OUA PSS120 intro to psych II
Psychometric instruments
Tests that quantify psychological attributes such as personality traits or intellectual abilities (CH9)
Validity
The ___________ of a psychological tests refers to its ability to assess the construct it was designed to measure (CH9)
Intellectual disability
Significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behaviour and manifested during childhood. (CH9)
Schachter-Singer Theory
The theory that asserts that emotion involves cognitive interpretation of general physiological arousal (CH10)
Alexithymia
A condition in which a person does not experience emotional states
Savant syndrome
A condition whereby the person has low overall intelligence but an extraordinary talent in one particular realm of activity (CH9)
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
A score originally derived by dividing mental age and chronological age and multiplying by 100, but now generally established by comparing the individual's performance to norms of people his or her own age. (CH9)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
An intelligence test for children up to age 16 that yields verbal and nonverbal (performance) IQ scores (CH9)
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Distinguishes three aspects of intelligence: experiential intelligence, contextual intelligence and componential intelligence (CH9)
Emotion regulation
Efforts to control emotional states, also called affect regulation (CH10)
Alter emotional experience
Facial expression can? (CH10)
Factors
Common elements that underlie performance across a set of tasks (CH9)
Creative intelligence
The ability to come up with novel solutions to problems. This component requires the ability to judge what approach is going to be most effective in differing situations (Triarchic theory of intelligence - also known as contextual intelligence) (CH9)
Foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
A birth defect caused by alcohol abuse by the mother. FAS babies have facial deformities, restricted intelligence and an agitated personality. (CH9)
Negative affect
A general category of emotions related to feeling bad (CH10)
Positive effect
A general category of emotions related to feeling good (CH10)
Teratogen
A harmful environmental agent, such as a drug, irradiation or a virus, that causes maternal illness, which can produce foetal abnormalities or death. (CH9)
Gf-Gc theory
A hierarchical model of intelligence that argues for the presence of two overarching types of intelligence - fluid intelligence and crystallised intelligence, as well as more specific intellectual skills such as short-term memory (CH9)
Intelligence test
A measure designed to assess an individual's level of cognitive capabilities compared to other people in a population (CH9)
Emotion
A positive or negative feeling state that typically includes arousal, subjective experience and behavioural expression (CH10)
Creativity
A quality that is related to both intelligence and giftedness. This quality can be defined as the ability to produce valued outcomes in a novel way. (CH9)
Factor analysis
A statistical technique for identifying common factors that underlie performance on a wide variety of measures. It is the primary tool of the psychometric approach to intelligence. (CH9)
Culture free test
A test that eliminates cultural difference that could affect performance (CH9)
Culture fair test
A test that measures skills and knowledge across cultures (CH9)
Two-factor theory of intelligence
A theory derived by Charles Spearman that holds that two types of factors or abilities underlie intelligence (general or g-factor and specific or s-factor) (CH9)
James-Lange Theory
A theory of emotion that asserts that emotion orginates with peripheral arousal, which people then label as an emotional state (CH10)
Cannon-Bard Theory
A theory of emotion that asserts that emotion-inducing stimuli elicit both emotional experience and bodily response (CH10)
Wechsler
Abandoned the concept of mental age and used a frequency distribution to describe an individual's IQ relative to the scores of peers of equivalent age.
