteogenic cell, osteoblast, bone lining, osteoclast, osteoid, osteoid makes up 1/3 of organic bone matrix, consist of ground substance and collagen fibers
osteogenic layer
inner layer touching bone, containing primitive osteogenic stem cell that rise most bones
types of ossification
intramembranous and endochondral
inersitual lamellae
lamellae not part of osteomyelitis, fill gabs between forming osteomyelitis , remnants of osteomyelitis cut by bone remodeling
Step 4 of intramembranous
lamellar bone replaces woven bone and red marrow appears
compact bone
lamellar bone, osteomyelitis, canals, and cancauli, interstitial and circumferential lamellae
prichondrium
layer of dense connective tissue surrounding cartilage like a girdle, resist outward expansion, blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage
bone movement function
levers for muscle action
perforating (volkmans ) canals
lined with endosteum that occur at right angles, connects blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullar cavity, central canal
axial skeleton (location)
long axis of body, skull , vertebral column, rib cage,
long bones (shape)
longer than they are wide, limb bones
spongy bone
made of a honeycomb of small , needle or flat bone called traecula, open spaced between traceula are frilled with red/yellow bone marrow
cartilage
made of condrocyes, cells encased in small cavities (lacunae) wishing jelly like extracellular matrix
osteocytes
mature bone cell in lacunae no longer divide, maintain bone matrix, act as stress or strain, respond to stumble, communicate informations to osteoblast and osteoclast
Step 1 of intramembranous
ossification centers are formed the mesenchymal cells cluster and become osteoblast
bone development
ossification= bone tissue formation, formation begins 2 months of development, postnatal bone growth occurs till early childhood, bone remodeling/repair = life long
boen hormone production function
osteocalcin secreted by bones help regulate insulin secretion, glucose level, metabolism
Step 2 of intramembranous
osteoid is secreted then calcified
osteogenic
osteoprogenerator cell, mitotically active stem cell in endeosteum and periosteum, stimulated= differentiate into osteoblast or bone lining, some remain same
fibrous layer
outer layer, dense irregular connective tissue, sharpie fibers secure bone to matrix
projection
outward bulge of bone, increased stress form muscle pull, modification of joint
step 3 endrochondrail
periostal bud invades catties leading to formation of spongy bone
membranes
periosteum and endosteum
ossification center
primary is in mid diaphysis secondary in epiphysis
bone protection function
protect brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
hematopoietic tissue in bones
red marrow found in trabecular cavities (spongy bone) dipole of flat bones ex sternum yellow marrow can go to red if they turn anemic
epiphyseal line
remains of epiphyseal plate from childhood growth
5 zones
resting , proliferator, hypertrophic, calcification, ossification
compact bone
sense outer layer on every bone that appears smooth and solid
bone markings
site of muscle, ligament and tendon attachment on external surface, involved in joint formation
Skeletal Cartilage
skeleton initially consist of molded cartilage that turns to bone, highly resilient, consist primarily of water , no blood, vessels or nerves, perichondrium, resist outward expansion
lacunae
small cavities that contain osteocytes
cells of bone tissue
specialized form of some basic cell type , osteogenic cell, osteoblast, osteocytes, bone lining, osteoclast
osteomyelitis (Haversian system )
structural unit of compact bone, elongated cylinders run parallel to axis bone, act as tiny weight barring pillars
function of bone
support, protection, movement, mineral and growth, factor storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride(fat) storage, hormone production
classification
surrounding cartilage matrix calcifies, chondrocytes dies and deteriorate
resting zone
Area of cartilage on epiphyseal side of epiphyseal plate that is relatively inactive
flat bones (shape)
thin, flat, slightly curved, sternum, scapula, ribs, most of skull
periosteum
white double layer membrane covers external surface except joint
growth in width in bone
widen as they lengthen, occur throughout life, bones thicken in repose to increased stress, usually more building up than breaking sown = thicker bone , osteoblast beneath periosteum secrets bone matrix on external bone osteoclast removes external bone on endosteal surface
Step 3 of intramembranous
woven bone is formed when osteoid is layered down around blood vessels result in tubmculae