Interpret
According to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, people must _________ their arousal in order to experience a specific emotion. (CH10)
Cannon-Bard
According to the _______ - ______ theory, emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotional experience and bodily responses. (CH10)
Schachter-Singer, arousal
According to the _________-________ theory, emotion involves two factors: physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. Research shows, however, that while ________ may intensify emotional experiences, it may not be necessary for an emotion to occur. (CH10)
Processing speed, knowledge base, cognitive strategies
According to the information-processing approach, indivdual differences in intellectual functioning may reflect differences in _____________, in __________ and in ability to acquire and apply ___________. (CH9)
Process, cognitive
According to the information-processing approach, intelligence is best defined as a _________, rather than as a measurable quantity; individual differences in intelligence are assumed to reflect differences in the _________ operations people use in thinking. (CH9)
Knowledge base
Accumulated information stored in long-term memory (CH9)
Psychometric approach
An approach to the study of intelligence, personality and psychopathology which tries to derive some kind of theoretical meaning empirically from statistical analysis of psychometric test findings. (CH9)
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
An intelligence test for adults that yields scores for both verbal and nonverbal (performance) IQ scores
positive, negative
Anger can be both _______ and _______. (CH10)
left lobe
Angry people tend to have greater ______ ______ electroencephalograph (EEG) activity, as found with individuals experiencing a positive emotion. (CH10)
Cortex
Area of the brain that allows assessment of whether stimulus is safe or not, interpretation of meaning of peripheral responses (e.g. dry mouth) and regulation of facial displays (CH10)
Hypothalamus
Area of the brain that converts emotional signals into autonomic and endocrine responses (CH10)
Surprise, fear, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness
Cross-cultural studies have identified six facial expressions recognised by people of all cultures. These are: (CH10)
Frequency
David Wechsler is credited with remedying the problems associated with the concept of mental age by abandoning the concept and, instead, calculating IQ as an individual's position relative to peers of the same age on a __________ distribution. (CH9)
Physiological arousal, expressive behaviours and conscious experience
Emotion involves: (CH10)
Appear not to have emotional states
Emotional intensity varies along a bell curve. At the lower end are people who? (CH10)
Severe personality disorders
Emotional intensity varies along a bell curve. At the upper end are people with? (CH10)
Spinal cord injury
Evidence for the James-Lang theory of emotion (CH10)
Women, men
Evidence suggests that _______ are able to read emotions from other people's faces and nonverbal cues better than _______. (CH10)
Gifted (or giftedness)
Exceptionally talented (CH9)
Basic emotions
Feeling states common to the human species from which other feeling states derive (CH10)
Psychometric
For the purpose of intelligence testing, psychologists use ___________ instrument - tests that quantify psychological abilities such as intellectual ability - to see how people differ from and compare with each other on psychological 'scales'. (CH9)
Musical, bodily/kinaesthetic, spatial, linguistic or verbal, logical/mathematical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalistic
Gardner's theory identifies eight intelligences. Which are? (CH9)
Sir Frances Galton
Historians credit ______________ of England with the first systematic effort to measure intelligence. (CH9)
Multiple, neurological
Howard Gardner's theory of ___________ intelligences grounds intelligence in both its __________ and cultural context. (CH9)
Theory of multiple intelligences
Howard Gardner's theory of eight intelligences used to solve problems or produce culturally significant products (CH9)
Practical, creative, analytical
In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ____________ intelligence is the ability to cope with new situations and difference tasks; ____________ intelligence is the ability to make a considered response to a situation, depending on the context; and ___________ intelligence is the ability to put together mental processing components needed to solve a problem. (CH9)
Verbal, performance
In addition to a single, overall IQ score, the WAIS III yields separate scores for each of the 14 subtests and overall scores for _________ and _________ IQ. (CH9)
Autonomic response
In addition to indicating a person's emotional state, facial expressions can influence patterns of ____________. (CH10)
Multi-faceted, functional
In recent years, psychologists have come to recognise that intelligence is _______ and ________. (CH9)
Subjective
In the Cannon-Bard theory, the stimulus produces simultaneous peripheral responses and _________ experience. (CH10)
Attributions
Inferences about the causes of one's own and others' thoughts, feelings and behaviour (CH10)
Fluid intelligence
Intellectual capacities that have no specific content but are used in processing information (CH9)
70
Intellectual disability may be classified when a person shows multiple deficits in living and has an IQ below ___. (CH9)
Functional
Intelligence is _________: Directed at solving problems or accomplishing tasks (CH9)
multifaceted
Intelligence is __________: Can be expressed in one or more domains (CH9)
Stanford-Binet
Lewis Terman translated into English and revised the intelligence test produced in France to produce the ________-__________ scale. (CH9)
Thought and memory
Mood and emotion can affect? (CH10)
Display rules
Patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a culture or subculture are referred to as _________ _________. (CH10)
Display rules
Patterns of emotional expression that are considered acceptable in a given culture
Crystallised intelligence
People's store of knowledge (CH9)
Norepinephrine
Positive and negative affect are regulated by different neurotransmitter systems. For example, people who are 'fear driven' are hypothesised to have an abundance of or greater reaction to: (CH10)
Amygdala
Probably the most important limbic structure for emotion is the ___________ as it links sensory stimuli with feelings.
Basic
Psychologists have attempted to produce a list of _________ emotions - emotions common to the humans species, with characteristic physiological, subjective and expressive components. (CH10)
Analytical intelligence
Reflects ability to put together the mental processing 'components' needed when applying intelligence to a problem normally measured on an IQ test and it is needed for academic success. Abilities measured by IQ tests in academic settings. (Triarchic theory of intelligence - also known as componential intelligence) (CH9)
Mood
Relatively extended emotional state that does not shift attention or disrupt ongoing activity
General (or g-factor), specific (or s-factors)
Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence that distinguished two types of factor - _____________ and __________. (CH9)
General intelligence
Spearman's g-factor is otherwise known as?
s-factors
Specific cognitive abilities unique to certain tests or shared only by a subset of tests (CH9)
Emotional intelligence
The ability to read people's emotions and use one's own emotional responses adaptively (CH9)
The peripheral nervous system
The James-Lange theory of emotion sees the origins of emotion in: (CH10)
Verbal, perceptual
The Wechsler scales yield an overall full scale IQ score, as well as specific scaled scores such as the __________ comprehension index and the ____________ reasoning index.
Practical intelligence
The ability to find practical, commonsense solutions to everyday problems. (Triarchic theory of intelligence - also known as experiential intelligence) (CH9)
Divergent thinking
The ability to generate multiple possibilities in a given situation (CH9)
Intelligence
The application of cognitive skills and knowledge to learn, solve problems and obtain ends that are valued by an individual or culture. (CH9)
Mental age (MA)
The average age at which children can be expected to achieve a particular score on an intelligence test (CH9)
85-115
The average range of IQ scores (CH9)
Positive information is much easier to encode than negative information and negative information is much harder to recall than positive information
The finding that people more readily recall positive information when in a positive mood illustrates: (CH10)
g-factor
The general intelligence factor that emerges through factor analysis of IQ tests (CH9)
Twin, family, adoption
The logic of _______, __________ and __________ studies in distinguishing some of the influences of nature and nurture on intelligence, is to examine participants whose genetic relatedness is known and to see whether or not degree of genetic relatedness predicts the size of the correlation between their IQ.
Aldred Binet
The most direct ancestor of today's intelligence tests was developed in France in the year 1950, by ___________. (CH9)
Vocabulary
The most heritable aspect of intelligence (CH9)
Schachter-Singer
The notion that a cognitive judgement or attribution is crucial to emotional experience is central to which theory of emotions? (CH10)
Emotional expression
The overt behavioural signs of emotions (CH10)
Affect
The pattern of observable behaviours that express an individual's emotions (CH10)
Decreases, increases
The results of the Texas Adoption Project, like the findings of several other studies, suggest that although genes and environment both influence IQ in childhood, the impact of the family envrionment __________ (increases/decreases) with age, as the impact of genetics _________ (increases/decreases). (CH9)
Practical
This type of intelligence reflects the ability to cope with new situations and different tasks, and to quickly learn automatic responses to these novel problems. (CH9)
Analytical
This type of intelligence reflects the ability to put together mental processing 'components' needed to solve a problem normally found on an IQ test.
Hypothalamus, limbic system and cortex
Three areas that are particularly important to the neuropsychology of emotion (CH10)
Thought, behaviour and health.
Unconscious emotional processes can influence? (CH10)
Factor analysis
What type of analysis is used to measure and study emotions? (CH10)
Peripheral
William James' approach to emotion is also called the ________________ theory of emotion. (CH10)